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How emotions are regulated is significant to an individual's functioning. It is known that there is an association between individuals’ emotion regulation and how and to what extent their caregivers regulate their own emotions. However, research on how young adults describe emotion regulation strategies of themselves and their caregivers and how they reflect on the contributing factors to their emotion regulation processes is scarce. Therefore, in this study, it was aimed to examine the ideas of young adults on their emotion regulation, on their caregivers' use of regulation strategies, and on the factors that affect their emotion regulation. Accordingly, information about emotion regulation processes of 14 participants was gathered through semi-structured in-depth interviews and online diaries applied every other day for two weeks after the interviews. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. It is comprehended that emotion regulation strategies of young adults and their caregivers show similarities. The strategies are grouped into three main themes which are strategies based on mental processes, interaction, and exposure. According to the diaries, strategies based on exposure are used most frequently in daily life, which was followed by strategies based on interaction and based on mental processes. As a result of the analysis, it was also observed that the participants defined complicated emotion regulation processes and they thought that their emotion regulation was influenced by many factors. Some strategies (e.g., suppression) differed from the definitions in the literature, and it was understood that factors such as being functional or non-functional and relational consequences of the method could play a role in the emotion regulation process, in addition to caregivers.
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The Covid-19 Pandemic, which broke out in China in December 2019 and has become a global epidemic in a short time, has caused many problems in the family lives of individuals. Although some families have been able to turn this period into an opportunity; the psychological, social and economic effects of the epidemic have increased the risk factors in the relationships of many married couples and these effects have resulted in overwhelming situations in terms of satisfaction in their relationship. The aim of this study is to find out the marital risk factors around the world and in Turkey during the Covid-19 pandemic and to search the divorce rates during this time. At the end of this study, which has been conducted with the method of a deep literature review, it has been found out that while divorce rates have increased in many countries because of the problems such as communication between couples, their expectations from each other, social and economic burdens; in Turkey divorce rates have decreased during the Covid-19 Pandemic. While this period has yielded some positive results within families that have stuck to each other with empathy and respect regarding psychological and communicative ways; it has been perceived as a stressful and detrimental period by those that have distanced themselves from their partners due to the challenges of this period or those with already existing problems. This perception has played an important role in increasing the disharmony between the couples as a result of their physical and psychological problems. Physical and psychological distress of individuals stemmed from the social isolation has caused them to go through a painful period that might be resulted in divorce.
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The aim of this study is to examine the effects of art therapy practices on self-compassion, positive-negative mood and cognitive function levels in elderly individuals. In the research, a quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest control group was used. The sample of the study consists of 50 elderly individuals who are in the study (n=25) and comparison (n=25) groups. The entire sample lives in a long-term care home and is male. Sociodemographic Information Form, Positive-Negative Affect Scale, Self-Compassion Scale and Standardized Mini-Mental Test were administered to the participants. The Art Therapy Program was applied to the study group by the researchers once a week for a total of 10 sessions (each session 90 minutes). The comparison group was not included in any application. The analysis of the data obtained in this study was made with SPSS 25.0 and Dependent Groups T test and Independent Groups T test were used. As a result of the research findings, it was determined that there were statistically significant differences (p<.05) between the post-test scores of the study and comparison groups. After the Art Therapy Program, the positive affect and self-compassion levels of the elderly individuals participating in the study group increased. No statistically significant difference was found in the cognitive function levels of the participants. There are few quantitative studies on Art Therapy conducted with elderly individuals. The study is important in terms of giving the opportunity to examine the application of Art Therapy on experimental research to improve the lives of elderly individuals.
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Organizational silence, which is known as the fact that employees do not say their thoughts and ideas by staying silent for various reasons in educational institutions, and organizational cynicism, known as the negative attitudes of employees towards the organizations they are in, are extremely important issues in the management literature. Organizational cynicism is a situation arising from the different positioning of the active employees within the organization due to individual, socio-cultural or economic reasons. The fact that the employees of the educational institution position themselves differently in the organization in this way creates some negativities, which in turn disrupts the functioning and cooperation in the organization. The state of negativity in the organization affects many situations within and outside the organization. For this reason, organizational cynicism is especially important in terms of overcoming the difficulties that education administrators should pay attention to and that may arise in achieving organizational goals.
