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States' Response to the COVID-19 Health Crisis - Emergency Powers vs Human Rights

Author(s): Sanja Kreštalica / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The sudden outbreak of the global pandemic caused by the spread of the new coronavirus confronted the international community with many challenges. The current pandemic has triggered health, economic and social crisis, that pushed a great number of states into the grey zone when it comes to human rights protection. Dozens of state parties to the three main human rights treaties, namely the ICCPR, the ECHR, and ACHR, have exercised their emergency powers by calling for derogation of one or more human rights protected by the above mentioned treaties. Declaration of the state of emergency, followed up by the notification to the relevant bodies of the UN, or regional organizations, even though completely legal, opened the door for possible abuses of the situation for political purposes. States closed their borders, banned religion, movement, and other freedoms, proclaimed new legislation, all to combat the global threat coming from the invisible enemy.This paper aims to analyze the states' response to the COVID-19 health crisis, in the context of the derogation from their obligation to secure rights and freedoms outlined in the human rights treaties. With the outbreak of the global pandemic, the international community changed its face overnight. By questioning the behavior of states in time of the pandemic, the author suggests that there has been a change of the paradigm so that the individual human rights protection does not stand equal with the need of a wider community or a state as such. Therefore, the author concludes that the postmodernist ideas of the unquestionable subjectivity of individuals faced the wall of state-centrism.

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Salus populi est suprema lex ele sfide della "pandemia" di epoca romana

Author(s): Ines Matešković Matić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Various diseases and epidemic are as old as humanity and have always been integral part of human life, but today, at a time when we are facing a pandemic of the COVID-19 virus, it is worth remembering that epidemics and pandemics also shape history. The aim of this study is to show the extent of the epidemics that marked the Roman Empire: Antonine plague, Cyprian plague and Justinian plague. and to analyze the impact of these phenomena on the legal system. The author offers a concise overview of the Antonine plague, when witnesses reported that up to two thousands people died every day in Rome and deaths throughout the empire exceeded millions; the Cyprian Plague which at its peak caused five thousand deaths a day in Rome alone and unleashed political anarchy in the 3rd century; and eventually the Plague of Justinian, the epidemic that struck Constantinople and was the first documented pandemic in history , which caused tens of millions of deaths across the Mediterranean and Europe, and its though to have contributed to the end of antiquity and the Middle Ages. Using the historical - legal method, the author wants to show the impact of these epidemics on legislation and thus confirm the similarity with the consequences of the COVID- 19 pandemic that we are facing today and that confirms the maxim Salus Populi Suprema Lex.

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Kvalita života dětí a adolescentů po léčbě onkologického onemocnění: výsledky druhé etapy longitudinální studie QOLOP

Author(s): Marek Blatný,Veronika Koutná,Martin Jelínek,Tereza Blažková,Tomáš Kepák / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The Brno Quality of Life Longitudinal Study of Paediatric Oncology Patients (QOLOP, N = 225) is a prospective longitudinal study of the quality of life of children and adolescents after treatment of pediatric cancer, which was started in 2006. This paper summarizes the main results of the second stage of this study. Three studies that dealt with longitudinal trends in quality of life, changes in the level of depressive symptoms and predictors of posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth, showed that more important than objective medical data (type of diagnosis, severity of late effects) are personality characteristics (negative emotionality) and parenting factors, i.e. factors that are not primarily related to the disease and can be suitably influenced.

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Analýza vzťahovej väzby u adolescentiek s poruchami príjmu potravy

Author(s): Veronika Bizubová,Jana Uhláriková,Mária Halamová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The aim of the contribution is analysis and comparison of the attachment in adolescent girls suffering with eating disorders (PPP) and in the non-clinical sample. The research sample consisted of 25 adolescent girls diagnosed with eating disorders and 80 adolescent girls from non- clinical group. Using SCOFF questionnaire (to detect anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa) we divided non- clinical group into two parts- 40 adolescent girls with susceptibility to eating disorders and 40 adolescent girls without any susceptibility. To measure attachment we used s-E.M.B.U. questionnaire, which measures remembered parental behaviour in three subscales – rejection, emotional warmth and over control. Using one- factor analysis we found out, that between adolescents with PPP, identified susceptibility to PPP and without PPP are statistically significant differences in all dimensions of remembered parental behaviour mother and father except rejection of mother.

