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Ludzkie „Ja” w filozofii Emmanuela Levinasa i w Schizofrenii Antoniego Kępińskiego

Author(s): Marek Jędraszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

Trust is a significant component of social capital. The notion is also important in economics, and has been investigated by psychologists and sociologists, too. The findings of the latter disciplines may and should be useful not only in economics but also in anthropology and metaphysics, which are able to provide answers to the fundamental questions about the roots of human honesty, confidence and willing¬ness to help. Behind this question there is another one: what is the human Self, which is able to trust in and to provide the necessary support to the Other if needed, and how is it formed? The author of the article answers these questions with reference to the ideas of two eminent contemporary thinkers, Emmanuel Levinas (1906–1995) and Antoni Kępiński (1918–1972). Capturing the consistencies, similarities and differences between Kempiński’s description of the situation of a person with schizophrenia and the anthropological vision of Levinas’ philosophy is possible thanks to a scheme composed of three elements: the Self, the border, and the space-time order and hierarchy of values. If the Other is perceived as someone responsible for the Self, then it gives birth to trust of the Self in the Other, i.e. a strong conviction that the Other will not fail and is utterly honest with regard to the Self. Such a conviction is the foundation on which the Self builds a relationship with the Other. In this way, social capital, which is vital for the further development of society, is created. The capital is interfused by trust being the variable without which it is impossible to explain many economic phenomena.

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CZY OSOBA ISTNIEJE? „Ja” i osobowość – dezintegracja i transcendencja

Author(s): Tadeusz Kobierzycki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2016

Within the dynamic theory put forward by Kazimierz Dąbrowski (1902-1980) personality is given and set in the plane of immanence: personality is developing. This growth is conditioned by the fact that personality is characterized by transcendence potentials. It is these potentials that allow personality to overcome its ontological defi cits which arise in situations of: birth, development, deficiency, disintegration, crisis, and sickness, even death. It is by the power of transcendence that personality is protected against total disintegration. This power may be identified with the force of life, health, resurrection, and even salvation. A psychosomatic being strives towards the physically unconditioned and thus towards the metaphysical. In order to provide a complete picture of the theory of personality—conceived of as a form of human being—it is indispensable to consider the most important positions in philosophy and psychology related to the analysis of existence.

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Depresja a integracja osobowa. Ujęcie poeriksonowskie

Author(s): Michał Bebrysz,Wanda Zagórska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

The present article deals with the problem of accumulation of psychosocial resources which adults who currently undergo the depression episodes have at their disposal. Such resources as trust, autonomy, initiative, sense of industry, sense of identity, intimacy, generativity and ontic integrity are all considered as manifestations of personal integrity. The theoretical purpose of this article is to identify the resources which become weakened during an ongoing depression episode. Some hypotheses referring to intergroup differences have been formulated as far as the intensification of psychosocial resources is concerned. The research included 60 people, aged between 25 and 66, and within this group 30 subjects were undergoing the depression episode (F32.1, F32.2, F33.1, F33.2). In the research, the Questionnaire of Personal Integration by Zagórska, Migut and Jelińska (2014) was used. The Questionnaire in question is an operationalization of the authorial conception of personal integration falling within the ambit of post-Eriksonian approach. Ontic integrity (Cronbach’s α < .7) was excluded from the analysis. The presence of a depressive episode or the lack of it explained 50 percent of the dispersion of the analyzed structure of traits. The variables with the most considerable input to the differentiation of the result profiles in two groups were trust, as the axial role in the model, and generativity. The variables defining the similarities of the groups in question were the sense of identity and intimacy. The variables such as autonomy, initiative and sense of industry had little impact on differences between the groups. Defining the fields of individual restrictions and strengths might be helpful in the prophylaxis and therapy of depression.

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EDUCATION, HUMAN DIGNITY, INTERPERSONAL RESPECT AND SELF-RESPECT

Author(s): Gabriel Albu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Pressed by the demands of the given historical moment and concerned with solving the immediate problems of society, we overlook - as specialists and practitioners – the fundamental aspects of the objectives and content of education. The study shows and demonstrates the deep relationship of education with human dignity, with interpersonal respect and self-respect. Education is the social action by which we build, defend and promote human dignity, respect, and self-respect. All these are essential dimensions of education beyond the constraints and momentary objectives of society.

