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Many of us were raised to be unconcerned about what other people thought of us. We probably remember our apprehension about meeting new people, and asking our parents for advice. To which, our parents would usually reply for usto be ourselves and to not worry about what other people will think.
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Social Networking Sites (SNS) play an important role in the daily lives of adolescents by helping them to develop two core developmental characteristics –identity and intimacy. SNS can also contribute to developing adolescents’ identities by eliciting peer feedback (Valkenburg & Peter, 2011). However, children’s unpleasant experiences with the misuse of their online personal information are among the rapidly increasing online risks, as reported by children ages 9–16 in the Net Children Go Mobile (2012–14) and EU Kids Online III (2012–14) projects. These troublesome situations – e.g., dealing with impersonation through hacked accounts (with the impersonator sending rude messages to damage reputation) or dealing with slanderous pages created by peers – pose challenges to young people’s need for creating and maintaining their online identity in the context of their peer relationships.
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In this chapter, we discuss the role of online pornography use in adolescents’ sexual lives, and its effects on young internet users. The review of research indicates that online pornography may have a multi-faceted function. While the most common definition of pornography stems from its purposeful intention to increase sexual arousal, there is emerging evidence that adolescents deliberately access these materials online not only for sexual arousal but also for sex education. Furthermore, we show how the line between pleasure and sex self-education can be blurred. Thanks to online pornography use, adolescents may learn what sexually excites them and how they respond to various sexual stimuli.
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The chapter focuses on the role of online communities in the lives of early adolescents. This developmental stage is typical for many changes, including identity development as well as the expansion of social life beyond family boundaries. Children gain new experiences in new social groups, which introduce them to diverse attitudes, opinions, and behavioral patterns. Currently, one of these new groups can take the form of an online community (i.e., a group of people who regularly interact in a specific place on the internet). In the chapter, current knowledge about online communities is reviewed and processes by which online communities may affect children’s development are described. Specific focus is given to the form of interaction with community members: whether it is only online, partly offline, or mostly offline.
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This chapter deals with the topic of face-to-face meetings with people known only from the internet. First, the popularized picture of online strangers as online pedophiles searching for children on the internet is presented and contradicted to empirical evidence from actual internet-initiated sexual crimes with minors. Next, the chapter focuses on findings from the general population of young internet users and shows the typical meetings with online strangers as an activity which mostly happens among adolescent peers and only in a minority of the cases results in negative outcomes.
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The chapter examines the management of online privacy on Social Network Sites (SNS) among children and adolescents. Petronio’s Communication Privacy Management Theory (CPM) was selected as the primary theoretical framework for capturing the process of privacy management and boyd’s features and dynamics of networked publics were used to depict the specific affordances of the SNS environment. Using qualitative cross-national data from European children aged 9–16 from the EU Kids Online III project, the chapter illustrates how current children manage their privacy on SNS and show in which aspects this process has become problematized.
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Live online betting has the potential to become a universal tool for gambling with a high potential for problems thanks to its broad availability (temporal, local, financial, and social) and the flexibility in the ways of treating and gaining rewards. Gambling, generally, has a whole system of specific characteristics and mechanisms. There are some common phenomena, like chasing loses, belief in the possibility for betterment, and searching. However, there are many types of gambling. Each type of gambling has specific, attractive features. Sport gamblers, slot machine players, poker players, casino players – these are the groups of people who have slightly different perspectives on gambling and its positives and negatives; they have different motivations for gambling (conscious and unconscious).
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Individuals are at risk when they use the internet. Video gamers playing online games are at risk when they play too much. What is too much? The amount of time is often used for assessing the border between a safe and a potentially dangerous gaming practice. Quantitative research on addiction to video games uses the amount of time played as a strong indicator to foresee problematic behavior. Easy to measure and easy to ask, the amount of time played appears to be the perfect indicator for any potentially harmful practice. Gamers are even classified according to playing time. The scholarship strongly indicates a link between time played and the prevalence of problems.
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The study of behavioral finance and decision making, especially in finance, have grown on importance during last decades. There were conducted many studies of decision making at financial markets all around the world. This study was conducted to analyze financial decision making and behavioral characteristics of Czech population. The purpose of this study is to show how people in Czech Republic control their financial affairs; one of the studied areas is if they use the help of financial advisors, especially, if this is influenced by gender, the level of education or even by the self-evaluation of own financial skills and knowledge. There was conducted a field research based on electronic and printed questionnaire that was answered by 302 respondents. Based on the results of the testing it was confirmed that level of education is significant for both selfevaluation and the use of financial advisors. However the hypothesis that higher education level increase the probability of self-evaluation and decreases the need to use the help of financial advisors was not confirmed. One of possible explanation could be the overconfidence of individuals that is strongly shown by the sample; 70,52% of total respondents consider their financial knowledge better than average and only 3,32% of the respondents consider them worse than average. And only 29,6% pf the respondents use for their financial decisions the help of financial advisor.