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Diferenciálně-diagnostické využití kresby postavy

Author(s): Terézia Dlhošová,Katarína Šafárová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The figure drawing test is a projective method widely used in the psychological diagnostics. There is a question raised from everyday clinical praxis asking wheter the method can be used to distinguish different groups within the pathological population. We wanted to find out whether it is possibile to identify schizophrenic patients by detecting schizophrenic signs in the drawings. We created a handbook for scoring the signs marked by previous researchers as bring characsteristic for schizophrenia diseases. We analysed the drawings of patients from psychiatric hospital in Opava with various diagnosis (24 schizophrenia patients and 11 with other diagnosis) and various number of hospitalization (m= 19,57). The poster presents our preliminary results.

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Stress coping in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases

Author(s): Pavel Humpolíček,Lucie Adolfová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of the study is to compare personality characteristics and coping strategies in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) - Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) in the background of physiological theories of stress, psychoneuroimunology and psychoneuroendocrinology. The main hypotheses were that patients with IBD score higher in neuroticism and conscientiousness, use more negative coping strategies and consequently suffer from more stress. A group of 25 IBD patients was investigated and compared to 25 respondents without the disease. The used questionnaires were NEO-FFI, SVF 78 and Stress Profile. The results of parametric t-tests and non-parametric Mann Whitney U tests confirmed that patients with active disease and in remission as well scored higher in neuroticism and used more negative coping strategies (specifically in Resignation and Self-accusation). At all the patients the neuroticism correlates with using negative coping strategies (ρ=0,692; p<0,001), but not at the group of non-patients. Relapsed patients suffer from stress more than non-patients.

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LOWER BACK PAIN, A FREQUENT MEDICAL AFFECTION AMONG THE MILITARY. RECOMMENDED EXERCISES TO PREVENT, ALLEVIATE AND COMBAT IT

Author(s): Alin-Dumitru PELMUȘ / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

After an introduction on the frequency of low back pain among the population, the first part of the article addresses issues related to the causes of this musculoskeletal disorder in the military, as a result of specific motor acts and actions. Given the causes of lower back pain and the fact that the lumbar muscles are at high risk for hypotrophy, the need to exercise and mobilize the muscles that support the spine is highlighted. Thus, given that the effects of back pain on the operational capacity of various military structures can be significant if no concrete action is taken in this regard, the second part of the paper presents a wide range of exercises, designed to especially for strengthening the muscles in the middle of the body, performed from three basic gymnastics positions (lying on the back, lying down facial, on the knees), which help prevent, alleviate and combat lower back pain. Based on the systematic evaluations performed over time for the treatment of acute, subacute and chronic lower back pain in which the specialists offered as exercises for recovery, i appreciate that it is necessary that specialists in the field of military physical education, in close cooperation with military doctors, to develop various clinical guidelines for the treatment and prevention of this condition. The physical exercises presented in this article are practically a useful guide for each military to design their own training program, obviously, after consulting specialists in the field.

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Charakterystyka polskiej terminologii weterynaryjnej drugiej połowy XIX wieku

Author(s): Lucyna Agnieszka Jankowiak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is a preliminary analysis of Polish veterinary terminology that is noted in the most important 19th-century lexicon of Polish medical terminology, i.e. in “Słownik terminologii lekarskiej polskiej” [“Dictionary of Polish Medical Terminology”] of 1881. The description of the material beginning with the letter P resulted in the conclusion that Polish veterinary terminology is still very strongly connected with the Polish medical terminology of the time and is at the same stage of development and transformation as Polish medical terminology. This means that Polish veterinary terminology: 1) is largely native, 2) there are still fluctuations in the limits of terms, 3) synonymy is present in it, albeit on a smaller scale, 4) there is no polysemy in it, 5) it is created mainly through morphological derivation.

