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POJETÍ STÁŘÍ A POTŘEBA POMOCI V KONTEXTU KRITICKÉ GERONTOLOGIE

Author(s): Kateřina Kubalčíková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Stárnutí populace je obvykle popisováno a diskutováno perspektivou standardních demografických indikátorů (porodnost, úmrtnost, naděje na dožití, migrace), které jsme prezentovali v předchozí kapitole. Souhrnná statistická data představují základní nástroj pro sledování obecných trendů věkové proměny společnosti, nicméně pouhý numerický výčet jedinců spadajících do stejné skupiny určené kalendářním věkem se stále zřetelněji ukazuje jako ne zcela dostačující pro nastavení adekvátních změn v příslušných oblastech sociální politiky. Autoři publikací tematicky zaměřených na problematiku stárnutí a stáří se vesměs shodují, že využití chronologické definice stáří je velmi limitující. Wilson (2000, s. 29–31) explicitně hovoří o „západní perspektivě“, která určuje stáří s ohledem k potřebám veřejné administrativy a byrokracie, takto je např. dolní hranice stáří stanovena podle věku, který je v dané zemi rozhodný pro odchod do penze. Považují za nezbytné vnímat kulturní odlišnosti, které ovlivňují stáří jedinců v různých zemích (odlišnosti v životních cyklech, význam rodinných a sociálních vazeb, zaměstnanost a příjem, výskyt nemocí, odlišná emocionalita apod.), zejména pokud se stárnutí populace neomezuje pouze na země západní kultury, ale stává se globálním tématem.

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PODPORA PEČUJÍCÍCH JAKO PŘEDPOKLAD ÚSPĚŠNÉHO SETRVÁNÍ SENIORŮ V PŘIROZENÉM PROSTŘEDÍ

Author(s): Olga Hubíková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

„Výzkumníci stále častěji docházejí k závěru, že v současnosti může dospělý člověk strávit více let péčí o své rodiče než o své děti“ (Bookman, Kimbrel 2011, s. 119). Citované autorky k tomu dodávají, že manželské páry navíc většinou mají dohromady více rodičů, o něž se potřebují postarat než vlastních dětí. Sami tito lidé, nyní přinejmenším ve středním věku, již také často pocházejí z menších rodin a mají tak méně sourozenců, s nimiž mohou péči o své rodiče sdílet. (Bookman, Kimbrel 2011, s. 118–119). I když se autorky zabývají aktuální situací v rodinné péči o seniory ve Spojených státech amerických, podobná demografická situace s analogickými nároky na pečovatelskou kapacitu rodin nastává ve všech tzv. ekonomicky vyspělých částech světa, tedy stejně naléhavě dopadá na všechny evropské země. Podíl lidí vyžadujících dlouhodobou péči nebo těch, kteří pravděpodobně budou v blízké budoucnosti na péči jiné osoby odkázáni, tedy především seniorů nad 75 let, v populaci stále roste. Na druhé straně počty potenciálních pečujících spíše klesají s tím, jak se snižují počty příslušníků každé z následujících generací. Prarodiče se dožívají dospělosti svých vnuků, ale těchto vnuků mají stále méně (Krzyzowski 2011, s. 59).

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ROLE INFORMAČNÍCH A KOMUNIKAČNÍCH TECHNOLOGIÍ A SLUŽEB ASISTOVANÉHO ŽIVOTA PŘI PODPOŘE STÁRNUTÍ V PŘIROZENÉM PROSTŘEDÍ

Author(s): Jana Havlíková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Jak bylo již zmíněno v předchozích částech textu, z hlediska problematiky sociální a zdravotně-sociální péče o seniory budou pozornost zasluhovat zejména vyšší věkové skupiny, často samostatně žijících1 seniorů. Podle Milligan (2009) představují právě nové informační a komunikační technologie (ICT) a služby asistovaného života (AS) jednu ze strategií, jimiž rozvinuté kapitalistické ekonomiky usilují o řešení celého spektra problémů souvisejících s rostoucí potřebou zajistit péči a pomoc seniorům s omezenou soběstačností. Potenciál těchto nových technologií reflektují i vlády napříč nejen evropskými zeměmi, které dle svých národních dokumentů považují růst v oblasti využívání ICT a AS za klíčový při zajištění péče o seniory (Department of Health, UK 2008; Hogenbirk et al. 2005; Mort et al. 2008).

