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Dropping out of Education: Refugee Youth Who Arrived as Unaccompanied Minors and Separated Children

Author(s): Aycan Çelikaksoy,Eskil Wadensjö / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Unaccompanied minors or separated children (UMs) are children under the age of 18 who are outside their country of origin and came to Sweden unaccompanied by a parent or other legal guardian. Such migration has increased around the world and it is the most fragile type of migration across countries. This population is considered ‘vulnerable’ due to their young age during the fleeing process combined with the fact that they are unaccompanied by their parents or legal guardians (Derluyn and Broekaert, 2008; Derluyn and Vervliet, 2012; Rodriguez, et al., 2018). These children face heightened vulnerability to exploitation, and violations of their rights by virtue of their age and status. The global movement of unaccompanied and separated children presents challenges for children’s rights and well-being. Research on unaccompanied minors has often focused on vulnerabilities of this group (Derluyn et al., 2008). However, recent studies have increasingly stressed the strength, resilience, and agency of unaccompanied minors (UMs), despite the traumatic experiences and challenges (see e.g. Luster et al., 2010).

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‘A Forest with many trees’ - Mapping migration governance and the dispersion of authority in Europe

Author(s): Lisa Marie Borrelli,Rebecca Mavin,Giorgia Trasciani / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The effective governance of migration has become a key issue in contemporary politics, on both the national and international levels. While attempts have been made to lock down border zones – for example, in the Schengen area or the Mexico-U.S. border – the so-termed ‘migration crisis’ and summer of migration in 2015 has shown the permeability of borders, the agency of migrants, and the diversity of actors involved in the migration process more generally.

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From Invisible to Visible: Brazilian Female Migrants’ Occupational Aspirations under the Force of Visibility in Japan

Author(s): Tamaki Watarai / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In 1990, the Japanese government began issuing renewable three-year “long-term residence visas,” with no restrictions on socioeconomic activities, for non-citizen children and grandchildren of emigrants from Japan and their family members. Although the Japanese government denied publicly that this policy was intended to attract unskilled foreign workers, it served, in fact, to alleviate Japan’s shortage of unskilled labor, especially in secondary industries. For Japanese–Brazilians, who were mainly members of the Brazilian middle class, returning to their ancestral homeland and becoming unskilled workers at that time was a solution to the high unemployment and wage reductions that were resulting from Brazil’s economic crisis and hyperinflation.

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Suriyelilerin Eğitimine Suriyelilerin Gözünden Bakmak: Eskişehir’de Suriyelilerin Toplumla Bütünleşme Perspektifleri Üzerine Değerlendirmeler

Author(s): Fuat Güllüpınar / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Göç; bireylerin ekonomik arzularla karar verdiği bir hareketlilik eylemi olmaktan oldukça farklı yönleri olan bir toplumsal olgudur. Bu yönüyle, günümüzde, kaynakların kıtlığı, demokrasinin yeterince konsolide olmaması, etnik, dinsel, politik vb nedenlerle ortaya çıkan savaşlar ve istilalar nedeniyle, bireylerin hiç arzu etmedikleri şekilde bir hareketliğe zorlandıkları durumlar azımsanamayacak kadar kitlesel bir görünüm arz etmektedir. Göçü, sadece daha iyi bir yaşam şansı arayışındaki kişinin başka bir yere göçmeye karar vermesi, doğduğu yerle köklerini koparması ve yeni yerde çabucak asimile olması gibi basit bir eylem olarak düşünmek oldukça güçtür. Göç, toplumsal değişimin neden olduğu kolektif bir eylemdir ve hem göç alan hem de veren yerdeki bütün bir toplumu etkiler (Castles ve Miller, 2008). Nicos Papastergiadis’in (2000) “türbülans”a benzettiği uluslararası göçün fiili olarak yarattığı çokkültürlülük ve melezleşme, beraberinde toplumlardaki farklı toplulukların nasıl yönetileceği meselesini gündeme getirmiştir. Bu anlamda, göç sahip olduğu sayısız çeşitliliğiyle, modern yaşamın her noktasını etkilemekte ve dönüştürmektedir.

