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For today’s workers, the process of aging will differ from previous generations. Social contracts among governments, employers, and individuals are central to retirement systems around the world. Today, throughout their lifetime, individuals are more responsible for their finances than ever before. Financial markets are rapidly changing with developments in technology and new and more complex financial products. Skills are becoming more critical and it is important to understand whether people are equipped to effectively navigate the maze of financial decisions that they face every day. Generous defined social security benefit pension plans are diminishing, as life expectancy and the need for self-funded retirement savings are increasing. In this paper, the author presents the results of the research conducted in the region of Slavonia related to retirement literacy and understanding of the financial behavior of the population of teachers that work in schools. The questionnaire was based on the Big Three financial and retirement literacy measurement and The Aegon Retirement Readiness Survey. The goal of the research is to compare the results to similar research studies and to find out financial understanding and the need for organizing retirement literacy education for teachers’ population in the region of Slavonia.
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The majority of European countries are witnessing a population aging process for several decades. This trend is rapidly transforming the age structure of society, resulting in a declining share of working-age persons in the total population. During the next three decades, the number of older people is projected to follow an upward trend. Population aging has resulted primarily from a long-term fall in fertility rates and increased life expectancy. The growing number of older people (65+) within society leads to a range of economic challenges, such as pressure on economic growth, reduced labor supply, higher social and healthcare costs, etc. Such negative processes call into question the sustainability of public finances. Namely, assuming that the old-age dependency ratio will continue to rise, a shrinking labor force may no longer be able to provide enough earnings for pensions and healthcare systems. One of the major areas of concern for policymakers is the cost of providing adequate health and long-term care, as very old people consume proportionally more social services than other age groups. Demographic trends of population aging in Croatia are rather similar to other EU Member States. As the issue of population aging is very important, it is often present in scientific literature and theory and therefore it should be at least equally important to economic policymakers. The main analysis in the chapter includes the relation between population aging and potential pressure on the size of the workforce and the financial challenges of our social systems. Because the share of older people (65+) differs between the EU Member States, the regional analysis in the context of the median age of the population in each of the EU-28 Member States is provided. Furthermore, the overall scores of the Active Aging Index (AAI) for EU-28 are presented, showing a regional aspect of population aging. The chapter also explains potential financial products and services which can support solving the aforementioned social and economic problems based on the analysis of contemporary financial systems, techniques, and mechanism, etc., which should be implemented in the countries under study.
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People across the world are living longer. According to the World Health Organization (2018), the world population that is older than 60 years will reach 22% by 2050, amounting to 2 billion people, which is a significant increase from 900 million in 2015. The number of older persons will outnumber children younger than five years. The pace of population aging is much faster than before, forcing all countries to face challenges that age brings, from health issues to human rights issues, each requiring proper policy response. As societies grow older due to increased longevity and improved health, older people change in terms of expectations they have related to life in the retirement age. There are many inspiring examples of older persons who want to pursue new activities, such as education, engage in a new career that corresponds to their passion neglected earlier, or continue to be a productive family or community member. It is not surprising to see that some older persons do not make a direct transition from employment to retirement but rather self-employment, implying a positively inverted U-shaped relationship between age and entrepreneurship. For example, to prove it, let us remember the founders of McDonald’s, Coca Cola and Kentucky Fried Chicken, were all over 50 years old when they established their business. One can conclude that older persons are heterogeneous, making aging difficult to handle research and policy-wise.
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The paper presents the concept of the „silver economy” as an economic system related to population aging and underlines the features of this policy idea. The study first introduces the discourse and stages of constructing this system by international and national public policy actors in aging. Next, a critical analysis of the dimensions and areas of implementation and development of the silver economy as a policy concept was carried out as well as a review of its external and internal limitations. The conclusion contains proposals for further research directions.
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With the trends of demographic aging being clearly expressed in this modern age, older persons legal protection has become complex and demanding. The number of older persons is growing continuously and the fastest of all other population groups. It is a very heterogeneous group whose members and their needs are very diverse. Despite this issue's growing relevance, the terminology used to refer to older people is still uneven and often inappropriate. There is neither a generally accepted nor a precise definition of an older person. The legal protection of older persons at the international level is still insufficient. An international treaty on the protection of the rights of older persons has not been adopted yet. This protection relies on the general protection of human rights and several non-binding international instruments. In the Republic of Croatia, older persons protection is based on several regulations from various sectors. It is noted that the problems in exercising their rights are diverse. The biggest problems faced by older persons in the Republic of Croatia fall within the scope of poverty and social exclusion, long-term care, health care, various forms of violence, ageism, stigma, and discrimination. In addition to all these complex and painful problems and the economic crisis that most countries have been going through in recent years, an additional dramatic deterioration in older persons’ status and rights has occurred with the COVID-19 pandemic. The problems older people faced at that time in such circumstances have been further exacerbated. Thus, older persons have been exposed to an increased risk of severe illness and death and the problems related to freedom of movement in general, access to health and social services, access to information, and exposure to ageism and discrimination.