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Providing care services: strategies of key actors in childcare and eldercare in the Czech Republic

Author(s): Jana Válková,Kateřina Kubalčíková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this chapter, we summarise the findings regarding objectives, needs and existing solutions in child- and eldercare in views of care funders, regulators, formal care providers and other national level stakeholders. We are interested in various aspects of governance in care services and the analysis is conducted along the lines of perceived challenges in regulation, service delivery and financing (Sirovátka and Greve 2014). Given the multilevel character of care services governance, the chapter aims to explore the compatibility of various actors’ views and their capacity to act and cooperate within the existing policy context.

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Providing care services: strategies of key actors and emerging policy change in Norway

Author(s): Marie Louise Seeberg,Jorunn Theresia Jessen / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In Norway, key actors in eldercare and key actors in childcare do not as a rule coordinate their work across the two care fields. On the contrary, each of the two fields appears to be anchored in sets of policy history that do not, at any recent point in time, converge. Yet they are both part of the same political and social development. Family care strategies and public care regimes are mutually constituted, so that changes in the one will necessarily lead to changes in the other. Comparing the two care fields within one country is especially useful in bringing out the characteristics of each field. In the present chapter, we shall look into some of the implications of the dynamics between family care and public care regimes on the macro level, with emphasis on gender equality both on the labour market and in the family as an explicit and undisputed political goal. In so doing, we build on Daly (2002), especially on her discussion about the implications of care provision for society and on her typology for provision of care. The former draws attention to the implications for gender and ethnic equity. The latter facilitates a comparison of two policy fields that, in spite of being contemporaneous parts of the same welfare state, are organized and understood very differently.

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Digital exclusion as a barrier to online shopping by older people in Poland

Author(s): Agnieszka Anna Huterska,Justyna Łapińska,Robert Huterski,Grażyna Voss / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Technological development, including the popularization of the Internet, has resulted in the transfer of many activities to the digital space. Currently, access to the Internet is not only a facilitation, but also a necessary condition for full participation in social, cultural and professional life. Older people, i.e., those after the age of 65, use new technologies to a lesser extent than young people do. Digital exclusion of older people in the face of an increasing number of seniors in the population may in the future be a serious social problem, and, in addition, a loss of a large market for suppliers of goods and services. The purpose of the article is to indicate the reasons for both the lack of interest and the lack of use of an online sales channel by people over 65 years of age. Focus studies showed the growing role of soft factors in the e-purchase exclusion of older people. At present, in Poland, lack of access to a computer or the Internet is not a basic barrier to making purchases over the Internet by seniors. The most frequently indicated reasons for not choosing to make purchases through this sales channel were the lack of the ability to make a transaction, being used to the traditional form of shopping, security concerns, and distrust shown to sellers.

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The impact of barriers in the access to financial products and services on the financial exclusion of the generation 50+ in Poland

Author(s): Anna Korzeniowska,Wojciech Misterek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Financial exclusion is defined by the European Committee as a situation in which a person encounters difficulties in both access to as well as the usage of financial products and services at the level required to meet his/her needs. The idea beyond is also to enable them to lead a normal social life. It is necessary to point out that the access to financial products is understood as a possibility to use them under reasonable economic conditions. Among those most endangered by financial exclusion are, inter alia, elderly people because their reluctance to accept new technologies and opportunities provided by financial markets is much bigger than that one of younger generations. There is much evidence for that statement, some of it being the ratio of underbanked elderly people which in Poland for the aged 55-64 and over 65 is 32% and 57% respectively, with the average for the whole country population - approx. 23%. The question arises as for the reasons for such a situation and that is why the aim of this paper is to analyse the existence of barriers in the access to financial products and to verify their influence on the diagnosed higher level of financial exclusion of the generation 50+. To analyse the factors influencing behaviours of senior citizens on the financial markets, the research in the form of questionnaire sent to the group of approx. 380 citizens of the Lublin region in Poland was conducted. The results indicate that, while cooperating with financial institution, elderly people are aware of the barriers they meet such as modern technology, a professional and incomprehensible language, extensive or scarce range of banking services ,etc.

