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Autor skupia się na podmiocie, wokół którego kreuje się komunikację. Przedstawia genezę i specyfikę osobistego PR-u, jego psychologiczne aspekty, takie jak instynkty i reguły wpływu społecznego. Objaśnia też pojęcie i sposób powstawania obrazu siebie, jego cechy oraz możliwości sterowania nim.
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A new quality of self-reflection is one of the key attributes by which psychology demarcates the developmental period of adolescence (Hater, 2003; Dusek & McIntyre, 2003). Even though self-reflection as a psychological process starts developing already inearly childhood, it can in fact be said that awareness of „oneself” emerges as an importantevent and new personal experience at the very time of entering adolescence.
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Many researchers from various fields are interested in the extracurricular and leisure activities of children. The fields of interest vary from sociology and psychology to social and health services (Caldwell & Darling, 1999; Fredricks & Eccles, 2006; Mahoney & Stattin, 2000; Shannon, 2006; Wearing, Wearing, & Kelly, 1994). Definition of the conceptof free or leisure time is only implicit in many of these studies. The authors do not frequently theorize the issue. Some authors have used a concept of extracurricular activityor duty (Larson & Verma, 1999; Larson, 2001); other authors differentiate between structured (goal directed activities e.g. sports, arts, technical) or unstructured activities (watching TV, playing on PC) (Mahoney & Stattin, 2000) and other forms of passive leisure (e.g., eating, resting, personal care) (Mahoney, Larson, Eccles, & Lord, 2005).
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Family environment is a crucial factor playing a major role in the development and adaptation of children and adolescents. There are numerous theoretical approaches in developmental psychology and developmental psychopathology where by the mechanismof the impact of family processes on the child can be explained. Apart from the general ones, which can be represented e.g. by the ecological model of development by U. Bronfenbrenner (1977), defining the micro-system as a network of close interpersonal relationships and the importance of proximal interactions for individual‟s development, the examined mechanism of mutual interactions of children (adolescents) and their immediate environment can be captured as the effect of particular variables representing the influences of family environment, such as interparental conflict.
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Innovativeness is a useful trait in many walks of life. The aim of this paper is to investigate if gender and personality traits influence rating of self-perceived innovativeness. There are two versions of the dependent variable used - innovativeness in the eyes of others, and innovativeness in one's own opinion. Big Five Inventory-10 is used to measure personality traits. Findings are that conscientiousness influences self-perceived innovativeness in the eyes of others, and openness to experience influences self-perceived innovativeness in one's own opinion. Conscientiousness also influences the difference between the two innovativeness variables.
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Kimlik insanın kendisinin kim olduğu ile ilgili algılarıdır. Benlik ise kişinin kendisinin kim olduğu ile ilgili öznel algılarından oluşur. Bir anlamda kimliğin sosyal, benliğin bireysel olduğu söylenebilir. Deyim yerindeyse, kişi bir yandan kendisinin kim olduğu ve diğerleri arasındaki konumunu içeren kimlik duygusuna, diğer yandan kendisinin nasıl bir kişi olduğu ile ilgili olarak benlik duygusuna sahiptir. Benlik ve kimlik hemen hemen aynı yapının iki yüzünü oluştururlar. Psikoloji daha çok benlik algısını ele almaktadır.
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In recent decades, the elderly have an increasing share in the population’s age structure, and the implications of population aging are visible in all aspects of society. A higher proportion of the elderly population is accompanied by an increase in the number of people who spend a more extended period of their lives as retirees, which affects the social redefinition of the concept of retirement. Retirement of entrepreneurs is an essential topic since entrepreneurial retirement reflects its sustainability, which has a broader social role. The biggest challenges related to the retirement of entrepreneurs are those of psychological nature whose causes are found in their almost exclusive focus on the business aspect of life and the lack of development of other interests and contacts outside the business community during the active working period. After retirement, entrepreneurs strive for activities that enable retention of existing patterns of behavior and continuity in developing relationships within the same social groups. The paper presents an example of an association of retired entrepreneurs in the Netherlands, which accomplishes two important goals through its mentoring program, i.e., it enables social inclusion of retired entrepreneurs and enables younger entrepreneurs to successfully overcome business challenges with the mentoring support of retired entrepreneurs. Modeled on the example of good practice from the Netherlands, in early 2020, an association of retired entrepreneurs was launched in Croatia. The topic of the retirement of entrepreneurs and sustainability of their business ventures is crucial to Croatia because of the enormous wave of expected retiree entrepreneurs who founded companies in the 1990s after Croatia transitioned to a market economy. This paper presents qualitative research conducted among retired entrepreneurs in Croatia interested in volunteering as mentors to younger entrepreneurs. The concluding part of the paper points out the need to support the development of programs that enable social inclusion of retired entrepreneurs, applying their knowledge and experience in encouraging the development of entrepreneurship.
