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VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN NORTH MACEDONIA: Period of Analysis 2018-2019

Author(s): Ali Musliu / Language(s): English Issue: 13-14/2020

Violence against women is widely accepted as normal, and it is underreported in the Republic of North Macedonia. The negative developments of domestic violence in North Macedonia include that nearly half of all women believe that domestic violence is a private matter, and that three in ten believe that victims exaggerate claims of abuse or rape. To combat this situation, North Macedonia on 23.03.2018 became the 29th state to ratify the Istanbul Convention. The convention entered into force on July 1st, 2018. North Macedonia was amongst the first to sign this convention on July 8th, 2011. After ratification the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy adopted the Action Plan for implementation on October 9th, 2018. The plan entails preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence for the period from 2018 to 2023. This paper will put emphasize to the implementation process of the Istanbul Convention in the North Macedonia, and derivation of legal obligation and needed actions to fully implement the convention. Also, paper analyze current situation of shelters services in the state level. We argue that A lack of shelters and the financial sustainability of existing services are crucial problems. There are not enough shelters, and they do not have sustainable funding. There are a lot of barriers to women accepting existing shelters. Women from rural areas are at increased risk due to their distance from support services and lack of financial independence.

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PKK’da Kadın Teröristlerin Rolü ve Örgüt İçi Cinsel İstismar

Author(s): Enes Bayrakli,Aslıhan Alkanat / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 37/2021

Terrorist organizations need to recruit new militants in order to maintain their existence. In the 20th century, the role and visibility of women in social and business life has increased, which also led to an increasing recruitment of female terrorists for various roles and purposes. Besides engaging in terrorism activities female terrorists are also used in secondary roles such as courier, cooker, cleaner, etc. They are also frequently preferred in suicide attacks as they have various advantages over male terrorists in carrying out these attacks. Furthermore, some terrorist organizations also use female terrorists as a “bait” or “sexual slaves” by putting their sexual identities in the foreground. This paper analyses the role of female terrorists in the suicide attacks carried out by PKK and the sexual abuse experienced by female terrorists. The main argument of the study is that Abdullah Öcalan’s claims about women emancipation in the PKK do not reflect the reality. On the contrary women are not equal to men in the PKK and they are often exposed to sexual abuse. This study aims to fill an important gap in the literature, since there are a limited number of studies about the role of female terrorists and sexual abuse against them in the PKK.

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A RENDSZERVÁLTÓ ÉV: 1848

Author(s): János Majdán / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2020

The civic transformation of Western Europe was an example to follow for those intellectual groups and liberal circles of nobility who wanted changes in the Habsburg Empire. The wars at the start of the 19th century gave rise to a great prosperity in agriculture throughout the continent. This proved an opportunity for Hungary to rejoin the main stream of the world economy. The landowners, the bondsmen and the towns all noted the positive changes facilitated by the economic opportunities. The need for civic transformation increased steadily and was synthesized in the "Hitel" (Credit) by István Széchenyi in 1830. Several different programs of transformation were distilled, and leading personalities emerged during a quarter century of long internal disputes. Many different factors led to the European revolutionary wave, including the Polish uprisings (1830, 1846), the potato blight that caused great famine and the internal problems of Italy and France. The civic regime changes of Hungary took place in three towns. Pozsony (Bratislava) as the seat of the parliament and Bécs (Wien) as the capital of the empire also played major parts besides the well-known events of Pest. The events unfolding in these three towns, often without knowledge of what was happening elsewhere, simultaneously led to the fact that after the start on 15th March 1848 the revolution could end on 11th April with the ratifications of the laws creating the new civic arrangements. Hungary joined the ranks of civil states in 1848 with the help of 25 years of preparations and the general European situation.