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The influence of the personal reflection of the researcher on the choice of the scientific paradigm and the research method. Doubts, reflections, quests of the aspiring researcher

Author(s): Monika Chodyna-Santusz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 27/2016

The article discusses the issue of the impact of researcher’s personal views on the choice of the paradigm defining theoretical framework or shaping the way of thinking, as well as on the decision regarding the research method. This choice determines the research steps, modifies the aims of the project becoming a key aspect of the inquiry. According to Creswell a scientific paradigm, or referring to his terminology“worldview”, is “general orientation about the world and the nature of research that a researcher holds”. It can be assumed that the initial ideas of aspiring scientists rel yon realizing the impact of philosophical ideas on the selection of the research strategy and the best method. Te basis for the article is an attempt to explain the specificity of the relationship between private views of the researcher, the scientific paradigm and the research method. Te considerations are based on a personal experience of the aspiring researcher trying to embed her own pre-scientific vision in the paradigmatic school of thought.

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Образ мира и образ «Я»: механизм инклюзии

Author(s): A.A. Shestakov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2016

The premises of cognition, the structures of living contemplation in particular, are considered in the paper. The relevance of the research is defined by the fact that the so-called paradigm of stimuli, which dominated in the gnosiological theory for a long time, proved to be increasingly insufficient for interpretation of cognition and its components – sensual perceptual experience, natural language, and common sense. Accordingly, the research aims at consecutive investigation of the perceptual experience in cognitive activity and justification of the activity of cognitive process at the stage of sensory perception. The basic research method is the activity paradigm in the theory of cognition disclosing the dependence of the cognitive process on the image regulating it. This image carries out the function of incorporation of certain personal views into the system of universal values. The following conclusions are drawn from the obtained results: firstly, the cognitive act is initiated not by the effect of stimuli, but by putting forward the cognitive hypotheses; secondly, it is impossible to adequately comprehend the process of perception of the world by a person on the basis of strictly passive processing of sensory information, because this process relies on multi-parameter processes of reasoning, interpretation, and understanding; thirdly, the concept of empty space of subject-object relations, which is very popular in the reflexive philosophical tradition, is completely far from the reality – composite social mechanics dominates here. The obtained results are important to become aware of the active nature of cognitive process, for studying the mechanisms for inclusion of the world image of a person (the structure of living contemplation) in their activity – both practical and theoretical.

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Therapist-delivered and self-help interventions for gambling problems: A review of contents

Author(s): Simone Rodda,Stephanie S. Merkouris,Charles Abraham,David C. Hodgins,Sean Cowlishaw,Nicki A. Dowling / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Background and aims: To date, no systematic approach to identifying the content and characteristics of psychological interventions used to reduce gambling or problem gambling has been developed. This study aimed to develop a reliable classification system capable of identifying intervention characteristics that could, potentially, account for greater or lesser effectiveness. Methods: Intervention descriptions were content analyzed to identify common and differentiating characteristics. A coder manual was developed and applied by three independent coders to identify the presence or absence of defined characteristics in 46 psychological and self-help gambling interventions. Results: The final classification taxonomy, entitled Gambling Intervention System of CharacTerization (GIST), included 35 categories of intervention characteristics. These were assigned to four groups: (a) types of change techniques (18 categories; e.g., cognitive restructuring and relapse prevention), (b) participant and study characteristics (6 categories; e.g., recruitment strategy and remuneration policy), and (c) characteristics of the delivery and conduct of interventions (11 categories; e.g., modality of delivery and therapist involvement), and (d) evaluation characteristics (e.g., type of control group). Interrater reliability of identification of defined characteristics was high (κ = 0.80– 1.00). Discussion: This research provides a tool that allows systematic identification of intervention characteristics, thereby enabling consideration, not only of whether interventions are effective or not, but also of which domainrelevant characteristics account for greater or lesser effectiveness. The taxonomy also facilitates standardized description of intervention content in a field in which many diverse interventions have been evaluated. Conclusion: Application of this coding tool has the potential to accelerate the development of more efficient and effective therapist-delivered and self-directed interventions to reduce gambling problems.

