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THE STRATEGIC RESPONSE OF NATO AND EU IN TERMS OF TERRORISM
The USA National Strategy for Fight against Terrorism and the European Security Strategy represent strategic documents regarding the response of USA and EU in terms of terrorism.
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The USA National Strategy for Fight against Terrorism and the European Security Strategy represent strategic documents regarding the response of USA and EU in terms of terrorism.
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In a world full of violence, which affects everyone from small children to adults, harm is caused to animals. It is easier to defend a people who can be relied on for legislation. Unfortunately, animals are not able to defend themselves in this way. Hence the importance of environment care of those who are the most vulnerable and dependent people. It does not matter whether the animal is a pet or wild. Bears, goats, and marmots that live in the mountains are protected. Unfortunately, laws cannot eliminate accidents related to the irresponsible behavior of tourists and poaching. Accidents such as the bear Magda and the bear Cuba, the murder of the little bear in the Valley Chochołowska and accidents with the horses Jordek and Jukon attracked media attention. Perhaps this is because people think that, in the Tatra National Park, bad animals living there live there. Nothing could be further from the truth. It depends on the people and animals living there whether there will be conditions for a safe, peaceful life and reproduction.
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In the article I examine arguments for and against humanitarian intervention as well as models for moral justification o f intervention. Arguments that define humanitarian intervention as rescue or relief are analysed most closely. The analysis shows that each model must give answers to the following questions: why should he intervened and what precisely does it mean, when to intervene and who should intervene. When possible answers are carefully analysed, it is obvious that there are sources o f manipulation closely connected to arbitrariness from interest and arbitrariness from interpretation. Last part of the article is devoted to the analysis o f the notion o f humanitarian intervention. Wars whose moral justification is supposed to be established a priori, before the examination, are designated as humanitarian interventions.
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Three basic explanations of cause of NATO strikes on Yugoslavia - official NATOexplanation, geostrategic theory and »theory of conspiracy« - were presented in first part of thetext. After critical consideration of each of these theories, 1 presented an attitude that the basic cause of NATO - Serbia war was the attempt of military industry complex named NATO to provoke change of actual international order in aim to get back it ’s own reason d’etre.
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The exponential development of virtual collective communication favours notonly the personal development of individuals but also new ways of expressing negativefeelings and thoughts stimulated by the possibility of anonymity and real timedissemination of the opinions. Actually any field of the social life can be reached by thephenomenon of discursive aggression and online harassment, as well as by the launchingof rumours or expressing unfavourable opinions towards an individual, a social group(regardless of the catalyst that underpinned its creation – ethnicity , religious,professional or other) or a community.The new form of harassment, called cyberbullying, can reach mass dimensionswhen its support are social platforms that favour the rapid distribution of content,adhesion and rallying to a cause, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram or YouTube, andthe forms in which carry out include: repeated humiliation of a person; sending obscenemessages and offensive content; ridiculing by creating a bogus account or blogcontaining biased information. From the same perspective, online aggression can havemultiple effects, manifested individually or together: diminishing the sense of security;increasing anxiety; changes in mood or behaviour; feeding racial or religious prejudices.On the other hand, whatever it is called cyberbullying, cyberstalking or hatespeech, online aggression can be speculated by entities interested in generating shorttermor medium-term social tensions or animosities among supporters of divergingpolitical trends, with direct impact on the occurrence of violent incidents, and in the longterm generate a fracture between governors and citizens, or even to a diminished thecohesion of a nation, social disorder and dilution of the rule of law.
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In December 2010, when Tunisia set the tone for a wave of uprisings that shook the Middle East and overthrew two of its longest-standing and most entrenched rulers – Hosni Mubarak in Egypt and Tunisia’s own president Ben Ali – many scholars, pundits, and media professionals hailed the events which would later be dubbed “the Arab Spring” as the unmistakable sign that the region, long considered a hotbed for authoritarianism and dictatorship, was inexorably moving towards democracy. And media, especially social media, but also Qatari TV channel Al Jazeera, were seen as the conduit through which western-style liberal democracy would spread throughout the region – to the extent that the events were widely regarded as a genuine “social media” revolution. Yet, less two years after the outbreak of the uprisings, it was gradually becoming clear that, by and large, the Arab Spring was failing to deliver the expected democratic outcomes, despite signs of progress in Tunisia and Egypt. So how and why did the social media revolution fail? How was it possible that, despite massive and exemplary social media mobilisation and television exposure, no meaningful and lasting change occurred in most of the countries affected, some of which (Syria or Yemen) descended into bloody civil wars? These are the main questions the present contribution aims at answering, starting from the premise that, in the case of the Arab Spring, the lesson to be learned is that, although social media may have been a necessary condition to achieve a certain level of mobilisation and spread the message, it was far from sufficient in bringing about democratic change or at least in sustaining the momentum needed for such change to come about and that, overall, in retrospect, it was credited with far too much potential and it certainly proved its limitations.
