Z vzgojo do največje možne sreče ljudstva

Author(s): Andrej Studen / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014

The unshakeable faith in educability and the need to educate people was in the centre of the emancipation concepts of the 18th-century enlightenment. Therefore the 18th-century intellectuals wanted to spread their ideas among the widest possible circle of people. In the context of their widespread campaign of accustoming the population to work, diligence and prudent economy, increasing amounts of attention were paid to the education of the people. Also in Slovenia we encounter enlightenment-oriented intellectuals from the ranks of nobility, bureaucracy, clergy and wealthy bourgeoisie, who were convinced that through education and schooling the people could be liberated from the chains of ignorance and that a more rational social order could be established, allowing everybody to achieve the »greatest possible happiness«. In the 1770s Ljubljana became the centre of the new spirit. In his case study the author of the article focuses on some of the more prominent members of the 18th-century enlightenment (Campe, Becker, Franklin), underlines the educational and pedagogical importance of their works, and explores the reception and translations of their works in Slovenia. Besides being an inspiration in other areas, Benjamin Franklin supposedly also influenced the publication of Velika pratika (1795–97), which Valentin Vodnik was encouraged to work on by one of the most notable intellectuals at the time, Žiga Zois. Of course, the exceedingly low literacy rate at the time presented a serious obstacle to the dissemination of information in the Slovenian language. Therefore priests were especially important as intermediaries between the printed word and the people.

Az 1820-as spanyol forradalom visszhangja a The Times lapjain

Author(s): Ádám Dombovári / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2008

The study presents the revolution in Spain with the leadership of Riego in 1820 on the base of an English newspaper, The Times.

Adalékok a kolozsvári lengyel unitáriusok történetéhez. A lengyel imaház és paplak története a dokumentumok tükrében

Author(s): Norbert Zsolt Rácz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2016

Sikertelen térítési történet a 18. században

Author(s): Erzsébet Mislovics,Michael K. Silber / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2016

This study is the methodological analysis of a literary presentation and its historical sources of an account of an unsuccessful conversion in Hungary in the 18th century. During the second half of the 18th century, Hungarian Jews lodged several complaints to the monarch, providing accounts of their children’s christening in their infancy. An unknown author, presumably a contemporary, depicted the christening of a young Jewish girl in a literary work, and the struggle between the Jewish and the Christian communities over the girl’s education sometime later. The story reveals that the young girl persevered and was determined to keep her Jewish faith. Although the manuscript of the account came into the possession of Joseph (Juspa) Flesch, (1788–1854) rabbi of Veszprém, sometime during the first half of the 19th century, it was published only in 1925 by his great-grandson, and then only in an English translation. The authenticity of the literary piece of the unsuccessful conversion is verified by archival sources. Fictitious events enrich the work in several cases, presenting her exemplary deeds to the public by spiritualizing the girl’s attachment to her Jewish religion and to traditional values. The archival sources testifying to the events, reflect the voices of representatives of the church and secular society and illustrate the procedure of official bodies in certain christening ceremonies as well as the options of individuals in these processes. Nevertheless, the literary piece conceals some questions: did its author live when these events took place as the manuscript states, or as the linguistic evidence of the account seems to suggest, much later, at the beginning of the 19th century? Why was the manuscript not published at this time? The analysis is followed by a transcription of the manuscript from the original Jüdisch- Deutsch, that is Judeo-German in Hebrew characters

Simonyi óbester és a többiek

Author(s): Balázs Lázár / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2016

Réfi Attila: A császári-királyi huszárság törzstiszti kara a francia forradalmi és napóleoni háborúk korában. (1792–1815). MTA Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont – Nádasdy Ferenc Múzeum, Budapest– Sárvár, 2014. 514 oldal

Skót és német históriák (európai) magyar szemmel (is)

Author(s): Csaba Lévai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2016

Egy magyar származású francia diplomata levelei krími küldetése idejéről

Author(s): Zoltán Péter Bagi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2016

Ferenc Tóth (dir.): La correspondance consulaire Crimée du baron de Tott (1767–1770) (Centre d’Histoire Diplomatique Ottomane/Center for Ottoman Diplomatic History) Les Editions Isis, Istanbul, 2014. 266 oldal

Przedmonarchistyczna idea oświeceniowego patriotyzmu

Author(s): Arkadiusz M. Stasiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2005