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Возможности цифровых ресурсов геймификации для поддержки когнитивного развития личности

Author(s): Elena Vitalievna Soboleva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2018

Introduction. The article is devoted to solving the research problem of realizing the potential of gamification digital resources to support personal cognitive development. The purpose of the study is to identify possibilities for the effective use of gamification digital resources to support cognitive development of individuals. Materials and Methods. The methodology of the research includes the analysis of psychological, educational, methodological and technical literature by Russian and foreign authors on using digital resources in cognition and learning. The author also relied on the methods of systematization and generalization of facts and concepts. The educational experiment consisted of the following empirical methods: observation, questionnaires, tests, analysis of students’ cognitive activities. Results. Firstly, the author investigated the potential of modern digital technologies for developing all types of thought processes (formation of concepts, problem-solving, logic, etc.). Secondly, the study reveals the problems limiting the active use of digital resources in teaching cognitive modeling. Thirdly, the factors of effective use of gamification services for the purposes of enhancing cognitive activities are identified. Finally, an approach to planning cognitive modeling in the game educational environment is proposed. Conclusions. The possibilities of effective using gamification digital resources to support cognitive development of individuals are summarized.

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SIGMUND FREUD’S AUTOBIOGRAPHY BETWEEN SELF-ANALYSIS AND FICTIONALIZATION

Author(s): Raluca Ghenţulescu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The aim of this article is to offer a new perspective on a highly debated, but insufficiently known subject: the relationship between the real person of the author and the persona reflected in their work. Even more than in the case of a work of fiction, this relationship is interesting to be analyzed in an autobiography, whose readers are not willing to sign the fictional pact, as they expect to find out the truth about the protagonist’s identity. Nevertheless, Sigmund Freud’s Autobiography, published in 1925 and reviewed and completed in 1935, hardly refers to the real person behind the name on its cover. Instead of providing information on the life of the ”father” of psychoanalysis, it focuses on the evolution of this discipline, which its founder identifies with. Therefore, it is not a proper autobiography, but the ”biography” of a science, whose author only creates for himself a fictionalized image, an Other onto which he projects his own ideals.

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DOSLJEDNOST SAMOPREDSTAVLJANJA POJMU PRIVATNOGA SEBE

Author(s): Josip Burušić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 53/2001

In this paper consisting of two studies the author attempts to establish to which extent the self-presentation of people is consistent with the private notion they have of themselves, since some of the previous research on self-presentation does not provide unambiguous answers to this question. In the first study, 139 examinees assess the notion of private self and mode of self-presentation using a larger number of adjectives of different social desirability in completely anonimous conditions. In the second study 145 examinees assess the notion of private self in anonimous circumstances, whereas the mode of self-presentation is assessed by signing a protocol and receiving instruction that introduces group discussion on these assessments. The aim of the latter is to determine whether the introduction of the variable of publicity, operationalised through demands for signatures and hints of group discussion, can influence the assessment of modes of self-presentation. The results obtained indicate that a statistically significant difference in assessments has appeared and that the attribution of specific traits as more characteristic of the notion of self and others as more characteristic of the mode of self-presentation depends on the social desirability of these traits.

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Susan Blackmore o jaźni: czy jaźń można zredukować do mempleksu?

Author(s): Andrzej Stępnik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2018

The aim of the article is to present and criticize Susan Blackmore’s theory which reduces self to a certain memplex. The article proves that Blackmore’s definition of meme is inconsistent with her thesis that self is only a memplex, and Blackmore’s theory of self breeds some insurmountable difficulties. The article also shows limitation of memetics as a perspective which can be fruitful in solving the problem of self.