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Retirement Decisions of Seniors in Poland in the Light of the Qualitative Research

Author(s): Kamila Bielawska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Although the Polish economy, labour market and retirement system have been going through serious changes over the last thirty years, the effective retirement age in Poland is still relatively low. The aim of the paper was to evaluate if the main reasons to retire among Polish pensioners have been changing through time. The analysis is based on the qualitative research carried out in November 2017 in a form of individual in-depth interviews (IDI) with seniors in different age groups (65-74; 75-84; 85+) for whom the old-age pension is a main source of income. Preliminary results have shown that seniors, despite of their age, tended to retire as soon as possible. Respondents aged 65-74 often indicated that during retirement they were continuing economic activity for a few years and some of them, who quickly retired and did not continue their work, expressed the opinion that from the perspective of time it was a wrong decision. Seniors in older ages (75+) reported disability or health problems as an important reason of early retirement and leaving the labour market (transition from disability pension to old-age pension was treated as a natural path). This factor was less visible in opinions of younger retires. Few of them pointed out that they retired as they wanted to take the advantage of a leisure time. A retrospective look at pension decisions indicated as the results of the conducted study may provide some interesting conclusions for public policies in the field of pension systems.

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El Hac Mustafa Hami Paşa’nın, Sıhhatnüma-yı Kebir Adlı Eserinde Sağlıklı Yaşlanma ve Yaşlılıkta Sağlığın Korunmasına Yönelik Önerileri

Author(s): Ayten Can,Seher Büyükbaş / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

İnsan hayatının son gelişim basamağı olarak kabul edilen, büyüme ve gelişme tamamlandıktan sonra doku ve organların yıpranması olarak da tanımlanan yaşlılık, kişiye göre değişen bir dönemi ifade etmekte olup doğum ile ölüm arasında evrensel bir süreçtir. Yaşlanmanın biyolojik ve kronolojik olarak ikiye ayrıldığı görülür. Kronolojik yaş tüm bireyler için aynı iken biyolojik yaş kişilere göre farklılık göstermektedir. Yapılan araştırmalarda yaşlanma durumunda olan bireyler fiziksel, psikolojik ve sosyal yönden incelenmektedir. Günümüzde yaşlılık konusu geriatri ve gerontoloji bilimleri tarafından incelenmektedir. Geriatri yaşlılık ve hastalıklarını, gerontoloji yaşlanma olayını konu edinmektedir. Yaşlanma fizyolojisi olarak da tanımlanan gerontoloji bilimi yaşlanmanın bireylere yönelik olarak fizyolojik, psikolojik, ekonomik ve toplumsal etkilerini incelemektedir.

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HODNOCENÍ KVALITY ŽIVOTA Z POHLEDU MÍSTNÍCH AKTÉRŮ: PŘÍPADOVÁ STUDIE ÚZEMÍ MAS PODHŮŘÍ ŽELEZNÝCH HOR

Author(s): Zdeněk Šilhan,Marketa CHALOUPKOVA,Hana Svobodová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to evaluate the subjective aspects of the quality of life and local conditions for living in the area of the Local action group Podhůří Železných hor. In order to achieve this goal, a questionnaire survey was conducted. Also interviews with selected actors and discussion meetings with the public were used. Where participatory methods of public involvement were used. Participatory methods of public participation were useful in the discussion meetings. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used. Standard methods were used for evaluation - basic statistical and thematic analysis. Thanks to the used methods, the local context was included in the evaluation. The highest rated area was nature and natural environment. Conversely, interpersonal relationships were the worst rated. According to the results, most need to improve are non-motorized transport and social services for seniors.

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ENTREPRENEURSHIP AT AN OLDER AGE

Author(s): Dominika Crnjac Milić,Anamarija Delić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aging population and older entrepreneurs represent society’s greatest demographic and social changes. The older population today is much more vital and educated, and they have more community-funded educational opportunities than in the past. Their experience from previous jobs and the expertise they have gained throughout their working lives give them a boost and a belief in success. Although researchers are interested in this topic, there is a lack of an overview of the work published over the past decade and guidelines for future research. This paper aims to identify and systematize the knowledge of scholars who have researched entrepreneurship among older adults using mixed methods that will provide a complete picture of this topic. One of the assumptions in this paper was that the primary goal of market implementation of an entrepreneurial idea among older people is usually not related to earnings but to the need to continue being useful to their family and society. Some start their entrepreneurial activities later because they finished their professional career earlier or are unemployed. However, some want to realize their dreams that they could not have realized during their working life. The study’s limitations are a small number of papers published on this topic and the availability of the papers, as many of them are not freely available.