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Population aging and its repercussions have a powerful impact on the traditional concept of retirement and the established transition patterns from work to retirement. Demographic statistics in the twenty-first century show low fertility and low mortality rates for most countries, leading to the Croatian population aging. Several trends impact the aging population: most people live much longer lives, have better health, and have different personal expectations than generations before us. For example, people now expect to live longer after leaving full-time work. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the retirement and post-retirement attitudes of teachers aligned with the current priorities in life. The paper aims to present the changing perception of aging from biological, economic and social perception and investigate how teachers in the region of Slavonia view their pension plans, life expectancies, and the expected needs in old and retirement age. This paper analyzes part of the data collected in the survey conducted on a sample of 5%of 11,839 teachers employed in elementary and secondary schools in the five Slavonian counties: Virovitica-Podravina, Požega-Slavonia, Brod-Posavina, Osijek-Baranja and Vukovar-Srijem counties. The research results may be beneficial for age-friendly policy-making and administrative reforms needed to accommodate the Croatian „silvering” of economy and society.
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Digitalization has emerged as a critical driver, enabler, and supporter of plenty of socio-economic processes in the contemporary digital economy. Since the world population is continually aging, information and communication technology (ICT) is considered a factor in the aging process qualitative shift. Creative aging is identified as a form of active aging. The adoption of digital technology by the elderly population is considered a precondition for their active aging. This study aims to investigate the opportunities for creative aging of the elderly population. The study examines the experiences of the EU countries in relation to ICT promoted creative aging and reducing social isolation among the older population. Through in-depth research, the study is mainly focused on analyzing older adults aged 65+ in the Macedonian and Croatian economy, exploring how they embrace ICT in favor of creative aging.
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The silver economy is a relatively new term representing demographic change and explaining the aging of the population as the economic potential. As a result, global population aging has a strong influence on the economy and society. However, national governments and rural and urban people are not adequately prepared for the aging population growth. The healthcare sector sees the elderly population as one of its most essential consumers due to the many disorders connected with age. The connection between the silver economy and the health sector allows us to qualify and view aging as a consumer group that shapes the health market and directly influences health policymaking. Population aging affects a country’s economic potential and implies socio-health aspects. Active again communicates the specific and more demanding needs of the elderly population, which can be seen through public and personal consumption, primarily through health services, emphasizing medicine consumption. As one of the potential viewpoints for both the silver and healthcare sectors, a growing number of older people are acquainted with the benefits digital technology can provide. With the use of e-tools and information technology, the healthcare sector can also increase its effectiveness for the elderly population. Thus, in this chapter, we analyze the potential of implementing different e-tools in the healthcare sector, especially toward aging people. In the research, we analyze the potential of the elderly and the elderly population and their attitudes and contribution to the health system as the majority consumers of health services.
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Data on demographic trends in developed countries indicate the need for increased attention and a better approach to care for older adults. Better health care results in increased life expectancy, which as such poses certain challenges to society. Life expectancy accompanied by good health alone often does not guarantee an individual’s satisfaction. Due to an accelerating pace of life and continuous lifestyle changes, social exclusion of retired older adults from the community appears to be increasingly present. To reduce the occurrence of this phenomenon and enable this population group to remain active members of the community, it is important to offer them the opportunity for education. After the analysis of European trends, the paper points out the need for continuous strategic planning and more agile organization of education in the Republic of Croatia. Special attention is given to the situation in the city of Osijek, which is a center for education in Osijek-Baranja County. The types and usefulness of the most common forms of education conducted in the period from 2015 to 2020 are also presented.
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Older people are often insufficiently involved in the community’s life and participate to a limited extent in cultural activities for various reasons. These reasons may be geographical isolation, unfavorable financial opportunities, disability, etc. Lack of awareness of the need to involve generation 65+ in cultural education further adversely affects the availability of cultural content intended for them. Increased access to such content contributes to their quality of life, activation, and greater inclusion in society. Social inclusion is an essential element of quality of life and dignified aging. It permeates different segments of life and includes different dimensions and layers. One of its main characteristics is that it is changing. Older age brings with it the problem of adapting to everyday life. The involvement of the elderly population in cultural content is significant, both for the mentioned population and for the local community. This chapter will present the results of a survey conducted among the elderly population of Osijek - Baranja County on their involvement in cultural content and culture perception.