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Zadovoljstvo životom, tjelesnim izgledom i samopercepcija seksualne privlaenosti u žena operiranih zbog raka dojke

Author(s): Tea Kostov,Ivana Tucak Junaković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2018

There are many studies that have dealt with the psychological functioning and quality of life of women who were diagnosed with breast cancer and who underwent breast surgery. There is an increasing number of such studies in Croatia as well. However, Croatian research on the consequences of diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in comparison with a healthy population of women is scarce. It is important to focus on the impact of cancer not only on women’s physical health, but also on their mental health and psychological functioning, since that is the first step towards creating and conducting psychosocial interventions aimed at improving their quality of life. The main goal of this study was to compare life satisfaction, psychological flourishing, body image, and self-perceived sexual attractiveness between women who had undergone breast surgery due to breast cancer, and a control sample of women without cancer. The first group consisted of 162 women between the ages of 28 and 69 (M=47.98) who underwent radical or breast-conserving breast surgery. The second group consisted of 156 women, 28 to 72 years old (M=47.60), who were not diagnosed with breast cancer or any other malignant disease. In terms of examined aspects of psychological functioning and adaptation of women who had breast cancer, the results of this study are quite encouraging since this group of women did not differ significantly in levels of life satisfaction, psychological flourishing, body image or self-perceived sexual attractiveness from the group of women without malignant disease. In both groups of women, more favorable body image and self-perceived sexual attractiveness correlated significantly with higher life satisfaction and psychological flourishing. Furthermore, it was found that the women who underwent breast-conserving surgery had a more positive body image and were more satisfied with their breasts than those who underwent radical breast surgery. This could be viewed as an indicator of the advantage of breast-conserving surgery over radical surgery of the breast whenever possible.

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Redefining the Sociological Paradigm: Emile Durkheim and the Scientific Study of Morality

Author(s): Robert Prus / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Whereas Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) has long been envisioned as a structuralist, quantitative, and positivist sociologist, some materials that Durkheim produced in the later stages of his career—namely, "Moral Education" (1961 [1902-1903]), "The Evolution of Educational Thought" (1977 [1904-1905]), "The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life" (1915 [1912]), and "Pragmatism and Sociology" (1983 [1913-1914]) attest to a very different conception of sociology—one with particular relevance to the study of human knowing, acting, and interchange. Although scarcely known in the social sciences, Emile Durkheim’s (1993 [1887]) “La Science Positive de la Morale en Allemagne” [“The Scientific Study of Morality in Germany”] is an exceptionally important statement for establishing the base of much of Durkheim’s subsequent social thought and for comprehending the field of sociology more generally. This includes the structuralist-pragmatist divide and the more distinctively humanist approach to the study of community life that Durkheim most visibly develops later (1961 [1902-1903]; 1977 [1904-1905]; 1915 [1912]; 1983 [1913-1914]) in his career.

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Специфика психолого-педагогического сопровождения виктимных подростков, склонных к бродяжничеству

Author(s): Olga Olegovna Andronnikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2019

Introduction. The author investigates the problem of vagrancy and running away from home among minors. The purpose of the research is to reveal the characteristic features of edu-cational and psychological support for victimized adolescents inclined to vagrancy. Materials and Methods. A review of the scientific literature and analysis of statistics on the problem of vagrancy and home runaways among minors revealed the need to study the cur-rent state of this issue. The methodology of the research is based on the scientific conception of activity of the individual as a subject of life. The solution of research problems is implemented through an interdisciplinary approach. The study involved 190 adolescents aged between 14 and 16 years, 93 of whom were inclined to vagrancy. Applied empirical methods allowed to conduct a comprehensive study of adolescents’ psychological characteristics and behavior. Results. The author studied subjective causes of vagrancy and ways how adolescents dealt with homeless and runaway episodes. The research revealed personality traits of adoles-cents inclined to vagrancy, characteristics of their motivation, values, self-esteem, self-attitude, and attitudes towards significant individuals, objects and situations, determined by homeless and runaway experience. The author identified unaccompanied homeless youth’s characteris-tics of social and emotional intelligence, behavioral style, and specific response to stressful situ-ations. The identified set of personal and behavioral characteristics of adolescents inclined to vagrancy was considered as a guideline for planning and implementing psychological preven-tative and remedial work with them. The author described educational conditions contributing to creating beneficial learning environments for adolescents inclined to vagrancy. Conclusions. It is shown that psychological remedial work with minors inclined to runa-ways and vagrancy is effective if it is based on peculiarities of personality structure and deviant behaviours of adolescents.