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Kayıp Neslin Eğitimi (İstanbul’daki Suriyeli Mülteci Çocukların Eğitimi)

Author(s): Kamil Çoştu / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

İnsanlık tarihi kadar uzun geçmişe sahip olan göç, dünün ve bugünün olduğu gibi geleceğin de bir olgusudur. Göçü; iş-aş arayışı, eğitim, ticaret vb. etkenler tetiklediği gibi, savaş ve iç karışıklıklar da etkilemektedir. Her ne sebeple olursa olsun göçten en çok etkilenenler arasında ilk sırayı çocuklar almaktadır. Savaş sebebiyle meydana gelen zorunlu göçlere bakıldığında, maalesef pek çok çocuğun bu sıkıntılı duruma yenik düştüğü görülmektedir (Doğan - Karakuyu, 2016, s. 303).

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Asylum Under Pressure: international Deterrence and access to asylum

Author(s): Vasiliki Kakosimou / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In order to respond to the refugee crisis or control the migration flows, States may take certain measures to keep migrants out of reach of their borders. These measures involve push-backs, interception at high seas, erecting fences, bilateral agreements for off-shore processing etc., under national security reasons or for maintaining public order. All these measures are referred to as deterrence strategies, they do not conform with States' obligations under International Human Rights Law and they result in preventing refugees from having access to asylum. Through treaties, customary law and case law, the principle of non-refoulement has an extra-territorial application. States are bound by the principle of non-refoulement by the moment States agents exercise effective control upon migrants -potential refugees. Unless States cooperate with each other, share the burden, build -up their capacity for fair asylum procedures and comply with International human rights law obligations, refugees cannot have access to international protection and enjoy their fundamental rights.

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Crimmigration in Brazil and the Netherlands: How the Phenomenon of Securitization can be a Fuel to These Processes?

Author(s): Laís Azeredo Alves / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this paper is to verify the extent to which Brazilian Migration Policy has been influenced by the US War on Drugs and how, justified through a security discourse, it employs practices that violate human rights. A key objective is to determine if the combined effects of drug securitization and historical racism are resulting in the start of a “crimmigration” process. The fact that the federal police, the agency in charge of policing drug trafficking, is also the one that manages immigration, is a major factor in this assessment. This paper further analyses the immigration policy of the Netherlands, for two key reasons. Because a Crimmigration process is also apparent in the Netherlands comparison with the Brazilian context provides for an assessment of the relative degrees of Crimmigration. Secondly, because Dutch drugs policy is fundamentally different to Brazil’s, it provides scope for valuable insights into how differing causal factors lead to the same results, such as the fact both countries treat migration policy with a security bias. The methodology applied in this research is based on bibliographic materials and governmental documents related to the immigration process in Brazil and in the Netherlands.

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In Searching Law on The Indonesian Diaspora: Lessons Learnt from South Korea and India Experiences

Author(s): Wicaksana Dramanda,Ali Abdurahman,Bilal Dewansyah,Susi Dwi Harijanti / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The existence and movement of diaspora across the world, challenge the existing legal norms on citizenship and migration. The responses from the law-makers from origin countries vary. Most of European, Latin America and African countries adopt dual citizenship law to their diaspora for the different reasons: immigrant integration, maintenance of loyalty to ex-citizen or because the closeness ethnic relation. However, most of countries in Asia-Pacific region - which gain the independence through decolonization process - do not favor dual citizenship towards their diaspora, including Indonesia, mostly because of the ideological perception of citizenship. In this sense, many countries grant the special status or scheme to their diaspora (neither citizens nor residents of the country) as an external quasi-citizenship based on ethnic descent as coined by Bauböck as “ethnizenship.” In Indonesia case, while the rejection of dual citizenship proposal is unavoidable, it leads idea to adopt a kind of ethnizenship status as an alternative regulatory model for Indonesia diaspora. In order to search the suitable and realistic regulatory scheme for Indonesian diaspora, this paper compare experiences from India and South-Korea which adopt a quasi-citizenship for their descendants overseas. The result from this comparison will be considered as a benchmark to develop regulatory model for Indonesian diaspora.