The monarchal camp between the years 1765 and 1771 consistently disapproved of all images of love of the homeland that had a traditionalist and republican character. Representatives of this fraction, i.e. of the pro-royal orientation, adopted for their programs the ideas of love of the homeland that functioned as early as the first half of the 18th century. And even though they enriched with new elements the thought they had borrowed, they did it in a marginal way. First of all they expressed their criticism of the existing models. I think that the criticism set the authors free of the irrational and non-reflective view typical of the group. Identifying the homeland with the institution of the state, representatives of the group centered around the person of the King, including the monarch himself, used the argument of not observing the law by the confederates as a manifestation of non-patriotic behavior.

Vilniaus vyskupo koadjutoriaus Juozapo Stanislovo Sapiegos (1708 −1754) dailės rinkinys: socialinio statuso ženklai

Author(s): Aistė Paliušytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3-4/2009

In the focus of the article is the art collection of the Vilnius coadjutor bishop Józef Stanisław Sapieha, with a particular emphasis on its representational nature. The basic sources of reference are the inventory of Sapieha’s posthumous property of 1754 held at the Manuscript Department of Vasyl Stefanyk Lviv National Scientific Library of Ukraine, correspondence and other sources. The collection is compared with the art collections of other eighteenth­century collectors of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the hierarchs of the Catholic Church and the closest relatives of the Sapieha family. The proximity of the Sapieha collection to the collections of representatives of the social elite of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 18th century is revealed. The collection contains numerous religious images, relics and other devotional objects, and its large part is comprised of examples of secular painting, mainly portraits, which represent their owner not only as a high ­ranking clergyman, but also as a member of a noble family. Landscapes and animalistic works, less common to earlier collections of clergymen, testify to the general changes of contents in the 18th century collections of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and a change in the understanding of a valuable and prestigious collection gradually taking place in society. Rich and diverse in terms of genre, Sapieha’s collection is probably one of the most extraordinary in the history of clergymen of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Placed in the context of the earlier tradition of bishops’ collections, it reveals the taste of a clergyman of the late Baroque period and the increasingly secular character of his collection in the culture of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the dawn of the age of Enlightenment.

Aspects of Urban Life in Eighteenth-Century Transylvania: Administrative History and Natural Phenomena in Martin Bredt’s Town Chronicle of Reghinul Săsesc

Author(s): Dorin-Ioan Rus / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2016

The article includes a translation and critical assessment of the orator Martin Bredt's family chronicle written in the Transylvanian town of Reghin in the eighteenth-century. A copy of the chronicle can be found in the Transylvanian Archives in Gundelsheim am Neckar, Germany. The article presents the historical and social context in which the chronicle was written, the composition of the town council of which Bredt was a member, as well as the chronicle's scientific importance for the history of Reghin. Despite being of secondary importance, the chronicle still provides valuable data on the town's history before 1848 when its archives perished in a fire. Therefore, it fills certain gaps regarding the construction of the local Roman Catholic church, the settlement of Catholic families in a predominantly Lutheran town, natural event and the expansion of the town's limits. Moreover, the chronicle reinforces and complements data provided by other sources on Reghin and its surroundings at the end of the eighteenth century. The text of the chronicle reminds of the Humanistic tradition in which the recount of a town's history is combined with the description of buildings and the enumeration of functionaries.

Orăşeni stăpâni de pământ în Moldova secolului al XVIII-lea. Cazurile satelor Roşcani şi Găureni

Author(s): Marius Chelcu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 5/2013

The author tries, by means of case studies, to approach the problem of landowning in the case of citizens. The topic has not enjoyed by now, in the Romanian historiography, special investigation, being only tangentially dealt with, most of the times in relation to the citizens’ aspiration to gain access to the boyars’ social category. From this standpoint, in the absence of a more thorough analysis, the acquiring of lands by the citizens tends to be interpreted rather as a mandatory phase in legitimating a future ennoblement, while the economic motivation of landowning is passed over. By researching the content of several documents from the collection of volumes about the history of the city of Iaşi and of a number of unpublished acts from the National Archives of Iaşi, the author tried to reconstruct, partially at least, the destiny of two families of merchants that owned, in the 18th century, two estates near Iaşi (Roşcani and Găureni). At the same time, the author attempted an identification of the reasons – particularly the economic ones – why some merchants, inhabitants of the cities of Iaşi and Botoşani, with business relations in Transylvania and Poland, became owners of large estates neighbouring the city.