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Emočné schémy a spracovávanie emócií v prístupe Roberta L. Leahyho

Author(s): Jana Kordačová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

People differ in how they conceptualize their emotions and what strategies they employ to cope with them. The aim of our contribution is to bring closer the concept of emotional schemas within the cognitive approach of American psychologist R.L. Leahy, pupil of A.T. Beck. The introduction offers a brief selective view of the benefits of the existing well known theories and models concerning the relationships of cognition and emotion in the context of emotional processing. Furthermore, we describe Leahy´s model of emotional schemas, his understanding of emotional schemas, emotional coping strategies in the framework of emotional schemas and the process of normalization and pathologization of emotions. Finally, we illustrate the dimensions of emotional schemas and their characteristics, and how they are presented by R. L. Leahy.

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Porovnání osobnosti dětí s poruchami chování a zdravých dětí s pomocí TCI-A

Author(s): Irena Košíčková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

This study investigates comparison between personality of children with conduct disorder and health children using TCI-A inventory. The main purpose is to reveal differences in dimensions of personality using Cloninger’s model of personality between children with behavioural disorder and children without behavioural disorder. In addition, the emotionality and well beeing of children were measured. The research group consists of 40 children without behavioural disorder and 40 children with behavioural disorder. The quantitative methods were used – new inventory TCI-A, PANAS-C and PedsQL. The result was that the significant differences in dimensions in accordance with the Cloninger’s model of personality exist. The children with behavioural disorder score lower in HA – harm avoidance, higher in NS – novelty seeking and ST – selftranscendence. Successively, these results were confronted with the literature and it seems that the dimension NS – novelty seeking could be hopeful predictor of child behavioural disorders.

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Sú rodičia vnímaví na prejavy autizmu u svojich detí? Porovnanie výsledkov diagnostických nástrojov ADOS-2 a ADI-R

Author(s): Gabriela Kvasničková,Lenka Siklenková,Diana Filčíková,Aneta Kubranská,Daniela Ostatníková,Mária Vidošovičová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by triad of symptoms: deficits in social interaction, deficits in communication and restrictive repetitive behaviour. In the diagnostic process it is recommended to use combination of two diagnostic tools- Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule– second edition (ADOS-2; Lord et al., 2012) and Autism Diagnostic Interview- Revised (ADI-R; Rutter et al., 2003). The aim of this study is to compare chosen behavioral parameters acquired from both ADOS-2 and ADI-R examinations and to evaluate ability of parents to see certain autistic symptoms in their children. In group of 77 children we examined 9 selected parameters. Results suggest that parents are more sensible to deficits in social interactions and less sensible to occurrence of stereotyped behaviour in their children. It seems that parents are not aware of these signs being part of symptomatology of autism spectrum disorders.

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PREDSTAVLJANJE RADA HRABROG TELEFONA - OSVRT NA PRAKSU SAVJETOVANJA U DOBA PANDEMIJE UZROKOVANE VIRUSOM COVID-19

Author(s): Vesna Katalinić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Hrabri telefon je nevladina, neprofitna organizacija koja od 1997. godine pruža pomoć i podršku djeci i njihovim obiteljima. Organizacija je osnovana u cilju prevencije zlostavljanja i zanemarivanja djece te je kroz dugogodišnje djelovanje proširila svoj djelokrug rada i bavi se područjem zaštite djece te unaprjeđenjem mentalnog zdravlja djece i njihovih obitelji.