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This study examined bullying and cyberbullying among 185 middle school students in 4 urban middle schools in Ohio. Nearly 60% of the sample was female, and 67% of the sample was not Caucasian. The results indicated that bullying and cyberbullying are prevalent in this population. Approximately 44% of 6th-grade students felt terrible about themselves due to bullying, and 62% of all female students believed other students had spread false rumors about them. On average, female students reported more bullying in their school than males. Caucasian students reported the highest rate of cyberbullying. Based on their findings, the authors discussed the issues surrounding bullying in urban schools and gave suggestions regarding approaches that can help students better cope with bullying.
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Contemporary society is increasingly based on three fundamental values: education, information technology in all its forms and freedom of expression. A constituent element of the information field, media, in its classical or virtual form, represents, through its function of educating and training the public, a means of developing and amplifying the behavioral experiences of the social individual. As this paper tries to demonstrate, media, the school, the family and the religious and cultural institutions, etc. and the law, must make joint efforts to model the social individual, to prepare and adapt people to the new social dimensions generated by the increasingly accelerated development of the virtual world.
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This paper introduces a hermeneutical approach to graphic novel representations of punishments inflicted on women accused of collaboration with the German occupant during the French purge in 1944-1945. Since the study aims to determine to establish links between graphic novels and the evolutions of the historiography of the Occupation and Liberation of France, it includes a historiographical component. Drawing on other cultural media who have dealt with this theme (novels, movies, poems, songs), the aim is also to identify the meaning given by artists to their portrayals of shorn and assaulted women. The paper eventually introduces a broader philosophical reflection on the emancipation from authoritarianism. It is the study's contention that graphic novelists are offering a feminist discourse and are using the theme of shorn and assaulted women during the liberation as a reminder of the late emancipation of women from male domination
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Within the sporting landscape much has changed from the proliferation and integration of new technologies, for example, the practice of mixed martial arts (MMA) has developed on the fringes of modern sport. It combines several martial arts, is practised in a cage, and allows ground strikes. MMA is presented here within a framework inspired by Norbert Elias's theory of civilizing of aggressive impulses through sport. We reviewed more than 20 years of literature, with 785 international references and a triple analysis of the discipline, those being physical violence, symbolism, the play impulse.
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Football fandom in Morocco leads to collective actions performed by fan-groups or ultra-groups. Admittedly, this particular type of collective expression reflects young Moroccans’commitment to the values and events of their football team. However, ultra-groups tend to act out with violence, and their actions often cause collateral damage. I first aim to show how ultra-groups help to forge a sense of personal and collective identity in young Moroccans. Then, I refer to the theoretical framework of interactionism in order to explain the reciprocal actions and rivalries between ultra-fans of the Raja Club Athletic (the “Green Boys”) and of the Wydad Athletic Club(the “Winners”). Eventually, I highlight that the collective actions of fan-groups also reflect young Moroccans’ concerns regarding social and political issues in their country.
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Stephen King’s novel The Long Walk, written under the pseudonym of Richard Bachman, offers a vision of sport in a near-future society, where death-sports serve as a major spectacle. This was designed as a critique of trends and problems in sport in the 1960s and 1970s, with over-commercialization and increased violence. Some of this has been mitigated by recent rule changes in the world of sport, but King’s writing prefigured the rise of reality television, where people are practically willing to risk it all for personal gain.
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At the end of the 19th century, violent attacks by so-called anarchists gave the anarchist movement an increased amount of publicity. In the meantime, the success of “scientific socialism” promoted rationality to the rank of a new political doctrine. This article analyses the joint criticism of violence and materialism in the discourse of Gustav Landauer (1870-1919). The German philosopher and revolutionary made an original contribution to anarchism in theorising its incompatibility with violent means of action. He also made a crucial move for the theory of ideas in affirming that reason was not the solution, but often the cause of violence.
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In The Decline of the West, Spengler argues that cultures have lifecycles. Although he warns that the end of Faustian (western) culture is nigh, Spengler suggests that the death of the culture might be forestalled if a rapprochement can be brought about between the technologized powers of Reason and the remains of cultural life. This portrayal of Reason as a salvific force seems to contradict Spengler’s typical depiction of Reason as a violent anti-cultural force. This paper reconstructs Spengler’s account of Reason as both killer and preserver of western culture and argues that in both roles it remains inherently violent.
