![Zkušenosti s kyberobtěžováním v Norsku](/api/image/getgrayliteraturecoverimage?id=document_cover-page-image_766359.jpg)
We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Anonymous users stole the show this quarter. Never before have we observed such high levels of activity from anonymous accounts. At the same time, bot activity in Russian-language conversations about NATO activity in the Baltics and Poland has emerged from its winter slumber. In the wake of the Skripal poisonings in the UK in March, Russian-language bot and anonymous activity about NATO more than doubled. Mentions of NATO on VK, in contrast, have been stable and declining during the whole period. Social media companies are working to end platform misuse. But malicious activity is evolving. Today, anonymous accounts are dominating the conversation. These accounts are either operated manually, or they have become advanced enough to fool human observers. The responses from open and free societies to the problem of online malicious activity have neither been strong enough, nor consistent enough. Figures presented in this issue reveal a disparity between the conversation quality in English and Russian-language spaces. Currently, the Russian-language conversation about NATO in the Baltics and Poland has six times the proportion of content from bot and anonymous accounts. As Twitter has taken steps to remove bots, the disparity has only widened. We assess that 93% of Russian-language accounts in our dataset are operated anonymously or automatically. In no way does this conversation mirror opinions of citizens. Journalists, policy makers, and advertisers take note!
More...
This report presents top-level findings from the first research project to systematically track and measure the scale of inauthentic activity on the Russian social network VK. On VK, a vocal core consisting of loyal news media, pro-Kremlin groups, and bots and trolls dominates the conversation about NATO. The volume of material from this core group is such, that overall genuine users account for only of 14% of the total number of messages about NATO in the Baltic States and Poland. The spread of demonstrably fake content can offer a starting point for measuring how social media manipulation impacts genuine conversations. In the case of one story about a fictitious Finnish blogger, our algorithm estimates that at least 80% of users who shared the fake story were authentic. This quarter, messages appeared in more than 2 000 different group pages on VK. Setting aside messages from group pages, 37% of VK posts came from ‘bot’ accounts—software that mimics human behavior online. This level of activity is comparable to what we have seen on Russian-language Twitter. Unlike on Twitter, where the vast majority of human-controlled accounts are operated anonymously, on VK most accounts are likely to be authentic. Western social media companies have belatedly taken an active role in reducing the reach of the Kremlin’s social media manipulation efforts. However, it remains hard for researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of these measures on platforms such as Facebook and Instagram. In this context, VK offers a cautionary view of a network with minimal privacy, regulation, and moderation.
More...
President Trump’s whirlwind tour of Europe in July provoked ferocious discussion about NATO on social media. Anonymous human-controlled English-language accounts, expressing positions in support of or in opposition to the US President, dominated online conversations. Compared to the levels observed in the Spring issue of Robotrolling, the volume of English-language messages has more than doubled. The increasing proportion of anonymous accounts active during key political moments indicate that anonymity is being abused to cloak manipulation on social networks. We call on social media companies to keep investing in countering platform misuse. The social media companies Reddit and Twitter have released lists of accounts identified as originating from the notorious St Petersburg ‘troll factory’—the Internet Research Agency (IRA). In this issue, we present the first quantitative analysis comparing English- and Russian-language posts from these accounts. The IRA bombarded citizens in Russia and its neighboring states with pro-Kremlin propaganda. For English, fake accounts posed as Trump supporters, and argued both sides of the Black Lives Matter controversy. Russian-language material closely echoed and amplified the narratives popularized by Russian state-media. Amongst the accounts identified by Twitter, 26 also posted about NATO in the Baltics and Poland. Our algorithm correctly identified 24 of these as bot accounts. The other two accounts were anonymous human-controlled (troll) accounts.
More...
The paper considers some criminal law aspects of “hate speech” on electronic media and internet. After the definition of meaning of the term “hate speech” provided for the needs of the paper, and a review of obligations of the member States concerning prohibition and criminalization of hate speech in certain international legal documents, the paper also gives a review of the manner and scope of criminalization of hate speech in the criminal codes in force in BiH. In addition to an analysis of the principal legal elements of the related criminal offenses, the paper pays a special attention to the preconditions which must be satisfied in order that a conviction for the criminal offense of hate speech is not in violation of the right to free expression as one of the fundamental human rights. The paper also refers to the responsibility of journalists and media for hate speech and its spreading, as well as the responsibility of mediators – service providers for hate speech of others.