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Historically, the approach to suicide has come to an extreme, from civil and religious convictions, to purely pathological evaluations. In Moldova, it has become the most pressing issue that requires immediate intervention as it is influenced by the fact that many parents go to work abroad, thus multiplying the disintegrated families that lead to the lack of emotional support, to frequent family conflicts and lead to social and communication isolation of the teenager. The aim of this research is to determine the correlation between dysfunctional families and the high risk of teenage suicide, as well as to develop a model of family counseling in psychointervention with the families of adolescents with increased suicide risk
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The whole universe works based on the transmission and reception of information. This information can be transmitted in various forms and is transported by various means. Some of them are little known and others very little known. Communication through mass media or even directly between people is dependent on the content in meanings and symbols. Transmission-reception stations cannot operate if they are not synchronized on the same frequency. The idea of synchronization between the brains sheds light on a method of subconscious communication full of meaning and creative ideas. This kind of communication can be reactivated because it is already in the drawers of the subconscious. This communication continues to "broadcast" from childhood throughout the rest of one’s life, and the human being only has to find the right frequencies to decipher it. Subconscious communication is not new, but it is very little addressed and really put into practice. The paper proposes recommendations for synchronized interpersonal communication (theoretically based on the latest studies and experiments) through which an ancestral type of communication is used.
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Psýché – duši člověka je obtížné pozorovat, její povahu nelze přesně popsat a ještě obtížnější je ji pochopit či stanovit pro ni nějakou definici. Psychiku člověka lze přirovnat k řece, jejíž proud se neustále proměňuje, a do něhož vstupuje mnoho postranních ramen, z nichž přitékají další proudy měnící její obsahy a celkové složení. Popsat detailně principy dynamiky psychických procesů je velmi těžkým úkolem pro odborníky, jako jsou psychologové, psychiatři, pedagogové či antropologové nebo sociologové. Umělci psychiku nepopisují, ale podvědomě ji vyjadřují skrze svoje díla. V umění jsou psychické fenomény symbolizovány, a právě skrze symboly jim lze částečně porozumět. Umělci, spontánní tvůrci, ale i charismatické osobnosti zabývající se terapií uměním, mají určitou výhodu, jelikož procesuální dynamiku neustále se proměňující psýché zakoušejí v dobrodružství tvorby, která se v kontextu léčení psychických poruch stává svobodným nástrojem vyjádření niterných obsahů duše jedince.
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Objev nevědomí na počátku 20. století je připisován psychoanalýze a především jejímu zakladateli S. Freudovi, který zásadně pozměnil pohled na člověka a na jeho biologické, kulturní a společenské podmínky. Již před Freudem mnozí myslitelé pracovali s fenoménem, který měl podobné charakteristiky jako nevědomí. A. Schopenhauer mluvil o nevědomé vůli k životu, která prý v našem tajuplném nitru pohání svého služebníka – intelekt: „Vůle je jako statný slepec, který nese na svých ramenou vidoucího, ale chromého člověka. Pouze zdánlivě jsou lidé přitahováni něčím, co je před nimi, ve skutečnosti jsou poháněni zezadu. Žene je nevědomá vůle k životu.“ (Schopenhauer, 1998, cit. dle Störig, 2000, s. 387) Na tyto myšlenky navázal Friedrich Nietzsche, který rozpoznal dva estetické principy – apollinský princip dobra, krásy a řádu a princip dionýský, noční, chaotický a dynamický, ve kterém lze spatřovat jakýsi předstupeň psychologického pojmu nevědomí.