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ASYLUM UNDER PRESSURE: INTERNATIONAL DETERRENCE AND ACCESS TO ASYLUM

Author(s): Vasiliki Kakosimou / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As a result of mass refugee influxes, few states have the willingness and capacity to assess each entrance individually. Faced with many challenges, receiving States have responded to the increase in the number of migrants by increasing border surveillance and reinforcing migration controls. The measures taken include visa restrictions, push-backs by building fortresses, financing third states for capacity building or bilateral agreements to patrol their borders. All these measures are aimed at preventing refugees and other migrants from entering a state's territory by controlling or managing migration flows or maintaining internal security even though these deterrence policies imply breaching obligations of states under national and international law. The deterrence policies do not comply with the nonderogable principle of non-refoulement and violate the right to have access to protection from persecution, torture, degrading or other inhuman treatment.

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DEVELOPING THE UNDERSTANDING OF MIGRANT INTEGRATION IN THE EU: IMPLICATIONS FOR HOUSING PRACTICES

Author(s): Maria Psoinos,Orna Rosenfeld / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Integration has been persistently difficult to define across mobile populations (e.g. refugees, economic migrants, internally displaced persons) and across disciplines (Bretell & Hollifield, 2000). What is for sure is that it has been recently and unanimously changing from a rather static and one-sided phenomenon, where migrants have to shed their ‘cultural distinctiveness’ in order to blend into the majority culture (Heissler, 2000: 77), to an increasingly dynamic and multi-level process, owing to today’s migrants’ diverse characteristics and the social contexts they join.

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IMMIGRATION AND ELECTORAL SUPPORT FOR THE RADICAL RIGHT: EVIDENCE FROM DUTCH MUNICIPALITIES

Author(s): Panagiotis Chasapopoulos,Arjen van Witteloostuijn,Christophe Boone / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Throughout Europe in recent years, a considerable number of ‘extreme-right’ parties, as they are most often referred to, have been gaining popularity and influencing the formation of public opinion. In France, the far-right ‘Front National’ party of Marine Le Pen scored its highest ever percentage of votes when it won through to the second round of the presidential elections in the spring of 2017. Shortly before that, at the national elections taking place in the Netherlands, the populist radical-right ‘Party for Freedom’ of Geert Wilders came second, increasing its previous number of seats in the parliament. Only a few months earlier, in summer of 2016, the right-wing populist ‘UK Independence Party’ had managed to play a major role in the ‘Brexit’ referendum by promoting itself as a nativist nationalist political movement.

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Inserción laboral de inmigrantes venezolanos en el contexto de una ciudad intermedia

Author(s): Jessica Andrea Ordoñez Cuenca,Carlos Fernando Soto Pérez / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

A nivel global en los últimos 30 años la migración ha tomado mayor relevancia desde el ámbito económico, político y social debido al proceso de globalización, el crecimiento demográfico y el cambio climático, lo cual ha generado la desaceleración del crecimiento en las economías y la consecuente falta de oportunidades laborales. Algunos países de la Región de América Latina y el Caribe (ALyC)(como México, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, entre otros) se han caracterizado por una constante tendencia emigratoria internacional con destino a países desarrollados: Estados Unidos, España, Canadá, Japón (Martínez, Cano y SoffiaContrucci, 2014). Hay que señalar que, a partir de 2012, algunos países de la región de ALyC cambian de tendencia migratoria,debido a la crisis económica y financiera internacional pasan a ser una región de acogida de inmigrantes internacionales e intrarregionales, según notas censales a 2010 el dato más relevante es el México hacia donde retornaron alrededor de 860.000 personas; otros países donde emigración internacional es menos cuantiosa también reciben emigrantes retornados, aunque con menor importancia, entre los que se encuentranEcuador (72.272) y Brasil (54.608), Costa Rica (17682), Uruguay (17280), Panamá (8.756) (Martínez, Cano y SoffiaContrucci, 2014).