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ÉRTEKEZÉS ERŐSZAKRÓL ÉS HATALOMRÓL

Author(s): Larisa Sekulić / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2020

There is no doubt that violence – let it be used in public or hidden – is constantly present as the eternal instrument of institutionalized power. If we reveal the real root of the relationship of these two phenomena, we might discover a closely related, almost inseparable connection that could lead us to questions considering not the general level of understanding, but the individual itself. My treatise’s goal is to find answers – with the help of several disciplines in use – according to the topic which deals with the aggressive behaviour of the individual and that of the driving force of violence connected to power and the desire of power.

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Kriminoliška studija o seksualnom zlostavljanju

Author(s): Marija Lukić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 10/1999

(Mršević Zorica. Incest između mita i stvarnosti - krimninološka studija seksualnog zlostavljanja, Beograd, Institut za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja i Jugoslovenski centar za zaštitu doleta, 1997)

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Globalization and Rise of Terrorism

Author(s): Genc Mekaj / Language(s): English Issue: 09/2020

Globalization today has engulfed the entire world, extending and taking place on the most important national and international agendas. The process of globalization includes great developments between countries around the world, technological, economic, cultural, scientific, etc, but is also considered by many countries as a threat to their country. On the one hand, globalization between different countries brings great relief and profits in many areas. On the other hand, globalization brings with it risks that have long-term and profound consequences. With the development of globalization, the challenges for the world have increased making them more difficult to face. One of the great challenges that have evolved through globalization is the rise of terrorism. Through this paper, we have attempted to present the rise and advancement of terrorism through globalization. In a related way, we will present the impact of globalization which was exploited by terrorism for illegal purposes as well as to bring danger to the world. In this paper, through descriptive, analytical, and comparative methods, we have tried to present how globalization has led to the rise and spread of terrorism globally. In conclusion, we can conclude that globalization has facilitated the development of terrorism, making the impact of terrorism and their activities much easier to spread across the globe.

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KRIVIČNO DELO POVREDE GROBA U PRAKSI SUDOVA NA TERITORIJI AP VOJVODINE

Author(s): Aleksandar Matković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2021

The subject of this paper is the analysis of court proceedings conducted in connection with the criminal offense of violation of a grave (Article 354 CC) which were held before the courts on the territory of Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. The analysis covers all finalized court cases of the aforementioned courts for the period from 01.01.2010. (i.e. from the introduction of the current organization of courts in the Republic of Serbia) to 01.07.2018. The research is primarily focused on the statistical presentation and analysis of data obtained from court decisions (which the author independently obtained from courts in original, raw form), as well as the identification of relevant criminal (material and procedural) and criminological characteristics. On the basis of the totality of the results, different regularities were noticed, with regard to the spatial and temporal distribution of the court proceedings, the types of court decisions, the type and amount of criminal sanctions imposed, as well as with regard to the characteristics of the perpetrators of the criminal offense in question. As a unifying conclusion, it can be stated that the crime of violation of a grave is relatively less represented in the practice of courts in the territory of AP Vojvodina, and that its spatial and temporal distribution is uneven (due to the absence of more specific regularities considering criminal expression). The penal policy regarding the crime in question can be characterized as in principle harmonized with the one at the level of the entire state regarding the same criminal offense. On the other hand, it is noticeable that the mentioned penal policy is somewhat stricter in relation to the general penal policy of the courts in the Republic of Serbia. However, this factual situation is potentially somewhat relativized by the specific features of the analyzed court proceedings (above all, the high percentage of recidivism and the frequent presence of other aggravating circumstances), as well as by the fact that all prison sentences were imposed only in the lower third of the envisaged range of the sentence (from one month to one year, although this criminal offense is punishable by up to three years in prison). Regarding the characteristics of the prosecuted perpetrators, it is noticeable that the convicts for the crime of violation of a grave were mainly nationals, and dominated by: adults over juvenile offenders; male over female; general recidivists over special recidivists; persons without education, with primary and secondary education over (non-existent) highly educated offenders; unemployed persons and persons without permanent employment over permanent employees. Considering possible strategies for prevention, it was concluded that important criminogenic factors are the low level of education of most perpetrators and their unfavorable socio-economic status, which gives grounds for assuming that timely educational work and providing conditions for improving their material opportunities could achieve significant results in the domain of both general and special prevention, especially in relation to the identified most risky categories of potential perpetrators (recidivists, illiterate persons, persons without primary education and persons in a state of severe social vulnerability).