More...
After analyzing the prohibition of hate speech in international law and practice, the author analyzes the normative and institutional framework for hate speech prohibition in Serbia. The analysis points to valid legal solutions to this prohibition, regulations of regulatory bodies that are responsible for combating hate speech in print and electronic media and the Internet, and then provides an overview of institutional mechanisms of protection against hate speech. After that, the author gives a critical overview of the functioning of the normative-institutional framework for the prohibition of hate speech and points to the key problems, first of all: the problem of media freedom, the high degree of non-recognition of the essence of discrimination and hate speech among representatives of the public authorities, the problem regarding the functioning and independence of regulatory bodies, but also the judicial system in general. Political discourse in Serbia is burdened with the spirit of intolerance and rhetoric that often contains hate speech. The fact that pro-government media often appear as actors of such rhetoric is worrying, as it points to the readiness of the public authorities to promote a critical dialogue that is the premise of a healthy democratic society.
More...
If the seriousness of a given “emerging security threat” is measured by the number of recent analyses devoted to it or the proliferation of experts studying it, then cyberthreats must now surpass the dangers of offline terrorism and energy security. While all issues “cyber” attract a high level of policymaker attention, another threat seems to have been forgotten and marginalised: cyberterrorism. To an extent, the evolution of cyberterrorism mirrors that of “regular” terrorism, which erupted as the “weapon of the weak,” and after a state-sponsored phase seems to be returning to its sub-state or even “lone wolf” roots. Cyberthreats, on the other hand, originally of a sub-state nature, are now mostly in the domain of state entities that have not yet made the decision to launch state-sponsored cyberterrorism.
More...
China’s authorities are expanding the promotion of Chinese politics abroad through social media such as Twitter and Facebook, popular in Europe and the U.S. but blocked in China. In recent months, many Chinese diplomatic missions and ambassadors have set up accounts on these platforms, and Twitter profiles had already been established by prominent state media employees. Through their interactions with users and positive presentations of Chinese policy, they seek to change attitudes to China in European and American societies and sway experts and political leaders in their countries. Although these actions are in the preliminary stage, the Chinese authorities will try to expand their influence on the decision-making processes in the EU and U.S.
More...
Władze ChRL poszerzają promocję chińskiej polityki za granicą przez media społecznościowe takie jak Twitter i Facebook, popularne w Europie czy USA, ale blokowane w ChRL. W ostatnich miesiącach wiele chińskich placówek dyplomatycznych i ambasadorów założyło na nich konta. Profile na Twitterze mieli już wcześniej prominentni pracownicy mediów państwowych. Wchodząc w interakcje z użytkownikami i przedstawiając politykę ChRL w pozytywnym świetle, dążą do zmiany nastawienia europejskich i amerykańskich społeczeństw – w tym aparatu władzy i ekspertów – do Chin. Choć działania te są na początkowym etapie, władze ChRL będą je rozwijać, próbując wpływać na proces decyzyjny w UE i USA.
More...
The Russian authorities actively use the digital space to achieve foreign policy goals. On Russia’s initiative, the UN General Assembly adopted two new resolutions in the field of cybersecurity. The first concerns the rules of conduct of states on the internet and the second deals with cybercrime. They were adopted despite opposition from Western countries. Russia is trying to protect the Russian network against external influence. The aim of these activities is ensuring the stability of the internal political regime.
More...
Rosyjskie władze aktywnie wykorzystują przestrzeń cyfrową do realizacji celów polityki zagranicznej. Z inicjatywy Rosji Zgromadzenie Ogólne ONZ przyjęło dwie nowe rezolucje z zakresu cyberbezpieczeństwa. Pierwsza dotyczy zasad postępowania państw w internecie, druga – walki z cyberprzestępczością. Zostały one przegłosowane przy sprzeciwie państw zachodnich. Rosja stara się chronić rosyjską sieć internetową przed wpływami zewnętrznymi. Celem tych działań jest stabilność wewnętrznego reżimu politycznego.
More...