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Psychological features have an important role in evaluation processes. Studies indicate that investment decisions are strongly determined by behavioral factors. As a result investors behave irrationally. One of parameters that influence purchasing decision is price. Perceiving price as high generally discourage the purchase. As a consequence, goods at lower price are more attractive to bought what creates higher demand and influence companies’ revenues. Following paper analyze whether the face nominal effect observed at consumer market also occur in stock exchange market. The main aim of this article is to verify whether investors are influenced by face nominal values on stock market exchange. Author state that cheap assets characterized by nominally lower prices are more attractive to buy and bring higher profits (as a consequence of increased demand) in comparison to assets described as expensive. In order to verify the hypothesis, database of 13789 quotations from 1.07.1999 to 30.12.2013 was created. The sample was divided into three groups – cheap, average and expensive stocks. Finally the statistical analysis was conducted among 2924 records including only cheap and expensive units. Statistical analysis confirm that assets defined as “cheap” generate higher profits and lower losses.
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Behavioral finance assumes that individual financial decisions are influenced by emotions and mood. A public sentiment and its effect on collective decision-making have been studied in a number of publications giving the vast variety of research design. This paper examines various techniques in measuring market sentiment and its applications in analysis of financial data. Using a qualitative, exploratory approach, the study identifies trends in sentiment indicators and also tries to analytically categorize heuristics and behavioral biases connected to public mood.
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The aim of the article is to show, if clients have changed their preferences in selection of insurance company during 5 years. This article compares how the scheme of client’s behaviour has been changed. Our research compares the data from the years 2010 and the years 2015, which show factors influencing clients in selection of insurance company in Slovakia. We have also analysed and compared the factors with the biggest influence on clients in the year 2010 and 2015. In addition to analysis of client’s behaviour, we have also analysed and compared insurance market environment via selected indicators. We have analysed the volume of written premium, density, penetration and others. The level of economic development of the country may also affect clients in their preferences of the insurance company. We have analysed the unemployment, average monthly wage and other factors in the years 2010 and 2015 to gain the adequate findings.
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We carry out framed lottery game experiments with the aim to study whether economic agents behave in accordance with expected utility theory. We control for socio-economic background of the participants and we use Domain-Specific Risk-Taking [DoSpeRT) scale to detect, which of the five risk domains [ETHICAL, FINANCIAL, HEALTH, RECREATIONAL, SOCIAL) have most impact on risky behavior in a lottery game. We find out, that females are more rational than males in non-risky environment and males are more rational in a risky environment. Also, the evidence of more frequent use of risky strategy by males is found.
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Ultimatum game is in fMRI tested overwhelmingly from the responder's point of view. We assessed experimental designs which would allow for simultaneous testing of a proposer and a receiver under hyperscanning protocol. Our final laboratory designs use a specific set of choice sets and enables an iterated ultimatum game combined with control condition and dictator game. We run two pilots with different settings.
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An interesting topic, often approached in scientific studies and followed insistently by the human resources departments of large companies is represented by the relationship between attitudes, personality and organizational behavior. Given that personality means diversity and is determined by both genetic factors and the individual's past learning, we can argue that during the process of gaining experience, with age, personality is susceptible to change which leads to changes in attitude and organizational behavior. In general, the sociological approach to attitude relates to social values. Psychological points of view investigate attitudes according to certain aspects of the personality: motivation, emotional states, cognition or behavioral dispositions. It is well known that attitudes precede behaviors. Of interest to those who lead groups is to know to what extent attitudes foreshadow behaviors and what is the connection between motivation, attitude and behavior. Regarding the organizational behavior, we are especially interested in the attitude towards work, respectively the satisfaction of the employees and the connection between it and the organizational performance.
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The term “community” once meant a group of people living together in a local neighborhood or perhaps it meant a group of people that met at a certain time and place to talk and enjoy each other’s company. However, the world has grown smaller as technology has advanced, and people are now reaching out via technology and the virtual world to build worthwhile connections. This has given rise to the popularity of online communities. Online communities are formed by people from all different backgrounds who share a common interest or goal (Johnson 2014). Any person can be a part of any community, even if they have never met in person. This link is a blessing and a curse because, while it brings people together, it also brings together their geographical, socioeconomical and even cultural backgrounds. Differences in these can clash and wreak havoc on the sustainability of the online community if guidelines are not outlined. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to reveal a rationale for ethical and behavioral standards for online communities as well as an overview of how my personal worldview influences said rationale. It will also include a set of standards so both management and participants can ensure a respectful and beneficial community experience.