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In this study, it was aimed to determine the cognitive flexibility and cognitive control levels of equal weight and numerical group students who will take the university exam in stressful situations and to determine whether there is a significant difference between the two groups in terms of cognitive control and cognitive flexibility levels Dec In the study, descriptive survey model was used as one of the quantitative research patterns. The universe of the study was studied in Izmit, Kocaeli Province, 12. the class consists of students. A total of 126 students, 79 of whom were female and 47 of whom were male, participated in the study. The participants of the study were reached by means of easily accessible case sampling method. In the study, SPSS 20 program was used for data analysis. After the descriptive analysis of the participants was performed as statistical methods, t-test was applied to test the hypotheses. As a data collection tool, The Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire (The Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire) developed by Demirtas (2019) was used in Stressful Situations. According to the results of the research; there was no significant difference between the levels of cognitive dec and cognitive flexibility in stressful situations of students of the equal weight and numerical group who were going to take the university exam. The results of the research were compared with the literature and various recommendations were made.
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When talking about human well-being, Unconditional Self-acceptance represents one of the cores. Although researchers have focused on various predictors of Acceptance, there is not a clear understanding of personal values impacting the process of accepting oneself. The aim of the research was to explore the association between basic values and unconditional self-acceptance, and to find out the role of psychological flexibility in this relationship. 370 participants filled the questionnaires to explore basic values, unconditional self-acceptance and psychological flexibility. As data showed, self-transcendence and openness to change predict higher level of psychological flexibility, however, only openness to change possesses positive predictive power for unconditional self-acceptance. Mediation model indicates that basic value system of openness to changes is the one, which reflected on individual’s higher psychological flexibility, and through this flexibility she/he achieves higher level of unconditional self-acceptance. The research confirmed a unique role of openness to change in association with self-acceptance which might be an important insight for clinical psychologists as well as for mental health professionals.
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Video games are one of the most popular leisure activities. The multitude of games and ways of playing (individually, in a team, online, offline, etc.) allows players to meet their various needs. Thus, from the point of view of game developers, it becomes important to recognise these needs and adapt the product to the expectations of players. Taking the dynamic development of the video game market into account, it seems significant to recognise the players’ motives for spending their time on playing. Therefore, the aim of the article is to identify the players’ motives in terms of the type of need being met and to find an answer to the question whether there is a relationship between the time spent on games and the motives for playing (does the fact that we play longer change the type of need being satisfied?). The text refers to the results of research conducted in April 2020 on a sample of 2,527 players in Poland. The subjects of the study were people who actively played video games – every day or several times a week.
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The idea of reconciling work with personal life was in its heyday at the turn of the 20th century when people realised that it was impossible to completely separate these inextricably linked spheres of human existence. Neglecting either of them, and not only in the scientific discourse but also in everyday life, is in many aspects detrimental to close relationships and to the performance at work. Nevertheless, a perfect combination of these two dimensions of human activity seems almost unattainable, as a growing number of contemporary studies show. Becoming involved in one entails some negligence in the other. The family context represents a relevant example of the attempts to reach the work-life balance. It is increasingly frequent that the contemporary young adults’ generation prioritise work, individual career, and personal development in their hierarchy of values. They delay their decisions on starting a family, having children, or simply settling down until they have achieved an adequate status and prosperity. Seeking to satisfy the need for close bonds, many young adults engage in only temporary relationships (cohabitation, swingers), but also create substitutes thereof. This generation succumbs to a growing sense of loneliness, despite the fulfilling careers or satisfying material and social statuses.
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Although much research on emotional intelligence (EI) and coping with stress has been performed in recent years, little is known about these dimensions of individual differences between parents. The main purpose of this study was to examine emotional intelligence and coping styles in foster parents. The study included 124 individual participants aged between 30 and 64 years old (M = 45.18, SD = 8.72), including foster parents (n = 63, 50.81%) and biological parents (n = 61, 49.19%). The cross-sectional survey study was conducted using the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT) and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). In comparison to biological parents, foster parents demonstrated significantly higher levels of emotional intelligence (EI), more frequently used task-oriented coping styles, and less often pursued emotional and avoidant coping strategies to deal with stress. EI was positively correlated with task-oriented coping and negatively with emotional coping. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that EI was a strong predictor of task-oriented coping. Training focused on the enhancement of both EI and coping with stress should be considered as an effective way to improve parents’ competence.