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This paper demonstrates a model for predicting natural population change (the number of live births) with digital demography approaches. We demonstrate that this prediction model significantly improves forecast accuracy over several cross-validation criteria. Prediction is done by means of the analytical tool Google Trends, and in the context of the pandemic crisis, the number of births in 2021 will be just 87% of what would otherwise be „a normal year” in Croatia. We estimate that between 12 and 14% fewer children will be born (from 3,400 to 3,800), i.e., about 32,000 – 33,000. Croatia is on its way to becoming an excellent nursing home of the European Union. The causes of natural depopulation in Croatia are complex and intertwined. Increased emigration, demographic aging, the white plague, and challenging economic conditions have a disincentive effect on the natural population change. The country has already unquestionably lost the core of population that creates new generations. Namely, in the last seven years alone (since it became a member of the EU), Croatia has lost 50,000 pupils and gained 50,000 new pensioners. Today, Croatia would have 10% more pupils if there had not been such intensive emigration of the population after joining the EU, and consequently, it would be younger. A particular problem in terms of demographic issues are numerous areas that are becoming a periphery due to young people migration - with already 3/4 of the country being a periphery in the cultural and economic sense. In this paper, we discuss the assumption that emigration and population aging is a process primarily shaped by the lack of modernization policy. The EU, which systematically neglects the demographic issue in the center-periphery relationship, also plays a profound role in this process of mechanical and natural population change in Croatia.
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Older age can be accompanied by a lot of changes in the field of health, which influence the social functioning of seniors.One of the factors influencing the quality of life of seniors is the connection of healthcare and social care, built on the interdepartmental cooperation. This approach is still absent in Slovakia.The aim of the paper is therefore to emphasize the importance and need of integrated care and to describe the barriers that prevent its implementation in Slovakia. In search of answers to the questions: “When and why was the healthcare and social care department of seniors established in Slovakia? What are the reasons persisting in this condition? What are the consequences of this divided care for the seniors in practice? What strategies use facilities for seniors to overcome this situation during the COVID-19 pandemic?” the authors used the method of the case study (Yin, 2003) focused on the Trnava self-governing region. Persistent structural, procedural, legislative and political factors have been identified as the main barriers. Specific for Slovakia is the existence of a barrier of the profession, which is caused by the low interest of social workers in the issue. The authors state that the situation in Slovakia is caused mainly by the reflection of integrated care as a political problem. In the end, the authors make several suggestions for solving the situation.
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W literaturze przedmiotu podkreśla się, że jedną z największych słabości rynku nieruchomości, przynajmniej polskiego, jest brak kompleksowych i wiarygodnych informacji na temat jego stanu i rozwoju. Dane, którymi dysponuje przeciętny inwestor, są zwykle ograniczone zarówno jeśli chodzi o zakres przedmiotowy, jak i przestrzenny. Działalność na rynku nieruchomości, w tym deweloperska, wymaga systematycznych badań tego rynku, bowiem proces deweloperski jest długotrwały, wieloetapowy i skutkuje przekształceniem przestrzeni w aspekcie fizycznym, materialnym, społecznym oraz ekonomicznym. Naukowe badania rynku nieruchomości mieszkaniowych powinny być w związku z tym możliwie jak najbardziej kompleksowe, tzn. dotyczyć sfery podaży, popytu oraz cen mieszkań, uwzględniać perspektywę różnych (również słabszych) interesariuszy, dane historyczne i prognozy rozwojowe, zjawiska lokalne i globalne, wskaźniki ekonomiczne i opinie uczestników rynku. Celem prezentowanej monografii jest przedstawienie sytuacji na rynku mieszkaniowym w kontekście preferencji i potrzeb klientów nabywających mieszkania, wpływu pandemii COVID-19 na rynek nieruchomości, a także określenie czynników mogących oddziaływać na wartość nieruchomości. Problematyka została omówiona z uwzględnieniem istoty współczesnego miasta i procesów w nim zachodzących. Przeprowadzone w poszczególnych rozdziałach przedmiotowe analizy pozwoliły na wskazanie różnych niedopasowań ofert do oczekiwań nabywców na rynku nieruchomości. W wyniku postępowania badawczego autorzy sformułowali wnioski oraz rekomendacje dotyczące kierunków rozwoju rynku nieruchomości mieszkaniowych. Monografia może być źródłem wiedzy dla teoretyków i praktyków gospodarczych, a także stać się inspiracją do dyskusji i dalszych badań dotyczących kierunków rozwoju rynku nieruchomości. Wydanie dofinansowane ze środków Ministerstwa Edukacji i Nauki w ramach programu Doskonała nauka.
