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EU’s Slow Start in the Vaccine Race

Author(s): Melchior Szczepanik / Language(s): English

By procuring COVID-19 vaccines together, EU Member States ensured that they would have equal access to them. However, the EU concluded contracts with producers later then the UK and the U.S., which, as pharmaceutical companies hit production snags, continued to receive deliveries, unlike the Member States. This delay will affect more than just the countries involved because a slower vaccine rollout could weaken public support for the Union and its international standing.

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The Prospects for Changes in U.S. Policy towards Latin America

Author(s): Bartłomiej Znojek / Language(s): English

The Biden administration will seek to rebuild the U.S. reputation and influence in Latin America. It will strengthen cooperation with Latin American partners in the field of climate change and the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, among others. The pandemic and its socio-economic impacts will increase the scale of the challenges facing the U.S. in its relations with Latin America, including in migration and development cooperation. The Biden administration’s approach to the region may facilitate the U.S.-EU dialogue, for example, on efforts to overcome the political and humanitarian crises in Venezuela.

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The Importance of COVID-19 Vaccines in Chinese Foreign Policy

Author(s): Marcin Przychodniak / Language(s): English

Shipments of Chinese vaccines abroad are to demonstrate China’s effectiveness in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic and strengthen its political influence around the world. The country also wants to increase the credibility of its biotechnology companies on the global market. The implementation of these plans may be hampered by the lack of reliable studies on the Chinese vaccines and the demand for them in China itself. To fight the pandemic and counter China’s influence, the EU may make some of its vaccines available to developing countries through COVAX, in cooperation with the U.S. when it joins the initiative.

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Towards a Global Pandemic Treaty

Author(s): Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): English

The EU, the World Health Organisation (WHO), and a group of countries are calling for a treaty to create an effective system to prevent future pandemics. The initiative is ambitious, but its broad scope may make it difficult for the proposal to be universally accepted. The priorities of the countries negotiating such a treaty should be to improve the effectiveness of the exchange and verification of information on public health threats and the monitoring and enforcement of compliance with adopted regulations. Given the global nature of challenges such as COVID-19, it is in Poland’s interest to join the debate on new regulations.

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Lessons from the Pandemic: Update of the EU Industrial Strategy

Author(s): Marta Makowska,Melchior Szczepanik / Language(s): English

The update of the EU industrial strategy confirms the intention strongly accented in its original version to strengthen the Community’s position in the global economic competition. At the same time, the EU remains an advocate of openness and free trade. However, it wants to modify the rules, favouring equal competition and sustainable development. Participation in existing and planned EU projects can facilitate the technological modernisation of Polish enterprises, necessary for achieving the objectives of the green and digital transformations.

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U.S. Economic Challenges for the Biden Administration

Author(s): Paweł Markiewicz / Language(s): English

The U.S. economy is emerging from the recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. To maintain growth and at the same time achieve climate and technology goals, the Biden administration is pushing large socio-economic programmes. To pass them in Congress, the administration will be forced to reach compromises with factions within the Democratic Party. Biden also will need some Republican support. In foreign policy, these programmes aim to strengthen the U.S. position in its rivalry with China, something that also opens greater possibilities for closer cooperation with the EU.

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Vaccine Diplomacy: A Tool in the Rivalry for Influence in Latin America

Author(s): Bartłomiej Znojek / Language(s): English

The uneven access to COVID-19 vaccines in Latin American countries has resulted in a widely varied pace of immunisation. The region has relied mainly on direct purchases from China and Russia, among others, the global COVAX initiative, and donations from the U.S. and other countries. Russia, China, and the U.S. in particular are using this “vaccine diplomacy” to boost their own political and economic influence in Latin America. The EU has been trying to position itself against that rivalry, for example, through significant funding for vaccine access and distribution initiatives. These efforts require, however, more efficient promotion of the Union’s engagement.

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The Development of Cooperation between the V4 and South Korea

Author(s): Veronika Jóźwiak,Oskar Pietrewicz / Language(s): English

The COVID-19 pandemic has turned out to be an impulse for the development of South Korea’s economic cooperation with the countries of the Visegrad Group (V4: Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia), which have already been the main recipients of South Korean goods in the EU. Changes in global supply chains and the emphasis put on climate issues both in the EU and South Korea have prompted companies from the latter to invest more in Central Europe, including in the areas of electro-mobility and green technologies. The V4-South Korea leaders’ summit scheduled for 4 November in Budapest will serve to deepen economic relations.

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Growing Global Inequality: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Developing Countries

Author(s): Patryk Kugiel / Language(s): English

The poorest countries will be the ones most affected by the long-term economic and social effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Delays in vaccinations and insufficient resources to prompt an economic recovery deepen their poverty. The deepening of economic inequality in the world will lead to destabilisation, increased migration pressure, and difficulties in achieving climate goals. That is why G20 leaders have announced that they will accelerate vaccination campaigns in the poorest countries. The EU can focus on increasing the supply of vaccines to developing countries and the recovery of their economies from the pandemic.

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The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on International Migration

Author(s): Patryk Kugiel / Language(s): English

The COVID-19 pandemic has halted the rising trend of international migration. It has disproportionately affected irregular migrants and refugees, as well as the economies of countries where economic migrants play a major role. The return to the pre-pandemic state is hampered by disparities in access to vaccines, different regulations on arrivals to many countries, a lack of coordination in the recognition of vaccination certificates, and in other areas. The EU can support the development of global standards for accepting certificates. It may also be interested in resuming discussions on changes to international agreements regulating migration and assistance to refugees.