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EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SENIOR AND TECHNOLOGY ENTREPRENEURSHIP: EVIDENCE FROM SLOVENIA AND CROATIA

Author(s): Bojan Morić Milovanović,Tin Horvatinović,Mihaela Mikić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As the global population is aging and there are no signs of a trend reversal, research on senior entrepreneurship is emerging and becoming more eminent in scientific literature. On the practical side, policymakers are attempting to better utilize the under-represented senior entrepreneurs for economic growth and development. One promising way to achieve this goal is to better understand why some senior entrepreneurs establish and manage high-technology firms. On such a basis, several studies have been published that represent the first steps toward understanding such a complex matter. This chapter is part of the research stream that explores the relationship between senior and technology entrepreneurship. It does so by looking at the specific entrepreneurial context present in Slovenia and Croatia. Using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor survey data, ordered logistic regression analysis shows that senior entrepreneurship is not a significant antecedent of technology entrepreneurs. In addition, among the significant predictors, managerial skills and fear of failure have discrepant effects on technology entrepreneurship. Despite the inherent limitations of the dataset, the general conclusion about the importance of context in the development of senior entrepreneurship and technology entrepreneurship is valid. Subsequent research can test the hypotheses presented in this chapter in other contexts and develop theories about why the observed effects differ from a macro and micro perspective.

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AGING POPULATION AND TOURISM IN CROATIA

Author(s): Ivana Čandrlić-Dankoš,Anton Devčić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

According to the latest census of 2021, 22.45% of the population of the Republic of Croatia is 65 years and older. This age structure is fully in line with the trends on the global market. The question arises as to whether the trends in tourism for the elderly in the Republic of Croatia follow the global trends. The available time of the elderly population opens up significant opportunities for the tourism and vacation sector. The question is to what extent the older population segment is recognized as a segment with the potential for developing a specific marketing strategy and whether these data can extend the tourist season in the Republic of Croatia and/or offer new products intended primarily for this market segment. The first part of the paper gives a scientific overview of research in the field of tourism of the elderly population. Based on the analysis of the conducted research, a questionnaire was developed, the research was conducted, and the applicability of the research on the territory of the Republic of Croatia was checked. Finally, concluding thoughts are made on how travel agencies and hotels should deal with the elderly population as a potentially increasingly important market segment.

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MEDIA LITERACY, PEOPLE OF THE THIRD AGE AND THEIR HABITS OF USING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES

Author(s): Danijel Labaš,Ivan Uldrijan,Matea Vidulić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

According to the latest research, the number of users of digital technologies, the Internet, and social networks grows yearly. Among them are many older people. In January 2023, there were 5.16 billion Internet users worldwide, 64.4% of the global population. Of this total, 4.76 billion, or 59.4% of the world’s population, were social media users (Statista, 2023). The number of Internet users aged 50 to 64 in Croatia from 2014 to 2022 has grown from 31% to 59%. Statista (2012) states that “the European questionnaire on Information and Communication Technologies Data reveals a disparity between the Internet usage of people from different age groups. Although present in most countries, this disparity differs widely in its severity. In 2020, 99% of users in Croatia between 16 and 24 years used the Internet daily. Furthermore, 98% of people between the age of 25 and 34 used the Internet daily, according to the survey. Ninety-two percent of people between 35 and 44 also use the Internet daily. The share of people between 45 and 54 and between 55 and 64 were lower than among the other age groups, with 80% of the first and 59% of the oldest age group using the Internet daily.” With the significant and rapid increase in Internet users, there is also the question of their knowledge of the functioning of media and digital technologies, which is related to issues of digital and media literacy, which is becoming one of the essential topics in the 21st century. Therefore, the present article deals with the habits of people of the third age using digital technologies. It is based on research in which people aged 60 to 85 were examined by an online survey from March 15 to April 23, 2023. The research was carried out with the help of Matica umirovljenika Hrvatske and other institutions and associations for older people. One hundred forty-seven respondents participated in the research, who answered questions related to the level of their technical (digital) competencies related to the use of digital media technologies, and to questions related to the level of media and information literacy among citizens of the third-age of life in the Republic of Croatia.

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THE INFLUENCE OF MODERN MEDIA TRENDS ON THE RISE OF GERONTOPHOBIA AND GERASCOPHOBIA

Author(s): Nefreteta Zekić Eberhard / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The new media age and contemporary media platforms have raised the valorization of youth and the term “anti-age” to a new level. It is suspected that external factors such as the images shown in the media, the possibility of photo editing, and the unrealistic presentation of one’s appearance on social platforms are responsible for the increasing presence of anxiety disorders related to the fear of aging. This type of anxiety disorder is often referred to in academic literature as gerontophobia, gerascophobia, and midorexia. This research examines the contribution of the media and social networks to aging anxiety in women aged 30 to 50 years. The paper also explores the influence of the media and social networks on hostility toward the elderly, or gerontophobia. Fear of aging, gerascophobia, and midorexia as pressures to maintain a constant appearance of physical youth, regardless of age, were also examined. For this work, a pilot study was conducted with two focus groups. This pilot study is the basis for a survey to be conducted as part of future research that would explain the relationship between cultural and aesthetic standards set by modern media and the increase in anti-aging pressures on women.