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The examination of the psychological functioning of cancer patients’ spouses implies that affect and personal resources play an important role in their psychological well-being. This is a consequence of the severe stress caused by the medical conditions of a spouse and of responsibilities related to caregiving. This study aimed to examine the role of affect and purpose-oriented personal resources (meaning in life and self-efficacy) in shaping psychological well-being in the spouses of cancer patients. The participants were 214 spouses of gastrointestinal patients who were either undergoing medical treatment in hospital units or attending scheduled clinic appointments at outpatient medical clinics. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-X), Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWB), Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), and General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) were used. The results indicated that positive affect was positively correlated with meaning in life, self-efficacy, and psychological well-being. In contrast, negative affect was negatively correlated with positive affect, meaning in life, self-efficacy, and psychological well-being. The mediation analyses demonstrated that meaning in life and self-efficacy were mediators between positive and negative affect and psychological well-being. The mediating function of meaning in life and self-efficacy revealed the significant role of personal resources based on purpose and self-motivation in the relationship between affect and psychological well-being. Positive and negative affect can influence motivational processes that enable patients and their families to constructively deal with challenging and illness-related situations. Caregivers and medical staff could take into account the important role of purpose-oriented resources as they affect the functioning of both patients and their families.
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Emotional intelligence is the personal ability to identify and effectively manage one’s emotions in relation to personal goals (career, family, education, etc.). Even if a person has enough knowledge and intelligent ideas, if he does not know and fails to manage his emotions and feelings, he may encounter difficulties in trying to build relationships with others. The COVID-19 pandemic created fear, anxiety and depression among the population, but the most exposed were those who already suffered from a mental disorder. All these changes could but affect human behavior in the management of interpersonal relationships. Social distancing, meeting bans, hygiene measures, lock down, closed schools and kindergardens, technical unemployment - for most people life has suddenly changed after March 2020. The consequences are visible especially in mental health and interpersonal relationships.
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Objective: The objective of the article is to identify character strengths that contribute to one’s success at various stages of the development of an entrepreneurial venture: opportunity recognition, the refinement of business concept, resource acquisition, survival, and growth. Research Design & Methods: The article is conceptual in nature. We propose a framework of character strengths and stages of development of the entrepreneurial venture, which is based on an exhaustive literature review. Findings: The article proposes that different character strengths contribute to one’s success at various stages of venture development: curiosity, creativity, open-mindedness, and hope at the stage of opportunity recognition; bravery, integrity, love of learning, social intelligence, and kindness at the stage of refinement of business concept and resource acquisition; persistence, self-regulation, zest, humour, leadership, teamwork, and fairness at the stage of survival and growth. Moreover, We propose that perspective allows entrepreneurs to accumulate experience and recognize and exploit further opportunities. Implications & Recommendations: The study has implications mainly for entrepreneurs (recommendation for higher self-awareness) and investors (investment in entrepreneur’s strength bundled with investment in the business). Contribution & Value Added: This study adds to the understanding of mechanisms through which personal differences influence entrepreneurial actions and their outcomes. It adds to our understanding of specific entrepreneurship phenomena like entrepreneurial alertness or business planning. Thirdly, it contributes to the understanding not only of market entry but also of pre-entry and post-entry phenomena.
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Objective: The objective of this article is to investigate the influence of entrepreneurial social identities (Darwinian, missionary, and communitarian) on nascent entrepreneurial behaviour with the mediating effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Research Design & Methods: The study is based on a research sample of 455 students from public sector universities of Punjab, Pakistan. The survey questionnaire was developed along with PLS-SEM partial least squares structural equation modelling technique to examine the research model and hypotheses. Findings: The findings indicate that (Darwinian, missionary, and communitarian) social identities are positively and significantly related to nascent entrepreneurial behaviour. The results also show that entrepreneurial self-efficacy is a key mediator that affects the relationship between social identities and nascent entrepreneurial behaviour. Implications & Recommendations: The findings have important practical and academic implications for both universities and policymakers to foster student’s entrepreneurial social identities and develop an entrepreneurial nascent behaviour to become an entrepreneur. Contribution & Value Added: This study is the first attempt that contributes to the field of social psychology and entrepreneurship by taking the entrepreneurial self-efficacy as a mediator and investigates the influence of entrepreneurial social identities (Darwinian, missionary, communitarian) on nascent entrepreneurial behaviour among students in Pakistan.