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Impact of cost calculation quality on hospital performance

Author(s): Magdalena Kludacz-Alessandri / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Management accounting in hospitals has been an issue of growing interest in the management accounting literature in recent years. Managerial decisions should be based on reliable and credible cost information, whose source should be a correct and efficient cost accounting, since it is the quality of cost information that determines the value and effects of management accounting practices. It is worth adding, that management accounting practices require not only the knowledge about actual operating costs of the hospitals and health services performed by them, but also about their structure and reactions on changes in the range of services, or the number of treated patients. The aim of the article is to make an analysis and evaluation of the cost calculation quality and management accounting practices which are applicable hospitals. The article attempts to verify the hypothesis according to which the quality of cost calculation in hospitals foster the usage of cost information in managerial decisions, and it has a positive influence on the hospital performance. The empirical material was obtained from the analysis of legal Polish and English regulations, and empirical studies conducted in European hospitals. The method of the correlation analysis was utilized to analyze the data. The research confirmed that the quality of patient treatment process calculation has a positive influence on the use of cost information by the hospital’s management, which further influence the hospital’s performance.

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The Government Expenditure Efficiency in OECD Countries with DEA Approach

Author(s): Jakub Sopko,Beata Gavurova,Kristína Kočišová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is one of the methods to measure efficiency in the service sector. DEA searches individual scales for each production unit. In the presence of different input and output factors, efficiency is perceived as the ratio of the weighted sum of outputs to the weighted sum of inputs. The aim of our paper is to analyze efficiency in the health care sector using DEA models. In several OECD countries, it is possible to point to the ineffectiveness of public spending on health care. We use the basic health characteristics of the population as well as the basic macro indicators from the point of view of health financing in OECD countries. The paper shows on the impact of individual indicators on the level of efficiency in the health sector.

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Intangible Assets in Pharmaceutical Companies in the Czech Republic

Author(s): Patrik Svoboda,Hana Bohušová,Lucie Semerádová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Due to the technical and scientific progress, the cost structure of business entities changes significantly. An important item of costs are costs associated with intangible assets such as software, patents, licenses, copyrights and goodwill. We can assume that the share of these assets in total assets of companies has changed over time. The paper is focused on the evaluation of the share of intangible assets in total assets of entities involved in chemistry in the Czech Republic. The analyzed sample of companies represents entities preparing financial statements in accordance with the Czech Accounting Legislation. The results are compared with the companies operating in the chemical industry and prepare their financial statements according to IFRS. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the materiality of this category, its structure and its changes over time and to identify possible reasons for this situation.

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Healthcare benefits: luxury or necessity goods? EU countries case revisited

Author(s): Paulina Ucieklak-Jeż,Agnieszka Bem,Paweł Prędkiewicz,Rafal Siedlecki / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of presented research is to analyse, whether healthcare services are luxury or necessity goods, taking into account several differences (income, healthcare’s financing system) between European countries. We have posed the following hypotheses: (H1): the character of healthcare services is affected by the level of national income; (H2): the character of healthcare services is affected by the model of healthcare financing. We have employed data coming from 28 European countries, covering the years 2004-2014. Data were obtained from Eurostat Database and OECD Health Data. Using the LS and WLS methods, we can conclude that: (1) in richer Europeans countries healthcare services are luxury goods; (2) in poorer European countries healthcare services are necessity goods; (3) in countries, where healthcare services are finance based on Beveridge system, healthcare benefits are necessity goods, while (4) in countries, where Bismarck system is employed – healthcare services are luxury goods. We have also found, that both in “poor countries” and “Beveridge countries” subgroup, the reduction of income inequalities, as well as the lowering of the ratio of people at risk of poverty, decrease the level of healthcare spending, while in the subgroup of “rich countries”, as well as in “Bismarck countries” this influence is entirely opposite.