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Rychlost ekonomických, technologických i společenských změn, které každému z nás vstupují do života, reflektují i soudobé teorie kariéry a teorie kariérového rozvoje. Kariéra člověka je v současnosti stále více fragmentární, nestabilní a stává se čím dál méně předvídatelnou. V důsledku toho některé ze soudobých konceptů kariéry, jako např. koncept proteovské kariéry nebo kariéry bez hranic, zdůrazňují zodpovědnost každého jedince za aktivní řízení své kariéry a naznačují, že pro dosažení kariérového úspěchu je nezbytná schopnost adaptace (např. Sullivan & Baruch, 2009). Také soudobé teorie kariérového rozvoje, jako např. Savickasova teorie konstruování kariéry, věnují při vysvětlování kariérového rozvoje pozornost procesům řízení kariéry (career management). Konkrétně Savickasovu teorii konstruování kariéry přiblížíme na začátku této kapitoly, protože představuje základní teoretické východisko pro vymezování a zkoumání kariérové adaptability. Poté nahlédneme kariérovou adaptabilitu jako předmět výzkumu a na konci kapitoly shrneme vybrané poznatky o kariérové adaptabilitě z mezinárodních šetření.
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Prvním krokem při poznávání kariérové adaptability je popis jejích základních charakteristik, k čemuž slouží tato kapitola. Nejdříve představíme naše hlavní zjištění z dotazníku Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS-Czech), na který (Příloha) odpovídali mladí dospělí ve třech vlnách sběru dat, a to před ukončením středního odborného vzdělávání, 10 měsíců poté a 20 měsíců od prvního sběru dat (dále jen zkráceně po ukončení školy). Při vyhodnocení dotazníku se zaměřujeme na to, jak respondenti u sebe hodnotili jednotlivé schopnosti, čtyři dimenze kariérové adaptability a kariérovou adaptabilitu jako celek. Poté budeme sledovat vztah kariérové adaptability k vybraným proměnným. Ze sociodemografických proměnných jsme vybrali pohlaví a ze školních proměnných způsob ukončení vyššího sekundárního vzdělávání. V další části této kapitoly budeme věnovat pozornost jednomu prediktoru kariérové adaptability – využití služeb kariérového poradenství, a na konci kapitoly představíme pět modelů, v nichž se v různých variantách kombinují další signifikantní prediktory kariérové adaptability.
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Podle Savickase (Savickas, 2013; Savickas & Porfeli, 2012) je jedním z výsledků adaptace v profesní oblasti jasná představa o individuálních preferencích a jejich shoda s požadavky pracovního prostředí. Taková jasná a stabilní představa o svých kariérových preferencích, zájmech, schopnostech a cílech je definována jako profesní identita (Holland et al., 1980, 1993). Obzvláště v době nestálého trhu práce a měnících se nároků na profesní kvalifikaci může profesní identita posloužit jako užitečný vnitřní kompas při kariérovém rozhodování. Výzkumy ukázaly, že právě profesní identita je spojena s nalezením uspokojivého zaměstnání (Hirschi, 2012) i s duševní pohodou a životní spokojeností (Hirschi, 2011; Hirschi & Herrmann, 2012; Vasile & Albu, 2011). Protože v souladu s teorií konstruování kariéry (Rudolph et al., 2017; Savickas, 2005, 2013; Savickas et al., 2009; Savickas & Porfeli, 2012) považujeme profesní identitu za ukazatel kariérové adaptace, chtěli jsme v našem výzkumu ověřit longitudinální souvislost mezi kariérovou adaptabilitou a profesní identitou.
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We present the issue of beliefs and self-efficacy as part of a long-term research on Selected aspects of professional beliefs of beginning teachers. The link between the teacher's professional beliefs and self-efficacy proves to be important, especially in the mutual empowerment and positive self-evaluation of the teacher. The use of these relationships in practice seems to be beneficial for increasing individual satisfaction and comfort of beginning teachers in the profession and for eliminating the opposite phenomena.
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The purpose of this chapter of the book is to explain the concept of emotion and the structures of emotions, which shape human behavior and thought. The importance of emotions in organizational life is discussed, along with how possible results can affect emotions. Afterwards, gratitude, which is a relatively new research topic in organizational behavior, is explained together with its antecedents and possible consequences. In order to enable organizations to achieve their goals more easily, it is important to promote such a feeling in organizational life. For this reason, this section also discusses gratitude programs, through which organizations can foster a sense of gratitude from a human resources perspective.