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La comunidad migrante transnacional como agente de transformación social. Una re-conceptualización teórica

Author(s): Miguel Ángel V Aguilar Dorado,Pascual Gerardo García-Macías / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

Las actividades realizadas por las personas migrantes organizadas pueden revestir diversas formas. En consecuencia, estudiar el asociativismo migrante se convierte en una tarea ardua en tanto es concepto polisémico en el que cada faceta de los objetivos, actividades y fines que persiguen las y los migrantes asociados pueden converger y terminar en coaliciones, o ser solamente movilizaciones sociales temporales. Sin embargo, estas acciones comparten su carácter transnacional al crear vínculos con sus comunidades de origen, o derivan en iniciativas enfocadas al acceso y disfrute de derechos laborales en el lugar de destino, los cuales se propagan allende sus fronteras.

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NEOREALİZM VE NEOLİBERALİZM KURAMLARININ GÜVENLİK YAKLAŞIMLARI VE ARAP DEVRİMLERİNDE SURİYE POLİTİKALARI

Author(s): İsmail Ermağan,Aybars Karci / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplini, Siyaset Bilimi’nin bir dalı olarak, devletler ya da uluslararası-uluslarüstü kuruluşların davranışlarına yönelik araştırmalar yapmaktadır. Hedeflerinden biri; savaş, çatışma, güvenlik vb. konuları yerel-bölgesel-küresel ölçeklerde analiz etmek ve genel çıkarımlar sunmaktır. Bu işlevi gerçekleştirirken çeşitli hipotezler kurgulanmakta-sınanmakta, farklı farklı kuramlar kullanılmaktadır. Rusya’nın Kırım’ı ilhakı, Kuzey Kore’nin füze denemeleri, yumuşamaya başlayan Küba-ABD ya da yumuşamış İran-Batı ilişkileri gibi herhangi bir uluslararası ilişkiler gelişmesinin teorik olarak çerçevelenmesi, konunun bilimsel bir yapıda irdelenmesi anlamı taşımaktadır. Bu da ilgili kişilerin ilintili konuları okuma yeteneğini arttırmakta, böylece örneğin daha doğru devlet politikalarının oluşmasına katkı vermektedir.

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Public Services for Asylum Seekers in Turkey Within the Perspective of New Migratory Movements

Author(s): Tülin Canbay / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since the beginning of humanity, countless number of people have had to leave their places and homelands due to various reasons such as climate conditions, natural disasters, wars, economic crises, human rights violations, and security. Unfortunately, this international migratory movements still continue. Due to its geographical location, Turkey lies between unstable and poor countries on its eastern borders and stable and wealthy countries on its western borders. For this reason, it is both a transition and a target country for asylum seekers and refugees (tbmm.gov.tr, 2010). Thus, Turkey has become an important actor in terms of global migration in the last two decades, and while it was a source country before, now it has become a `target` and `transit country`.

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European Union and Turkish Migration Policy Reform: From Accession to Policy Conditionality

Author(s): Birce Demiryontar / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The EU typically exerts influence on domestic policy change in Turkey through accession conditionality. The main shortcoming of this reform framework is its interconnectedness to the country’s accession process, when the country’s prospects for membership are losing their credibility. This loss of credibility, leads to a halt in the EU induced policy change, though migration policy area presents a deviation from this trend. In the absence of a credible membership prospect, in 2011, the Law on Foreigners and International Protection was drafted, and ratified by the Parliament on April 2013. Subsequently, in December 2013 Turkey and the EU have signed the readmission agreement in parallel to the introduction of the road-map to visa liberalization. The main reason behind this commitment to the EU induced reform agenda, is the successful detachment of the migration policy area, from the accession conditionality by establishing its own policy conditionality. This paper claims that in the EU accession negotiations where the parties were stuck in a deadlock, persistence in using the accession conditionality as an incentive has been counterproductive. With the visa liberalization road map, the EU introduced an external incentive specific to migration and set a more approachable target than accession, which ensured the sustainability of the reforms.