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UDRUŽENI ZLOČINAČKI PODUHVAT U PRAKSI MEĐUNARODNOG KRIVIČNOG TRIBUNALA ZA BIVŠU JUGOSLAVIJU

Author(s): Irena Čučilović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2021

Joint criminal enterprise (JCE) is the institute first applied by the International criminal tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in the Tadic case, and thereafter further shaped through the practice of the ICTY despite the fact that JCE as a form of individual responsibility is not mentioned anywhere in the Statute of ICTY, neither implicitly nor explicitly. Although today there is no doubt that the Joint criminal enterprise is an institute of international criminal law, which was very often applied in the practice by both ICTY and other international ad hoc tribunals, the serious remarks to this institute do not abate. It’s pointed out that this is an institute that “was created” to ensure the conviction of the defendants, which procedurally affects the prosecution, which is relieved of the burden of proving criminal responsibilities and the specific roles of each of the participants in the JCE. Besides that, at the time when this doctrine was formulated, it was not entirely clear whether it was a form of commission or a form of complicity. Only a couple of years later, in the Milutinovic et al. case, the ICTY stands out that the liability based on the JCE doctrine, in fact, is a responsibility for the commission, which further compromised this doctrine. Questionless, the application of the Joint criminal enterprise doctrine in practice leads to serious violation of the fundamental principles of contemporary criminal law. With general review of the Joint criminal enterprise doctrine, in this piece of work, the author considers one case of conviction under the third (often referred to as “extended”) form of JCE, in order to point out the key problems which this doctrine produces in practice.

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WSPARCIE SPOŁECZNE A ZACHOWANIA AGRESYWNE MŁODZIEŻY PONADGIMNAZJALNEJ Z UWZGLĘDNIENIEM MIEJSCA ZAMIESZKANIA ORAZ RODZAJU SZKOŁY, DO KTÓREJ UCZĘSZCZAŁA BADANA MŁODZIEŻ

Author(s): Anna Ławnik,Elżbieta Szlenk-Czyczerska / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 3/2019

Introduction. Social support occurs when one can count on the help resulting from prosocial behaviour of another person or a group. It is always valid and everybody will most probably need it someday. Aggression is deliberate causing harm to a person who is in fear and is trying to avoid pain and suffering. It can be a mean to a quick achievement of a temporary goal, however, in consequence, it ruins relationships with other people. Material and methods. The research was conducted among students of upper-secondary schools from the Biala Podlaska poviat in the Lubelskie voivodeship. The research used the technique of an auditory survey supervised by the author of this paper. Results. Obtained results of the research showed the need for social support among youth. Conclusions. 1. Aggression of village youth was related to broadly defined social support. 2. Social support in general had significant influence on the aggression of the city youth. 3. Supporting the self-esteem and social support in general influenced the overall aggression of the students of vocational schools. 4. The overall result of the aggression of high school students was not related in a significant manner to any of the researched components of social support.

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Nasilni obrasci ponašanja u rijaliti šou-programu „Parovi”.

Author(s): Lidija Terek / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 48/2020

The paper is dealing with the problem of violent behaviour in the reality show ”Couples” (Parovi), which is broadcasted on Happy TV, a commercial television with a national frequency in Serbia. Based on the idea that the conditions in reality shows are conducive to violence due to a large amount of character interaction and little plot, and guided by the results of the research that studied violent behaviours in reality shows in the UK, our research aimed to determine which forms of violent behaviour are most prevalent in this reality show, in what situations and under what circumstances violent behaviours mostly occur, as well as who commits violence most often. The results showed that the most common forms of violence were direct emotional/psychological violence, that the most frequent and diverse violent behaviour was expressed by the Production and TV hosts, that nearly all the violent behaviour of participants were a reaction to the Production‘s and hosts’ provocation and manipulation, as well as that individuals, who have a history of violent behaviour, most often behaved violently during the show. The obtained results proved that the Production of this reality show intends to provoke conflicts and violent behaviours, to compensate for the lack of story.