Practici medicale şi instituţionale de combatere a epidemiilor în Ungaria, Transilvania şi Banat, 1770-1850

Author(s): Teodora Daniela Sechel / Language(s): Romanian Issue: Suppl.1/2014

Între medieval și modern: cazul armatei Moldovei în preajma anului 1711

Author(s): Andrei Pogăcias / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 8/2016

The Russian-Moldavian-Ottoman War of 1711 was one of the shortest in European history, actually a campaign with a few skirmishes and a gruesome battle around a fortified wagon camp. The political and military aspects of this event have been analyzed by historians over the years. This article focuses on one element which was avoided by all until now – the Moldavian army, its composition, numbers, weapons, tactics, effectiveness. The first material of this kind, the article brings together all available sources from the period, to try and build a comprehensive image of an army showing to be caught between two periods: the Middle Ages and the modern period.

Окружница епископа Петронија Љубибратића из манастира Савина

Author(s): Marina Matić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 37/2016

The text clarifies doubts concerning the Circular (1701) written by Bishop Petronije Ljubibratić from the Savina Monastery. For more than a hundred years, confusion was caused with the published version of the document and the incorrectly stated signatory – Bishop Stefan Ljubibratić. During our research in the Savina Monastery, we determined that the published content of the document was correct, but that its signatory was undoubtedly Bishop Petronije, and not Stefan Ljubibratić. We had an additional confirmation in a rather well­ preserved seal on the document. It was possible to read most of the content and outline of the seal.

Попис православних свештеника Градишке регименте из 1760. године

Author(s): Jelena Ilić Mandić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 37/2016

The census of households of Serbian Orthodox priests in the Gradiška regiment was carried out by regiment military authorities in 1760, during the Seven Years’ War. Their aim was to point to the increase in the number of privileged households in the territory of the regiment compared to the earlier census of 1756. Owing to the spiritual status of one of their members, these households enjoyed immunity and were exempted from tax and military duties. The census published here is one of the few which recorded all men living in Serbian priest households. As such, it helps us learn about the size and structure of these households. In addition to data about the number of family members, names, age and military status of male members, the census also contains data on arable surfaces owned by the households (ploughed fields, meadows and orchards). The census covered 41 priests from 19 Serbian settlements. A difference was made between the “old” (16) and “new“ (25) priests, depending on whether they were ordained before or after 1756. Referring to earlier bans on an increase in the number of Orthodox priests, the military authorities believed that male members of new priest households should be treated as conscripts, just as they were before some of their members were ordained priests. In contrast, the Bishop of Pakrac required that all members of priest families be considered privileged, regardless of whether their representatives were “old” or “new” priests, i.e. priests with or without parishes. The view of the church representatives had greater weight despite the disagreements. Based on the census, 176 persons in “new” priest households had to be exempted from the customary military service, while the privileged position of the “old” priests and their household members was already taken into account. The fact that these households, as a rule, had a greater number of members than the households of their parishioners played an important role in the conflict between the military authorities and the Orthodox clergy concerning military and tax duties of male members of priest families. A household of a Serbian Orthodox priest in the Gradiška regiment had 7.18 men on average, of whom 4.29 were adult men (above 16), while around a fifth of households covered by the census had between ten and 16 male members.

Жалбе сремских села на Регуламент из 1777. године

Author(s): Isidora Točanac Radović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 37/2016

The dissatisfaction of the Serbian population in the Habsburg monarchy culminated in 1777 over the changes in the organisation and internal relations of the Karlovci Metropolitanate, including in the field of national church and cultural-educational life, introduced under the pressure of state authorities. Metropolitan Vićentije Jovanović Vidak was invited to the Court to explain in detail the reasons for the Serbs’ dissatisfaction. During his stay in Vienna, he received a great number of complaints of Serbian municipalities against the reform and the Regulament – the law on the Serbian Orthodox Church adopted in January 1777. Based on the complaints received, he compiled a comprehensive petition and submitted it to the Court in February 1778. Three complaints of Serbian municipalities from Srem, presented in this paper, were also part of well-organised and coordinated activities against the reform. The timing of the complaints from the villages of Jazak, Grabovo and Ležimir shows that the activities of the Serbian municipalities began before the Metropolitan departed to Vienna, confirming that he was behind the protest. The documents contain general remarks of the Serbs against the reform, including the aspects especially burdening each of the municipalities. What is particularly important is that the documents were signed by all adult male inhabitants.