Estonia's commitment to strengthening cybersecurity is a result of its experience as a victim of hacking. At the same time, Estonian authorities are consistently raising the country's informatisation level and lobbying for an effective digital single market in the EU. For Estonia, expertise in increasing cybersecurity has become the country’s unique brand, and the application of comprehensive and effective solutions means that it can be a model partner for Poland in digitisation and combating cyberthreats.
More...
Zaangażowanie Estonii we wzmocnienie cyberbezpieczeństwa jest wynikiem ataków hakerskich, jakich doświadczyła. Jednocześnie estońskie władze konsekwentnie podnoszą poziom cyfryzacji kraju oraz lobbują na rzecz efektywnego jednolitego rynku cyfrowego w UE. Dążenie Estonii do zwiększania cyberbezpieczeństwa stało się wręcz jej znakiem rozpoznawczym. Stosowanie przez nią kompleksowych i efektywnych rozwiązań sprawia, że może ona być dla Polski wzorcowym partnerem w cyfryzacji i zwalczaniu zagrożeń cybernetycznych.
More...
In today`s digital world, threats to national security are growing in cyberspace, the virtual environment where computer systems and networks operate, and data and information are exchanged and stored. These threats are manifested through various cyber-attacks aimed at disrupting the operations of state institutions and security systems, affecting the economic interests of private companies and the normal functioning of civil society. Information security is crucial in today`s digital realm by protecting data, systems, and resources from various threats and risks.
More...
V poslední kapitole se díváme na budoucnost webových knih a digitálního čtení perspektivou designové spekulace. Prostřednictvím identifikace trendů se snažíme formulovat možné budoucnosti a přemýšlet o (ne)materialitě knihy či čtení v post-antropické budoucnosti. Kapitola je zkráceným a upraveným výňatkem z rozpracovaného disertačního výzkumu, který probíhá v rámci doktorského studia v Ateliéru grafického designu na Fakultě multimediálních komunikací Univerzity Tomáše Bati ve Zlíně.
More...
Public administration intends, as in all modern countries, to solve public affairs, it is linked to the state system, and it must act for the common good. Continuous adaptation to society's needs is a constant concern of public authorities. One such concern is the digitalization of public services, which consists of a set of activities necessary to adapt all legally regulated processes to transfer the stages of their fulfillment to automated information technology infrastructures organized by artificial intelligence. In this article, starting from the purpose of the public administration, using the logical interpretation, as well as the comparative analysis, we aimed at highlighting the need for the digitalization of public services and the benefits of this process, in the context of a complex legislative framework, emphasizing, at the same time, the difficulties of correlation with economic and social impact in public administration. The digitalization of public services is a mandatory requirement, which will represent a solution for the uniqueness of the stages within the technical-material operations, aspects that will eliminate any possible violations of fundamental rights and freedoms. Digitalization aims not only at facilitating citizens' access to the benefits of public services, but also at changing the perception of citizens towards the public administration, the goal being the achievement of a transparent public administration, as close as possible to the citizen.
More...
To write about a branch of law entitled "new technologies" places us in a challenging but topical realm because we can only identify in a fragmentary way the meaning of a set of legal rules that have been promulgated by the legislature, and even less the positive law that is actually applicable at national level or even in most EU countries. However, it is not only with this thought that we proceed in the conception of the present material, but also with the idea that has become dominant as a business concern, an idea that highlights the prerogative of any person to "try his luck" by concluding a coded agreement , using a laptop and at the same time at least one other subject of law willing in consensus to use blockchain technology. We can also visualize the public official automatically enrolled in the digitization process, acting as a "business partner" of the public administration and performing in the context of the current legal area mismatch service duties using blockchain technology in energy market procurement. To conclude a so-called "smart contract" by means of blockchain technology certainly implies an agreement of wills and the typed intention of the parties concerned in a legal framework not regulated by general legal rules or specific and applicable particular provisions. We thus aim to quantify and even outline a legitimate content with finality, which aims at what as early as 2018 at the level of the Committee on International Trade was highlighted and expressed in the Report4 indicating blockchain technology as a policy and business practice of the future that seems to have already caught up with us. This paper proposes a statistical study that reflects the integration of the concepts of blockchain technology and smart contracts into the knowledge of legal-administrative practice in Romania.
More...