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With the recession generated by the sudden appearance of the infectious agent Sars-COV-2, the whole world has amazingly, unusually, limited its economic and social activity. At the same time, this collapse represents an exogenous and symmetrical opposition to the systems of law, health, education, economy, finance, transport, protection and defense of fundamental rights and freedoms. The pandemic is a state of security, government and population to adhere or not to what was obvious: the virus is still alive and we are preferences. From here, we mean firm attitudes to comply with special provisions to help negative attitudes, such as to justify stray outings in groups, denial of dangers or amnesia on compliance with regulations. Throughout this article, we aim to review the consequences that the behavior of the individual or companies will support and translate into group-level behavior. It is understandable that this period is a crossroads and that, as soon as the phenomena return to normal, we will realize the behavior acquired during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as how it affects the protected social relations protected by legal norms. Another coordinate proposed for debate and analysis is whether the state of the pandemic affects the social value of trust and what implications may have the distrust of individuals in the measures taken by state authorities, but also distrust of the authorities in citizens, and the repercussions on implementing new rules with character prohibitive.
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This paper gives critical consideration to the so-called disability simulations, a widespread practice during disability awareness trainings, conducted in different age groups: for students of primary schools, high schools, administrative staff, cultural institutions, etc. It is commonly believed that „embodiment” into a person with disabilities can have a positive impact on attitudes towards people with disabilities. On the other hand, some activists and researchers claim that such disability simulations can reinforce prejudices and negative stereotypes, portraying disability as an individual experience and personal tragedy. This stands against the notion of the social model of disability. Using an autoethnographic perspective, the author, basing herself, among other things, on her own experience as a trainer, analyses the practice of disability simulations trainings. The aim of the analysis is not only to take a critical look at what is becoming a common method of teaching about disability, but also to look for alternatives that promote social understanding of disability.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a condition classified in the group of neurodevelopmental disorders, is characterized by persistent deficit in communication and social interactions, and presence of restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Early diagnosis and interventions are imperative for better outcomes. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) supported the project “Autism Education and Early screening”, with the goal to raise public awareness of autism in Bosnia and Herzegovina by educating the public about early signs and symptoms, determine the incidence and increase early detection of ASD by introduction of autism screening at the age 18-30 month. Methods and material: Educational brochures about typical child development and early signs of autism have been developed and distributed to parents; posters have been displayed at kindergartens, schools and health institutions. Extensive media coverage and numerous professional presentations have been aimed at educating both public and health care workers. The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) has been cross translated according to the rules and copy- rights. Results: From January 2009 trough 2012, 611 children (55% of boys), aged 21±3 months, were subject to the screening. The initial screening was passed by 298 boys (89%) and 256 girls (92%). Four boys and one girl were immediately referred to a further evaluation and early treatment. Conclusion: This overall project contributed to raising autism awearness by linking health, social and educational resources. The preliminary early screening confirmed that estimated incidence of ASD in Bosnia and Herzegovina is similar as reported elswere. Knowledge (public and professional), as well as the early screening, are required for timely diagnosis and interventions.
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Diabetes is chronic condition of children with increase of incidence in our area. The aim of this paper is to examine depression of children with diabetes in relation to their healthy peers. The sample includes 104 participants, from 10 to 15 years of age. Clinical sample includes 52 children with diabetes type 1, and comparative sample of 52 children without diabetes. Data was collected using general information questionnaire and CDI (Children’s Depression Inventory) (1). Data analysis was performed by means of descriptive statistics, parametric and non-paramatric statistical techniques. Results indicate that there is no statistically significant difference between the degrees of depression in clinical and control group (Factorial Analysis of Variance, F=2.78, p=.10). Within the clinical sample, no difference was found neither between depression and metabolic regulation of glycaemia through the value of hemoglobin HbA1c (Mann-Whitney U test, Mdn=291, p=.56), nor between depression and the period of duration of diabetes (Kruskal-Wallis test, c2=1.97, p=.37). Conclusion: children with diabetes do not differ in degree of depression from their peers in general population. Especially vulnerable period for occurrence of depression is time interval between 3 and 5 years from the diabetes diagnosis, thus this period should be in focus of targeted and more intensive psychological intervention aimed at prevention of depression and other mental disorders.
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