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Факторная структура раннего материнского копинга с позиции разноуровневого психосоциального развития ребенка

Author(s): Galina Stepanovna Korytova,Alyona Igorevna Korytova,Yulia Anatolyevna Eremina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2019

Introduction. The authors consider the scientific problem of systematic concepts about peculiarities of coping behavior of mothers bringing up toddlers. The aim of the article is to determine the factor structure of early mother coping in terms of different levels of child’s psychosocial development. Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of studying mothers’ coping behaviors consisted in ideas of integrative and subjective approaches. The study involved empirical methods including psychological tests and initial interviews. The obtained data were processed through such mathematical statistical analysis procedures as descriptive statistics and factor analysis (principal component analysis with normalized quartimax rotation). Results. The supposition that early motherhood makes special demands on resources of women stress coping behavior is justified. The authors clarify structural belonging of maternal burnout to maternal coping. The results obtained by factorization procedures demonstrated statistically significant presence of a system of stable factors reflecting the structure of mother coping behavior depending on child psychosocial level of development. The authors have formed an empirically based concept of coping behaviors types of mothers involved in the upbringing of young children. Conclusions. The authors conclude that mothers, bringing up toddlers with different levels of psychosocial development, have different structural organization of early maternal coping.

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Axiological contexts of social rehabilitation of prisoners in the aspect of the assumptions of Christian personalism

Author(s): Kazimierz Pierzchała / Language(s): English Issue: 2 ENG/2018

Personalism means giving something of a personal character, the personality of a person, raising a person – axiology is a value – and resocialization is a change (change) – personality of a person oriented towards the side of freedom, independent decision making and social roles having the possibility of autonomous and free decision making. The aim of the article is to develop (interpretation, continuation) the last paragraph of my – a scientific study – publication, taking into account the achievements of contemporary pedagogy, penitentiary psychology and teaching of the Church’s Magisterium: Destigmatization of criminals in the light of the Magisterium of the Church’s and views on rehabilitation. As part of my pedagogical and social rehabilitation considerations, in accordance with the pronunciation of the Church’s Magisterium, I formulated a concept (in harmony with the broadly understood humanist and existential trend, including humanistic and positive psychology, as well as axiological education directed at the personality potential of a human being). I called it the personalistic axiology of resocialization.The methodology used to write this publication was to conduct a critical analysis of literature, including my work and other documents, including available Internet resources.

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Hope and self-efficacy in the process of desistance from crime

Author(s): Krzysztof Biel / Language(s): English Issue: 2 ENG/2018

The process of desistance is situated between the individual choices of a person and his or her participation in a wider social life. Success depends therefore on both individual and social factors that affect the person from outside. Among the subjective factors, the category of hope and self-efficacy plays a more and more important role. Research shows that people who are diagnosed with a high level of hope and self-efficacy can cope better in difficult situations and have a better chance of going straight. The article presents research conducted among 90 convicts serving their sentences for the first time. The aim of the research was to measure the level of hope and self-efficacy and to show the relationship between variables. Half of the respondents achieved a high level of hope and self-efficacy, and hope is a significant predictor of their self-efficacy.

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« Il faudrait dire et insister sur ce que l’exil est pour moi : tout simplement… l’écriture »

Author(s): Mihaela-Genţiana Stănişor / Language(s): French Issue: 24/2019

Il s’agit d’un dialogue presque perpétuel et où les rôles, de celle qui pose les questions et de celle qui répond, deviennent interchangeables, car chacune d’entre elles essaie de comprendre pourquoi on écrit ce qu’on écrit. L’écriture ne peut être qu’un exil, avec un corps souvent souffrant. Mais il faudrait imaginer une exilée heureuse, quand le poème n’est que la plus grande joie pour celle qui l’écrit. This is a fragment of what one may call a perpetual dialogue in which the roles of the interviewer and the interviewee become interchangeable since both try to understand why are we writing. As such, writing can only be an exile of a suffering body. But we should imagine a happy exile where the poem is nothing less than the supreme joy of the one who writes.