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Combating Fraud as a Disincentive of an Unintended Economic Migrant: A Comparative of the Direct Turkish model and the Indirect Australian Model

Author(s): Rodger Fernandez,Sherene Özyürek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As Turkey has moved from a state of emigration to immigration, lawmakers have identified the need to combat fraud within its migration framework. Its new framework has distinct similarities to the Australian model, a country which has been shaped by immigration but has shifted its policies to that of a protective objective. This paper provides a platform for comparing policies in determining the more effective measures for migration planning in relation to combating fraud to effectively deter unintended economic migrants in both countries.

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BÖLÜM III KENTLEŞME, SİYASET ve GÖÇ POLİTİKALARI - 1980 Sonrası Göçler ve Kentle Bütünleşme Sorunu

Author(s): Gülsen Demir,Kadir Şahin / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Dünya tarihinin değişmez olgularından biri olan göç, sosyolojinin de temel araştırma alanlarından birini oluşturmaktadır. Göç üzerine yapılan tanımlardaki ortak özellik ise göçün “bir yer değiştirme” hareketi olduğudur. Göç, “bir yerden kalkıp başka bir yere yerleşmek” gibi bir fiziksel hareketi ifade etse de, yer değiştiren birey ya da bireylerin yaşadığı sosyal değişim ya da yaşam alanlarında meydana gelen değişim, büyük dönüşümleri kapsamaktadır. Özellikle “göç sorunsalını” önemli kılan da göçün yol açtığı sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik içerikli olan bu dönüşümlerdir.

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Türk Kamu Yönetiminde Göç Politikaları ve Göç Yönetiminin Belirlenmesinde Avrupa Birliği ve Avrupalı Değerlerin Yeri

Author(s): Yusuf Soyupek / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Türk kamu yönetiminin hem idari hem de hukuki açıdan değişiminde ve gelişiminde Avrupa devletlerinin ve değerlerinin geçmişten günümüze önemli etkisi ve katkısı olmuştur. Son yıllarda Türkiye ve dünya gündemini derinden etkileyen olaylardan birisi olan göç konusunda da Türk kamu yönetimi idari ve hukuki açıdan Avrupa Birliği’nin yönlendirmesi ve zorlamasıyla önemli değişiklikler yapmıştır. Göç, içine birden fazla aktörün dâhil olduğu çok karmaşık bir olaydır. Bundan dolayı göç yönetimi ve göç politikalarının belirlenmesi ve uygulanmaya konulması da aynı şekilde karmaşık ve bir o kadar da zorlu bir süreçtir. Her ne kadar göç olgusu insanlığın tarihi kadar eski olup günümüze dek sürekli devam etmiş olsa da göçün kamu yönetimleri ve kamu politikaları gündeminde üst sıralara çıkması 1950 ve 1960’lardan itibaren olmuştur.

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Procesul de digitalizare și crearea de „smart identity” - guvernarea de tip bottom-up din perspectiva conservării identitare a orașelor viitorului

Author(s): Oana Nadina Nedeianu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The digital transformation of the 21st century radically changes the way we live together. In addition to the obsessive attachment we have developed to devices that keep us connected every second of our lives, the challenges of this era force us to use technology to our advantage. A term we often hear is Smart City, defined by the European Community as the place where the use of digital solutions streamlines traditional services for the benefit of residents and businesses. These cities use innovation to provide the city with open and transparent governance solutions, where the community is heard, understood and plays an active role in building its own environment. If the designer of the future city will have to take into account identity and if we consider identity a process by which people self-identify with spaces, then in order to design quality spaces we will have to co-opt users as collaborators of the design process. These solutions become possible with the help of information and communication technologies (ICT), which completely change the paradigm of communication between civil society and public administration. This paper aims to capture, through case studies, how administrations and communities use these technologies for open and flexible forms of governance, to identify the challenges in this regard and how certain obstacles could be overcome.

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