Обнова цркве у мачванској Црној Бари 1781. године

Author(s): Srđan Katić,Tatjana Katić,Radomir J. Popović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 37/2016

The document that we present here is housed in The Ottoman Archives of the Prime Minister's Office in Istanbul (İstanbul, Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Gayri Müslimler Dinî ve Hayrî İşler Kalemi Belgeleri (A.DVN.KLS) dosya 1, vesika n. 37). That is the report of the kadi of Šabac relating to the restoration of the church in the Mačva village of Crna Bara compiled on 2 July 1781. It is diplomatically classified into the category of ilams (i‘lām) – court reports with the proposal to solve a problem, submitted by a kadi or his representative naib to higher authorities. The procedure of the permit issuance depended on the scope of the work. The permit for smaller repairs was usually issued by the vali – the highest state authority for a particular area. Upon the completion of works, a commission would go to the scene, draw up a report and submit it to the kadi. The kadi would forward it, along with his opinion, to the vali. The governor of a province would then issue the buyruldi confirming that the repair was in line with law and that no one had the right to make additional inspections. In the case of the restoration of the church in Crna Bara, members of the commission disagreed because the mubashir, appointed by the Belgrade vali, tried to extort a bribe. Namely, even before the commission prepared a joint report on repairs of the church in Crna Bara, the mubashir sent to the vali a separate opinion that the church was expanded compared to its previous state. As the Belgrade vizier then ordered that the inhabitants of Crna Bara and the surrounding villages be apprehended, it is clear that he sided with his mubashir. In this case, the kadi of Šabac had to address the central authorities as the danger loomed that people would leave their villages, fearing prison and other punishments. The church in Crna Bara is one of the oldest churches in Mačva. It existed in the 18th century, as attested by this Ottoman document as well. The Turks destroyed it at the time of the First Serbian Uprising on 4/16 May 1809. After the Second Serbian Uprising in 1815, instead of Crna Bara, a church was built in the neighbouring village of Glogovac, where the priests from Crna Bara served during the 19th century. The present-day church in Crna Bara is dedicated to the Ascension of the Lord and was officially consecrated in 1927.

К истории русско-украинско-сербских отношений в начале XVIII в.: «Забытая» миссия в Россию капитана Арсения Лешевича

Author(s): Kirill Alexandrovich Kochegarov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 65/2016

The article deals with previously unknown aspects of contacts of Serbian officers with Russia at the beginning of the XVIII century. In 1703, in a visit to Russia Serbian Captain A. Leshevich offered the tsarist government the participation of the Serbian armed forces in the war against the Ottoman Empire. The article contains previously unknown facts about the arrival of colonel P. Bozic in Russia (in 1708), seeking permission from the tsarist government for the the creation of the Serbian regiment on Russian-Turkish border.

Борба за Далматинско-бокељску епископију у XVIII веку

Author(s): Marina Matić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 65/2016

The text deals with the attempts of Orthodox Christian Serbs in Dalmatia and Boka to obtain the right to have a bishop for these areas in the XVIII century, under Venetian rule. The Savina Monastery was an important stronghold of the fight, as well as a religious, political and spiritual center of Orthodox Serbs in the XVIII­century Boka, at the time when there was neither a state nor church organization there. Bishops Savatije and Stefan Ljubibratić were active within the Monastery and persistently attempted to solve the issue of the Bishop of Dalmatia and Boka. Entrepreneurial priors of Savina, above all Archimandrite Leontije Rajović and Prior Arsenije Milutinović, would later continue to fight for the same cause. A large repository of unpublished Venetian XVIII­-century archive material, most of it stored in the Archive of Herceg­-Novi and Archive of the Savina Monastery, enabled us to complete the answers to many questions about this subject, to shed light on the roles of the mentioned persons, as well as to eliminate certain doubts and inaccuracies.

A kolozsvári Unitárius Kollégium matriculái a Magyar Unitárius Egyház Kolozsvári Gyűjtőlevéltárában

Author(s): Lehel Molnár B. / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2016