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Adapting to information and communication technologies not only provides organizations with maximum efficiency, effectiveness and productivity, but also causes stress by creating pressure on individuals due to reasons such as excessive technology dependency, increased workload, high production demand and the need to constantly adapt to new technology applications and workflows (Srivastava). et al., 2015). This type of stress emerges as a toxic phenomenon and is defined as “technostress” (Boyer-Davis, 2018). Today, it is out of question to stay away from or refuse to use information and communication technologies. It is an inevitable fact that information and communication technologies, which are frequently used in society, sometimes create stress. Therefore, such a situation reduces the quality of life of individuals, causes various health problems and creates negative individual and organizational results. The effects of technostress at the psychological and physical level have been revealed by various studies. When the relevant literature is examined, it has been determined that technostress has negative effects on the productivity, job satisfaction, performance and belonging of the employees (Alam, 2016; Fuglseth & Sørebø, 2014), at the same time they experience burnout due to technostress and they have intention to quit (Ragu-Nathan et al. ., 2008). In addition, it is stated that physiological health problems such as excessive nervousness, headache, sleep problems, cardiovascular disorders are also associated with technostress in the workplace (Chen, 2015). In this chapter; The concept of stress and technology connection, the concept of technostress, the effects and symptoms of technostress and the factors affecting technostress, technostress models, technostress dimensions, technostress management, technostress reducing situations and the results of technostress will be discussed.
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6 Şubat 2023 tarihli Kahramanmaraş merkezli yıkıcı çifte depremde on binlerce kişi hayatını kaybetmiş ve birçok aile acı bir şekilde dağılmıştır. Ondan fazla ilimizde büyük bir enkaza neden olan deprem, en savunmasız kesim olan çocuklar ve gençler için de büyük bir tehlike oluşturmuştur. Bu bağlamda, çocuklar ve gençlerin fiziksel yaralanmalarının yanı sıra, ailelerini kaybetmiş olmanın yarattığı psikolojik travmalar önemli bir sorundur. Yaşanan olumsuzluklar çocukların ve gençlerin travma sonrası stres bozukluğu, depresyon, umutsuzluk, kaygı ve benzeri psikolojik rahatsızlıklar geliştirmesine neden olabilir (İşmen, 2016; Kardaş ve Tanhan, 2018).
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In this paper, the author aims to contribute in the answer to the question of how to include pupils in the classroom teaching process, that is, what are the determinants of their inclusion. The answers to these questions was gained in experimental ways. The experiment was made according to the existing curriculum in BiH. The work was done in 20 hours time, ten in mathematics, and ten in the subject of my environment. Significant results have been made of which these results are in the rise: (1) expectations of success, (2) challenge and (3) mastering the target orientation of students. Reduced results are: (1) a motivation and (2) student activities during classes. Why activities, during classes of the conditions in which the teacher was trying to get students to work independently are lessened, it remains to be answered in some future research.
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Society is undergoing a fundamental transformation because of increasing digitalization, which offers great opportunities in all areas of social life, but it also poses new challenges for individuals. While the internet has provided children with access to a wealth of information and fostered creativity, it also poses risks to children’s well-being. Moreover, there are concerns about how digital technology may exacerbate the existing social disparities. Drawing on sociologist Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of ‘habitus’, this study takes an interdisciplinary approach by combining sociology, computer science, and public health to explore the potential of promoting mental health equity in an increasingly digitalized age. It proposes that children’s virtual connectivity is another ‘habitus’ in their life, layered with children’s social background factors in conjunction with their digital capital and digital engagement experiences, exerting influences on their mental health. We collected quantitative data with survey interviews from 301 adolescents in the U.S. Statistical models are processed to empirically examine the patterns in their digital engagement and mental health outcomes. The associations between children’s social background factors, digital engagement experience, and mental health outcomes are also examined. This study contributes to illuminating the dimensions of critical dialogues about building equitable societies to enhance individual flourishing in an increasingly digitalized era. It further enriches the current sociological literature on the analysis of the social impacts of new digital technologies by highlighting children’s experience of digital disparities.
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