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Narrative identity allows various experiences to be integrated and incorporated into the concept of the self. Recent studies indicate that being aware of developing the story about the self that brings cohesion and meaning may be adaptive. This paper presents preliminary findings across three studies (two quantitative methods and one mixed) aimed at exploring the phenomenon of awareness of narrative identity in terms of its relations to other aspects of narrative identity and meaning-making (meaning in life, self-esteem, and post-traumatic growth). The total number of participants in all studies was 840 (N1 = 254, N2 = 424, N3 = 162). The results indicate that stronger awareness of narrative identity is related to higher self-narrative inclination and reflexivity and may be adaptive in terms of meaning-making and coping with traumatic events. People who were more aware of a narrative identity produced more elaborated and coherent self-narratives about an important past relationship. Additionally, they had a stronger tendency to integrate these past experiences with a sense of self-identity. Surprisingly, awareness of narrative identity was not related to self-esteem. These findings are discussed in terms of narrative identity literature. Moreover, possible directions for further studies to expand our understanding of awareness of narrative identity are proposed.
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Today, businesses and their employees need to keep up with the rapid developments and changes. Since each of the existing businesses has different functioning, purposes and characteristics, the features and working systems of the employees are shaped in this direction. Therefore, the degree to which these factors affect social innovation will also vary with the variability of factors such as compliance of business employees with innovation, risk levels and self-esteem levels in the work to be done.The intertwining of entrepreneurship, internal entrepreneurship concepts and innovation concepts that are of great importance for enterprises and focused on innovation provides great convenience for enterprises to achieve their goals. With this study, it is aimed to reveal the effects of domestic entrepreneurial trends of employees of private and public sector bank branches in Van city center on social innovation. With the analyses, it was concluded that the effect of internal entrepreneurship dimensions on social innovation and the effect of risk-taking and self-confidence dimensions on social innovation were not meaningful.
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When people have problems in using their innate pleasure-taking capacities functionally due to both neuro-bio-chemical and psycho-socio-cultural reasons, they move away from enjoying life and are trapped in a world perception where everything is tasteless. In such a situation, a struggle begins to regain health not only for himself, but also for his close circle and family members. The treatment of "anhedonia", which manifests itself at serious levels in a wide variety of psychopathologies, is a candidate to become a fundamental issue in the effective use of species-specific survivability processes at personal, social and global levels in the near future. Anhedonia, as a symptom or a personality trait encountered in different psychopathologies, can also occur in healthy people. With a transdiagnostic point of view, it will become more and more important to organize and apply psychotherapeutic interventions specific to the individual, with a modeling that takes into account cognitive, emotional, interpersonal, organizational, socio-cultural, spiritual and environmental conditions in anhedonia with a transdiagnostic point of view. In this article, anhedonia is discussed with conceptual and research-based explanations. In the context of transdiagnostic psychotherapeutic interventions, main approaches that can have a direct or indirect curative effect on anhedonia and two model proposals that can be integrated are included.
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The subject of this paper is one shot included in two films: Ojciec i syn [Father and Son] (2013) by Paweł Łoziński and Ojciec i syn w podróży [Father and Son on a Journey] (2013) by Marcel Łoziński. This shot from the Łozińskis’ family archive displays the father (Marcel Łoziński) standing in front of a mirror with a film camera in one hand and his little son Paweł on the other arm. It seems to be a perfect illustration of Jacques Lacan’s concept of the mirror stage, according to which the moment in which a baby recognizes itself in the mirror is a turning point, creating an awareness of individual identity, alongside with an awareness of its separateness from its principal caretaker. In this paper, the author analyses this shot through the prism of Lacanian theory, while also taking into account the differences in the editing of each film.
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The article presents an attempt at a new understanding of Józef Tischner’s essay Ludzie z kryjówek. The context of this inquiry is ‘spiritual emergency’ as a diagnostic category in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition). Tischner’s essay is analysed from a dramatic and dynamic perspective. The main aim is to describe the journey from chains in the cave to liberation. Inner freedom is achieved by integrating social work, contemplation and philosophy.
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The use of pronouns is linked to unconscious processes. Especially self-referred pronouns deliver much about the writer of a story. I tested two theories, the achievement motive theory and the theory of self-focused attention on a data set of 2942 PSE/TAT-protocols. Here I analyzed how the implicit (unconscious) achievement motive and its two components hope of success (HS) and fear of failure (FF) can be found in the use of self-referred pronouns. The results show that the achievement motive is related to self-referred but not to we-referred pronouns. Further results show that FF is more related to self-referred pronouns than HS. Furthermore, FF is more related to self-referred personal than self-referred possessive pronouns. This speaks for both the theory of implicit achievement motive and self-focused attention theory.
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