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CAN IT BE OR FEEL RIGHT TO HATE? ON THE APPROPRIATENESS AND FITTINGNESS OF HATRED

Author(s): Thomas Szanto / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

What exactly is wrong with hating others? However deep-seated the intuition, when it comes to spelling out the reasons for why hatred is inappropriate, the literature is rather meager and confusing. In this paper, I attempt to be more precise by distinguishing two senses in which hatred is inappropriate, a moral and a non-moral one. First, I critically discuss the central current proposals defending the possibility of morally appropriate hatred in the face of serious wrongs or evil perpetrators and show that they are all based on a problematic assumption, which I call the ‘reality of evil agents assumption’. I then turn to the issue of non-moral emotional appropriateness and sketch a novel, focus-based account of fittingness. Next, I outline the distinctive affective intentionality of hatred, suggesting that hatred, unlike most other antagonistic emotions, has an overgeneralizing and indeterminate affective focus. Against this background, I argue that hatred cannot be fitting. Due to the indeterminacy of its focus, hatred fails to pick out those evaluative features of the intentional object that would really matter to the emoters. I close with some tentative remarks on the possibility of appropriate hatred towards corporate or group agents.

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A CRITICAL ACCOUNT OF THE CONCEPT OF DE-OBJECTIFIED HATRED

Author(s): Mark Losoncz / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

This paper looks at Thomas Szanto’s theory of hatred that suggests that hatred has an indeterminate affective focus and that it derives its intensity from the commitment to the attitude itself. Contrary to Szanto’s theses, this paper claims that the hated properties are not necessarily fuzzy. On the contrary, in many cases we can clearly reconstruct the quasi-rational genesis of hatred, by relying on the deep structures behind the social dynamics (as demonstrated by the example of anti-Semitism). Furthermore, the paper states that even though in certain cases hatred is a truly empty of content, these cases are marginal in comparison to other, more important forms of hatred.

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SOME REMARKS ON UNFOCUSED HATRED: IDENTITY OF THE HATED ONE AND CRITERIA OF ADEQUACY

Author(s): Igor Cvejić / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

Thomas Szanto has recently argued that hatred could not be a fitting emotion because of its blurred focus. It thus cannot trace the properties of its intentional object. Although I agree with the core of Szanto’s account, I would like to discuss two connected issues that might be of importance. First, I want to address whether the unfittingness of hatred has anything to do with the possibility that the hated person does not identify with what they are hated for. I conclude that if the focus of hatred is blurred, hatred does not trace the identification of the hated person or group. Next, I propose a possibility that (certain) criteria of adequacy of hatred (why someone is treated by members of society as hateworthy) are embedded in the cultural and social framework in such a way that they are not necessarily intelligibly justified by their relation to the focus and import it has. Under such circumstances, with hatred still being unfitting, these criteria create quasi-correctness of hatred (actually, they trace properties of someone being hateworthy). If this is correct, it will enable us to keep the thesis that hatred cannot be fitting. At the same time, we could use political vocabulary to tackle hatred that is common in cases when a group will not give up their commitment to hatred and argue that some people or group of people is not to be hated under the hating group’s own criteria.

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WARFARE AND GROUP SOLIDARITY: FROM IBN KHALDUN TO ERNEST GELLNER AND BEYOND

Author(s): Siniša Malešević / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

Ibn Khaldun and Ernest Gellner have both developed comprehensive yet very different theories of social cohesion. Whereas Ibn Khaldun traces the development of intense group solidarity to the ascetic lifestyles of nomadic warriors, for Gellner social cohesion is a product of different material conditions. In contrast to Ibn Khaldun’s theory, where all social ties are generated through similar social processes, in Gellner’s model the patterns of collective solidarity change through time, that is, different societies produce different forms of social cohesion. While Ibn Khaldun argues that asbiyyah is the backbone of group unity in all social orders, Gellner insists that modern societies are underpinned by very different type of collective solidarity than their premodern counterparts. In this paper I offer a critique of Ibn Khaldun’s and Gellner’s theories of social cohesion and develop an alternative explanation, which situates the social dynamics of group solidarity in the organizational and ideological legacies of warfare.