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Особенности психофизиологической реактивности детей 5–6 и 6–8 лет при умственной, сенсомоторной и физической нагрузках

Author(s): Igor Allerovich Krivolapchuk,Maria Borisovna Chernova,Elena Vasilyevna Savushkina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2020

Introduction. Recent years have witnessed theoretical and practical recognition of the problem of measuring children’s psychophysiological reactivity at different developmental stages and identifying its peculiarities during performing different types of tests. The purpose of the article is to identify the characteristics of children’s psychophysiological reactivity during intellectual, sensormotor and physical loads in transition from preschool to primary school age. Materials and Methods. The current study involved apparently healthy children aged between 5 and 6 years (n=106) and between 6 and 8 years (n=102). The intellectual load consisted in working with computer-based Anfimov’s tables. Sensor motor load involved chains of visual-motor reactions with choosing from four alternatives using a control panel. Bicycle ergometer tests were conducted to perform graduated physical exercise of moderate intensity. In order to measure psychophysiological reactivity, the authors used omegametry, heart rate variability analysis, blood pressure recordings, measuring electrodermal activity, external respiration, and occasional anxiety. The authors used such statistical methods as variational series, correlation coefficients and identifying statistically significant difference. Results. The results of this study indicate that intellectual and sensomotor loads performed at maximal speed within time limits with the “threat of punishment” and physical activities of moderate intention cause unidirectional functional changes in the organism. Another important finding was a lower psychophysiological cost of adaptation in schoolchildren aged between 6 and 8 years compared to preschool children aged between 5 and 6 years. Conclusions. The article concludes that in transition from preschool to primary school age peculiarities of children’s psychophysiological reactivity identified at one type of load remain during performing the other tests. Schoolchildren aged between 6 and 8 years demonstrated higher effectiveness and lower psychophysiological cost of adaptation to intellectual, sensomotor and physical challenges in comparison to 5-6-year-old preschool children.

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Связь динамики физического развития младших школьников с уровнем компьютерной нагрузки

Author(s): Nataliya Borisovna Pankova,Irina Borisovna Alchinova,Olga Igorevna Kovaleva,Marina Andreevna Lebedeva,Nadezhda Nikolaevna Khlebnikova,Anton Borisovich Cherepov,Leonid Alekseevich Noskin,Mikhail Yur’evich Karganov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2020

Introduction. The means and methods of computerized learning, introduced in recent years in the education system, can potentially have an indirect effect on various indicators of children's health, in particular, indicators of physical development that are sensitive not only to biological, but also to social factors. The aim of this research is to study age-related dynamics of the physical development (body mass index) and its seasonal variability in elementary school students depending on the amount of screen time. Materials and Methods. The sample consisted of 4525 primary schoolchildren in grades 1-4 from 66 educational settings in Moscow. The study was conducted during 5 school years each autumn (October) and spring (March-April). All samples were independent. The study involved body weight and height assessment and BMI (kg/m2) calculation. The amount of school-based and out-of-school screen time was evaluated by teachers, according to the Hygiene standards of the Russian Federation: 0 – no screen time, 1 – the screen time meets hygiene standards requirements, 2 – the screen time is twice longer than recommended, 3 – the screen time is three or more times longer than recommended. Statistical data processing was performed using nonparametric criteria. Results. The research found a correlation between the amount of out-of-school computer screen time and BMI in primary schoolchildren. The relationship between the amount of school-based screen time and BMI has not been identified. Boys are more likely to respond to an increase in out-of-school screen time. The boys’ body response to a high level of out-of-school screen time is an increase in BMI and a change in its seasonal variability (from an increase during the winter period to a significant increase during the summer period). Conclusions. The study reveals the correlation between the amount of out-of-school screen time and physical development of primary schoolchildren. The authors suppose that the most likely reason for the increase in BMI and changes in its seasonal dynamics in the context of digitalization and computerization of education is a forced decrease in children’s motor activity.

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