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Up to 75 % of women globally at some point in their lives have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) (Garcia-Moreno, Jansen, Ellsberg, Heise, & Watts, 2005). However, 60 % of the survivors suffer in silence (European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2014), therefore they cannot obtain help and protection. Therefore, we conducted the study with the aim to understand what keeps the women from help-seeking. In order to understand what keeps the women from disclosing IPV, we conducted the study and analysed IPV survivors’ non-disclosure reasons and their association with different forms of IPV. Through social media, 127 women survivors of IPV were recruited. The Composite Abuse Scale (CAS) and the Scale of Economic Abuse (SEA) were used together with the list of 12 possible reasons of non-disclosure. We found that the women reported the main reasons they did not disclose or seek help were shame (59.1 %) and wished to keep it in secret (40.9 %). Moreover, several binary logistic regression models revealed that non-disclosure reasons could be predicted by the severity and frequency of different forms of IPV. For example, the results indicated that the women who experience physical abuse were kept from disclosing it due to fear of abuser’s retaliation. It is possible that better protection of IPV survivors and efforts to reduce impunity substantially could result in increased helpseeking by IPV survivors. However, analysis suggests that one type of solution is not going to make a needed change. In order to increase help-seeking behaviour, a systemic approach is needed addressing policy, funding and resources available to help and protection providers. The findings can serve as guidelines for policies directed towards speedy and increased help-seeking from various professionals, institutions and organisations.
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The main purpose of the work was to describe and evaluate the form, methods and specifics, as well as the possibilities of cyberbullying prevention and to find out what young people are aware of this threat. The theoretical, introductory part is a brief introduction to the issue and a description of the basic terms bullying and cyberbullying. The first chapter defines the concept of bullying and then its causes and consequences. The second chapter is focused on cyberbullying, it describes the meaning of this term, then the specifics, means, forms, actors, impacts and possible strategies for managing cyberbullying and then the prevention of cyberbullying. The practical part aimed to find out, according to anonymous questionnaires, whether cyberbullying occurs at the selected high school and whether students are sufficiently informed about this issue. So in the event of cyberbullying, if they know how to solve the problem, who to turn to for help and support.
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The article deals with the phenomenon of violence in sports, in relation to both sportsmen and spectators in terms of the respect owed to human dignity, the right to life and health. Following an incursion in the history of sports, with particular emphasis on the violent behaviour in ancient Greece and Rome, the author analyzes the phenomenon of violence in contemporary world, with edifying examples, its manifestations, social and psychological causes, and its ill-fated results. At the same time, he pleads for the prevention of violence through education in the spirit of fair-play and points out the responsibility incumbent on coaches, the domestic and international clubs and federations, and the media. In order to fight against violence measures are needed to sanction those guilty and responsible, while in the case of violent attitudes of supporters, a phenomenon undergoing a worrying escalation, there should be a set of measures, both legal and police-related and technical.
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This essay traces the tradition of what could be described as a poetics of the knife in German literature. Dealing with texts by writers from around 1800 until late twentieth century, examples of aesthetically extremist literature are being considered. What unites the various authors is that an emotionally charged language, as well as a transgressive desire to reveal the truth believed to be located inside the human body characterize their texts. Writing turns into a form of opening up of bodies which is why the texts examined feature bodies being violently attacked by knives.
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Revolutionary violence may be defined as a form of aggressivity; one, however, that seldom calls itself by that name. It is therefore expectable that political poetry written in favour of the revolution will avoid direct presentation of aggressive behaviour. This applies also to the poems of Bertolt Brecht, even though this author is generally regarded as fascinated by aggression. The means by which he tempered the politically connotated aggressivity will be analysed in this paper. One of them is defamiliarization, consisting in de-contextualizing of actions or in a change of genre convention. Another is repression which makes use of the ‚classical‘ means of condensation and displacement. Finally, it is discussed what aesthetic conception is implied by the presented techniques of tempering.
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The aim of this paper is to investigate verbal and non-verbal aggressive behaviour on the basis of political TV debates such as Maybrit Illner. The analysis includes prosodic aspects of a statement, facial expressions, gestures and body language of both the speaker and hearer as well as conversational strategies, illocution, forms of address and characteristic morphological, syntactic and semantic means. The analytical part is preceded by a short terminological introduction.
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