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Czy „rodzeństwo zawsze się bije”? Znormalizowana przemoc między rodzeństwem w dzieciństwie — stan badań, skala zjawiska, doświadczenia dorosłego rodzeństwa

Author(s): Katarzyna Dębska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2020

This article deals with the problem of sibling violence in childhood. According to the data, children are particularly often the victims of physical and psychological abuse from their brothers and sisters. However, this topic is relatively rarely discussed in Polish sociological and psychological literature. Among other reasons, there is a tendency to perceive violence between children as irrelevant and as an unavoidable element of childhood. The author has three purposes. First, she presents the state of expertise on sibling violence. Second, she presents data obtained from the Empowering Children Foundation on how many children report sibling violence to the Helpline and thus illustrates the scale of the phenomenon in Poland. Third, she attempts to show how the experience of sibling violence in childhood is reflected in the stories adults recount in regard to their biographies and their relations with their siblings. Cases are cited that illustrate the various circumstances of physical and psychological violence in sibling relations.

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Forced (Im)Mobilities En Route: ‘Justified’ Violence of the Border Regime in Balkans

Author(s): Teodora Jovanović / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

In this article, I explore the violent consequences of the post-2015 EU border regime for people from the Global South lingering through the Balkans. I intend to show that securing EU’s external borders through asylum and border management in Balkans is based on coercion and force, despite the efforts of the people on the move to transgress these borders and achieve decent lives. The efforts of people on the move to cross borders – which are officially closed for them – could be understood as force as well. Regardless of the legal status and ‘motives’ of displacement, people waiting and moving on the ‘Balkan route’ experience situations characterized by structural, direct, and cultural violence and respond to these situations in different ways. Pointing out to more or less hidden patterns of violence occurring at the EU’s external borders in the Balkans may challenge popular categorizations that at the same time oppress and protect people on the move. These patterns of violence are justified – but not justifiable – by the securitization of EU and national borders. By displacing violence as the so-called “push” factor from the countries of initial displacement (i.e. countries of the Global South), I aim to acknowledge that it continues to be perpetrated en route. Patterns of violence in the Balkans further produce forced mobilities and forced immobilities. People on the move cope with these forced (im)mobilities in different ways.

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Voljeti i ljubiti

Author(s): Dolores Pandžić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 120-121/2021

Često čujem da su djeca ukras svijeta, ali ne znam što to točno znači. Mislim da to znači da su djeca život. Oni su dar Božji i zato ih treba voljeti. Nitko nije čist kao djeca.

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Zatražiti pomoć!

Author(s): Anja Pejaković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 120-121/2021

Djeca su poseban dar, Božji dar, i zato s njima tako treba i postupati. Mnoga su djeca bila zlostavljana na razne načine; neki roditelji znaju zlostavljati djecu, što, naravno, nije dobro.

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Djeca trebaju ljubav, a ne nasilje

Author(s): Lea Ivanić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 120-121/2021

Nasilje, tako kratka, na prvi pogled obična riječ, a zapravo donosi puno emocija i boli. Ima više oblika nasilja, a da mnogi od nas toga nisu ni svjesni. Svima je nasilje i dalje "tabu tema", a dosta djece trpi nasilje u obitelji ili vršnjačko nasilje.

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Djeca su radost i budućnost

Author(s): Anja Stojčić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 120-121/2021

Nasilje nad djecom je široko rašireno, veoma rijetko se prijavljuje i tako nanosi veliku štetu djeci. Nasilje izazvano u fizičkom, emocionalnom i psihičkom smislu, može imati veliki utjecaj na razvoj djeteta, njihovo zdravlje i sposobnost.

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