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HEALTHY AGING IN A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT

Author(s): Agneza Aleksijević,Marko Aleksijević / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper is a message to all to ensure that older people can age with dignity and equality in a healthy environment. Let us change the views and thoughts about aging to promote healthy aging and improve the lives of older people. Our society is living faster and the population is aging at a galloping pace. Are their needs being met, and to what extent? Do they have access to all the resources necessary for a dignified life? What are the barriers that prevent their full participation in society? The answers should be sought globally, in their communities and families! Let us raise our voices and adapt the communities physically and economically to the elderly! Talk about preventing ageism in the media, which is according to research, more biased toward younger people. How can the gap between younger people and “OK Boomers”, a famous example of ageism, be bridged internationally? Let us look at social isolation, ignorance, and activities through data collection, definition of goals, and outcomes in the in-home care setting. Ask yourself: What have I done about the above? This paper aims to raise awareness and encourage reflection on stereotypes, prejudices, and discriminatory behaviors related to ageism and aging that we all face.

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APPLICATION OF GRAPH THEORY TO AGING

Author(s): Antoaneta Klobučar / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

A network is a collection of points joined in pairs by lines. In graph theory, the points are called vertices, and the lines are called edges. Also, a network is a representation that reduces some systems to an abstract structure containing only the required properties we want to provide. Vertices and edges in a network can be labeled with additional information, such as names or weights, which determine the system more precisely. This paper reviews the application of graph theory and mathematical methods to model biological networks and to study the aging process. Aging is a complex phenomenon that occurs at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels, and understanding the mechanisms that drive aging requires a system-level approach. Biological networks, including protein-protein interaction networks, genetic regulatory networks, and metabolic networks, play a critical role in aging. Graph theory provides a powerful tool for modeling and analyzing complex networks, and mathematical methods can be used to simulate the dynamics of these networks during aging.

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SOCIAL SERVICES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE SOCIAL WELFARE SYSTEM FOR THE OLDER PEOPLE IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA: STATE AND TRENDS

Author(s): Danijel Knežević,Maja Has / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The research topic of this paper is social welfare for older people. Social services in the social welfare system improve the quality of life for socially vulnerable groups. The fact that people aged 65 and over made up 20.6% of the population of the Republic of Croatia in 2019, with a projected increase to 30.2% by 2050 (MROSP, 2021), shows the importance of research on older people. The aim of the paper is to present and analyze the availability of social services within the Croatian social welfare system for older people. Data in this paper were collected from secondary sources (databases of relevant institutions and their publications, as well as books, articles, and online sources in the field of social policy). The research results can serve as guidelines for future action and the development of policies tailored to the needs and welfare of older people.

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DEATH AND CIVIL LAW

Author(s): Dubravka Klasiček,Tomislav Nedić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Death represents the end point of aging and life is an inherent part of nature. However, it is also of great importance in many areas of law. As a legal fact, death is essential in civil law and in legal relations governed by civil law. In bioethical scientific circles, the final point of life has come to the fore, which is of the utmost importance for civil law. In civil law, it is crucial to determine the exact moment of death because since Roman law, death has been a fact that determines the end of a person’s legal subjecthood, causes legal affairs mortis causa to take effect, is one of the main prerequisites of inheritance law, and causes certain uninheritable rights and obligations to cease. The first part of this paper will focus on particular bioethical, legal, and medical issues concerning death. The second part will focus on the civil law regulation of death in Roman (private) law. Finally, the third part will deal with the consequences of death in certain parts of contemporary civil law, as well as with natural persons and their legal subjecthood.

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THEOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM OF THE AGING OF THE POPULATION

Author(s): Ivan Benaković / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aging of the world’s population is an issue of concern to people worldwide. Therefore, in our paper, starting from theology, we will try to explain why our population is getting older. At the same time, we will attempt to give some solutions to reduce the aging of the population. The starting point for our analysis, and thus the methodology of the paper, will be the theological analysis of selected parts of the Bible that can shed some light on the problem of population aging. In addition to biblical texts, our paper will use insights from other theological disciplines such as pastoral theology. Hence, we believe that the cause of population aging is first of all the state of mind of a nation. Aging is a self-explanatory sociological phenomenon that greatly affects people’s spirituality.

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