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COVID-19’s Impact on the South Korean Economy

Author(s): Oskar Pietrewicz / Language(s): English

South Korea’s economy probably will not avoid recession this year, but it will be less severe than in other highly developed countries. The deteriorating economic situation in South Korea’s main trading partners - China, the U.S., and the EU - has weakened its own economic indicators. Despite the pandemic, South Korean companies continue foreign investments as planned, including in Central Europe. Rising tensions between China and the U.S. may strengthen the investment commitment of South Korean companies in Southeast Asia..

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The Gulf Cooperation Council and the Pandemic

Author(s): Sara Nowacka / Language(s): English

The fight against the spread of the coronavirus in the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) has forced cooperation between Qatar and Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Bahrain, which were in conflict within the GCC. At the same time, the UAE took advantage of other countries’ need for support in countering COVID-19 to strengthen relations with China, Iran, and Syria, among others. The UAE’s activity emphasizes its ambition for domination of the region, which may lead to a new dispute within the GCC between the UAE and Saudi Arabia.

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France and China: Post-Pandemic Relations

Author(s): Łukasz Maślanka / Language(s): English

China’s lack of transparency in informing the world about COVID-19 at the early stage of the epidemic and attempts to pressure some EU states have awakened doubts in France about the benefits of bilateral relations with this country. The French government still wants to develop beneficial economic cooperation but at the same time will try to decrease the dependency of some industries on China. It will also aim to elaborate a common EU policy towards China. The latter will demand France consider the interests of other Member States in economic and industrial policy.

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The Importance of the Western Balkans in China’s Foreign Policy

Author(s): Marcin Przychodniak / Language(s): English

China’s cooperation with the Western Balkans through the “17+1” format and Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), among others, is primarily political. In the economic sphere, Chinese investments are to a large extent only declarations, and trade is marginal in comparison to cooperation with the EU or others. China’s goals are to gain political influence in future EU countries and limit their cooperation with the U.S. Competition with China in the region requires more intense EU-U.S. cooperation, made more difficult by the pandemic.

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Political Tensions and the Failure to Curb COVID-19 in Brazil

Author(s): Bartłomiej Znojek / Language(s): English

The spread rate of COVID-19 in Brazil is increasing and the policies of the federal government, headed by President Jair Bolsonaro, do not contribute to a slowdown in the pandemic. Bolsonaro downplays the threat and rejects restrictive measures as he prioritises support for the economy. He has clashed with state governors who introduced restrictions and with the Federal Supreme Court, which defended their autonomy. The deteriorating situation in Brazil amid the pandemic and political situation diminish Bolsonaro’s chances of re-election in 2022 and may strain his government’s relations with EU partners.

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Role of Tracking Applications in the Fight Against COVID-19 in the EU

Author(s): Marta Makowska / Language(s): English

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, Member States began developing mobile applications to track people-to-people contacts. They are intended to help contain the expected increase in the number of cases as European economies re-open and the free movement of people within the community is restored. However, the role of these applications in fighting the pandemic in the EU will be limited, in part because of the law on personal data processing that protects the citizens’ privacy.

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Prospects for the Development of EU Health Policy after the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author(s): Jolanta Szymańska / Language(s): English

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed both the weaknesses of Member States’ health systems and the limitations of the EU’s mechanism to respond to cross-border health threats. Strengthening the EU’s resistance to health crises will become an important point in budget negotiations and the deliberations of the planned Conference on the Future of Europe. Although there are some supporters of granting the EU greater powers in this area, the changes will most likely be limited to increasing the resources of European health institutions and improving the mechanisms of cooperation between states in order to better respond to future crises.

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Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Ukraine’s Economy

Author(s): Daniel Szeligowski / Language(s): English

The Ukrainian economy will face a recession in 2020, the scale of which will depend on the fluid pandemic situation at home and abroad. Macro-financial assistance from the IMF and the EU will be crucial to stabilise the economy. To begin a rapid economic recovery, Ukraine needs structural reforms, but implementation of them is unlikely.

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Pandemic and Protests: Impacts on the Socio-Political Situation in the U.S.

Author(s): Mateusz Piotrowski / Language(s): English

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Democrats and Republicans strengthened cooperation on the adoption of relief packages of unprecedented size for enterprises particularly affected by the outbreak and for citizens. However, this cooperation quickly ended, and the ongoing protests over police brutality in the U.S., with both parties on opposite sides, make it difficult to negotiate further pandemic-aid action. It also has prevented other reforms, such as changes to policing as raised by the protesters. This further focuses the presidential campaigns on domestic policy.

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Slovakia’s Fight against the Pandemic and the Effects on the Economy

Author(s): Łukasz Ogrodnik / Language(s): English

Slovakia is among the countries that have halted the spread of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). It has the lowest COVID-19 death rate in the EU and the lowest percentage of infected. Thanks to its participation in the coordination of the border regime, the significance of the Slavkov Triangle in Slovakia’s foreign policy has risen. In turn, through the Visegrad Group and with Germany, Igor Matovič’s cabinet wants to strengthen the country’s negotiating position in the talks on the Next Generation EU mechanism and the Multiannual Financial Framework for 2021-27 (MFF).

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