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The selected issues of tax legislation on the use of estimation method based on expenses for physicians’ income calculation in the case of tax fraud in Poland

Author(s): Radosław Witczak / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of this article is to determine the possibility of using the rules concerning the based on taxpayer’s expenses method of income estimation in case of tax fraud committed by physicians doing business. The descriptive study including critical attitude to the tax acts and literature was used to solve the research problem. The income of physicians who commit the tax fraud can be determined on the basis of methods of tax base estimation regulated in Tax Ordinance or as the income of not revealed sources of incomes regulated in Personal Income Tax. Most of the statuary methods of estimation of the tax base rather cannot be used for income estimation of physicians. The changes in 2016 in the tax law on the provisions of not revealed sources of incomes can be seen positively. The new rules are more precisely than the old ones which were claimed as unconstitutional. However, there are doubts if the based on expenses of taxpayer method can be applied in a situation when the physician claims receiving the sources from the business. The based on taxpayer’s expenses method should be indicated as one of the methods of income estimation regulated in Tax Ordinance. It could be determined in more detail in the provisions like provisions of not revealed sources of incomes. The conclusions of paper could be used by the legislator.

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Effectiveness of Financing the Public Expenditures on Health Care

Author(s): Nadezhda Yashina,Sergey Petrov,Natalia N. PRONCHATOVA-RUBTSOVA,Oksana Kashina / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The human capital and the person value are the main factors of economic growth and government prosperity in the knowledge-based economy. During the "age of human capital" in the study of public finance management issues, it is necessary to place emphasis on the person and his characteristics. Qualitative characteristics of the human capital are indicators of public health. Therefore, one of the most important state problems is the assessment of effectiveness of government expenditure on health care financing that is the aim of the paper. The complex indicator is based on specially criteria developed system (fertility, mortality, incidence, disability) that allows to create a numerical evaluation of health care public investment effectiveness and to draw conclusions about the quality of public health, the medical care development, training, medico-improving technologies in Russian Federations’ regions. The system of quantitative indices includes a group of health care resource provision indicators and a group of health care availability and quality indicators. Using the methods of economic, system analysis, mathematical statistics and solution optimization makes it possible to identify and select factors that affect the resource provision, accessibility and quality of health care. For technique approbation the official open databases of the Federal State Statistics Service, the Ministry of Finance and the Fund of obligatory medical insurance of the Russian Federation for 2015 have been used.

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EVALUATION OF SELECTED STATISTICAL INDICATORS IN BALNEOLOGICAL CARE IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC IN 2002 – 2014

Author(s): Patrik Kajzar,Klára Václavínková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper deals with the balneological care in the Czech Republic. The aim of this paper is evaluation +of selected statistical indicators in balneological care in the Czech Republic in 2002 – 2014. The main sources for this research were gained from organizations’ websites (Czech Statistical Office, IHIS CR, Ministry of Health CR). The spa industry is represented in all regions the Czech Republic, except Vysocina Region and the City of Prague. Balneological care in the Czech Republic has its own character based on history area and local conditions. Spa treatment rehabilitation care is an important part of the comprehensive treatment of patients in Czech Republic. The Spa care is an integral part of health care in the Czech Republic for Czech clients.

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Efficiency Hospitals in the Czech Republic: the Difference Between the Methods Used

Author(s): Taťána Hajdíková,Kateřina Trubačová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the Czech Republic and other countries, the effective use of funds from public sources in the health care sector is a long-term research topic. There is pressure to increase the efficiency of healthcare providers. The paper deals with the analysis of the methods used to determine the effectiveness of hospitals in the Czech Republic. Many tools of financial analysis are used to assess financial health. In particular, various ratios, but only those situations that relate to them. However, there are a number of methods dealing with a more comprehensive view of the overall effectiveness of the subject. The aim of the paper is to discuss and assess whether the detection of financial health by various methods will contribute to the improvement of the financial situation of Czech hospitals. For assessing the benefits, account is taken of the financial position of the investigated hospitals found in research and research by other authors. Contributions will be used by hospitals from the calculation of the Ohlson O-Score Index, the Financial Strength Index, the Polish Collective Index by A. Bem and H'index in 2013-2016. The output of the contribution is the H'index financial health information compared to other indexes.

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