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The ever-increasing number of the elderly in developed countries creates the need to keep them active as long as possible to maintain their psychophysical health and prevent them from living isolated, sedentary life. The chapter analyzes the phenomenon of an aging population and the characteristics of this life stage in European countries, emphasizing the Republic of Croatia. Based on the hypothesis that the number of the elderly using information and communication technologies has been increasing, the chapter offers a solution to the problem of keeping them up to date through a web application. The application enables them to communicate easily and quickly, establish social contacts and find out about organized meetings and training of associations and other institutions. The application also lists work opportunities for the elderly. If mentally and physically healthy, they can earn additional money, increase the household budget and beneficially use their time.
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The fast technological improvements, sustainable growth and development of the world economy have led to what has become a fundamental determinant of the modern, hectic way of life, known as the lifestyle of the 21st century. In such context, people’s expectations are increasing, and they are always seeking for the new opportunities; however, many are often failing to take a break from every day’s haste and stress. Young people often do not have time for their private and business obligations, and thus for activism and caring for society. Scientist in technical and architectural sciences, Mr. sc. Marina Šimunić, finds that only 5% of young people are socially engaged in the Republic of Croatia. This research finds the main reason for such a low interest in social activities and lack of initiative for changes is the fact that youth accept their community as it is. Decreased involvement of young people in social actions has becoming more evident in Croatia especially, when an average of 30,000 young people a year have migrated in the period from 2015 to 2020.
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In this final chapter, we aim to interpret the findings presented in the individual chapters of the book within the theoretical frame outlined in Chapter 1. We assess the main findings regarding the current development of childcare and eldercare policies in the Czech Republic and Norway, the discourses of the policy actors in both countries, and the strategies and views of families that are providing and ensuring care for children and elderly persons. Lastly, we discuss some possibilities for policy changes or innovations that might facilitate the combination of family care with paid employment.
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In recent years, the concept of successful aging, which means living in a healthy, productive, safe environment with a high quality of life, having a good social environment, and having a state of physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being throughout life, has become important for all individuals. In the literature, there are many variables and studies in different areas associated with successful aging. There are many factors that affect successful aging, such as social support, mental and physical health, general health status, and life activities. The concept of social support, which has an important place among these factors, has been examined within the scope of this study. Within the scope of the study, it was aimed to raise awareness about the contribution of social support to the level of successful aging. In this context, the concepts of social support and successful aging, its scope and theoretical basis were examined, studies on social support and successful aging were mentioned, and the relationship between social support and successful aging was explained. The results of the research were examined and supported by the literature. The results consistently show that higher levels of social support improve people's psychological and physiological health and have a positive effect on successful aging. No study has been found in the domestic literature that associates social support with successful aging. In this context, it is aimed to contribute to the literature.
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Sukobi uvijek ostavljaju složene izazove koji zahtijevaju učešće različitih aktera/ica. Pojedinci/ke, čiji su glasovi marginalizirani, moraju učestvovati u razvijanju održivih rješenja kako bi poslijeratne politike odražavale raznolikost perspektiva i znanja. Istraživanja pokazuju da je uloga žena od ključnog značaja za uspjeh izgradnje mira, ali one su još uvijek nedovoljno zastupljene u ovim procesima. Međunarodno prepoznavanje različitih iskustava žena i različitog stupnja njihove ranjivosti tokom i nakon rata, te globalno priznavanje njihove uloge u izgradnji mira (Pratt & Richter-Devroe 2011: 489-503; Strickland & Duvvury 2003; Greenburg & Zuckerman 2006) doveli su do uspostavljanja međunarodnog okvira politika kojima se žele uključiti i podržati žene pogođene sukobom. Na primjer, tokom sukoba na Zapadnom Balkanu u središte pažnje međunarodne javnosti je dospjela sistemska upotreba seksualnog nasilja kao oružja rata, te rodna specifičnost iskustva u svim fazama sukoba. Iskustva žena u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH) potakla su usvajanje Rezolucije Vijeća sigurnosti UN-a (UNSCR) 1325, kao i kasnije osnivanje Programa UN-a za žene, mir i sigurnost (WPS) koji predstavlja okosnicu savremenih poslijeratnih politika i programa za žene.
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