Propagandowy wymiar uroczystości dworskich w pierwszych latach panowania Augusta III

Author(s): Tomasz Ciesielski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2015

In the first years of August III reign at the royal-electoral court a practice of celebrating not only the anniversaries of the ascension to the throne but also the birthdays and the name days of the king and the members of his family was formalised. Moreover, a public character was conferred to these celebrations. This served to create an appropriate image of the monarch among his subjects and as far as this aspect is concerned, the Wettins did not differ from other European rulers. The peculiar situation which arose in the Republic during August III’s reign consisted in the popularisation of the practice of celebrating the anniversaries of the election, coronation, birthday and name day of the king in such a way that they began to be celebrated as almost state ceremonies. The organisation of the festivities which were associated with these anniversaries ceased to be initiated exclusively by the royal court but they began to be organised also by ministers, senators and the people who managed the work of the judicial institutions whose officials convened every few months. Moreover, the custom of celebrating the name days and the birthdays in a sumptuous and even public manner became popular at the courts of magnates, whose rhythm of life began to be regulated also by celebrations of this sort. Therefore it is hardly surprising that also during Stanisław August’s reign the anniversaries of the coronation, birthday or name day celebrations continued to maintain the status of almost state festivities, celebrated not only in Warsaw but also in all the major state cities and the places were military units were garrisoned. The celebrations of the name day of the monarch assumed special significance because they fell on the day of the commemoration of St. Stanislaus, the patron of the Polish people as well as on the day of the Medal of St. Stanislaus which was established on 7 May 1765. The obligatory elements of the celebrations included votive masses, sumptuous dinners or suppers, bell ringing, volleys performed by means of cannons and other types of weapons, illuminations of the cities and fireworks.

Cele i skutki rozdwojenia sejmiku podolskiego w 1786 roku

Author(s): Andrzej Stroynowski / Language(s): Issue: 8/2015

The division of the sejmik of Podolia in 1786 went beyond the context of a mere struggle for the seats in the assembly. The local activists of the court party decided to divide the sejmik thanks to the appropriate support of the nobility and thanks to the fact that they started its session in a church which did not feature a tradition of holding sessions of an assembly. Despite this violation of the law their sejmik was recognised by the majority in the assembly during the expulsions from the assembly, which was a result of the overwhelming superiority of the supporters of the court. Another result of this violation of the law and customs was such antagonisation of those who participated in sessions that debate could not be brought under control and the session adjourned with the rejection of the bills of the reform of military regulations. Such a result of the division of the Podolia sejm was foreseeable. In this situation a question was made about the aims of the court which must have been significant enough that it was worthwhile to run the risk of the failure of the attempts at a military reform for the sake of the realisation of these aims. An intention to demonstrate before Petersburg the inability to bring the sejm under control in the context of the emergence of a strong opposition could have been an undercurrent of this intention. However, a more likely reason for this was the intention to discredit Prince Adam Czartoryski, whose ideological and cultural activities in Puławy began to endanger the king’s monopoly for propagating the ideas of the Enlightenment in the country. Whereas a permanent result of the division of the session in Kamieniec Podolski, which was unexpected by the court, was the elaboration of the bill of the reform of the regional assemblies by the Potocki family, which was realised until the sessions of the Four-Year Sejm.

Musical Works of Father Eustachius Wagner (1714–1782) from Krzeszów in the Light of The Litany in Honour of St. Joseph

Author(s): Łukasz Kutrowski / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2015

Fr. Eustachius Wagner’s musical activities with his work as a composer is closely related to the musical and liturgical centre of the Cistercian abbey in Krzeszów. Accordingly, the music is inspired by the native trends. Furthermore, in terms of the music style, it refers to the period of the so-called Early Classicism, also called the pre-Classicism period. Fr. Eustachius Wagner lived between 1714–1782. He was born in Nowy Waliszów near Bystrzyca Kłodzka. He joined the Cistercian order in the monastery of Krzeszów, where he spent most of his life. He became famous as an excellent organist, cantor, conductor and composer. He used to collaborate with many other music centres in Silesia and in Europe. He composed polyphonically—for the purpose of the music band in Krzeszów—Marian antiphons, the Litany of Saint Joseph, Requiem Mass, and the offertory for the feast of Our Lady. Lytaniae ex D de Santco Jospeho was written between 1730 and 1782. It was earmarked for the band of Krzeszów on a four-voice choir, two violins, two trumpets and the organ. The litany consists of five parts, which differ among one another, primarily in terms of tone, tempo and arrangements. In order to highlight certain elements of the text, the composer applied various composition techniques, among which rhetorical figures deserve special recognition.

Stănileşti 1711 – obiectiv şi subiectiv

Author(s): Nicolae Bacalbaşa Dobrovici / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2011

The article deals with the international circumstances surrounding the battle from Stănileşti, from 1711, and with its consequences. The author underlines not only the political conditions of the event, but also the personalities of those involved in the deployment of the facts, stressing the importance of the personal ambitions and inclinations in the taking of political decisions. In fact, the study represents a psychological analysis of the personalities that played a crucial role in that event, revealing several surprising facts that, in spite of their seemingly minor character, had a decisive importance for the deployment of facts.

John Adams and the Politics of Disjunction

Author(s): Marcin Gajek / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2015

While John Adams’ position as one of the prominent founding fathers has never been disputed, his presidency is predominantly assessed as mediocre. Many scholars argued that Adams was not only deprived of leadership and executive skills, but that he also lacked a coherent policy vision. The present paper argues that Adams’ failure as a chief-executive resulted not from the lack of a set agenda but rather from his outdated visions of politics and presidency. Both his leadership style and specific policies pursued by him constitute an example of the politics of disjunction. His desire to follow Washington’s Farewell Address was doomed to failure because of the quick transformation of American politics at the beginning of the nineteenth century. At the same time, his attachment to the classical ideal of the “aristocratic republic” was indefensible in the era of progressing democratization of popular moods. Combined, those two elements resulted in Adams failing to provide strong leadership to the Federalist party and to his inability to secure presidential re-election.

Geneza i działalność bractw kościelnych w Europie i w Polsce do końca XVIII wieku

Author(s): Rafał Kłopotek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37/2015

Początków bractw religijnych należy szukać już w starożytności, kiedy to grupy ludzi grzebały zmarłych w katakumbach. Na zachodzie pierwsze bractwa powstały już we wczesnym średniowieczu (Niemcy, Francja). Do rozpowszechnienia tego typu organizacji przyczynili się benedyktyni. Ich śladem już w XVIII wieku poszedł kler świecki, który do swych wspólnot brackich przyjmował ludzi zasłużonych. W X wieku istniało wiele bractw we Włoszech i to różnych kategorii. Szeregi bractw zasilały nie tylko osoby świeckie, ale i duchowne. W Polsce rozwój bractw zawdzięczamy kulturze francuskiej, a ich początków należy szukać już w XI lub XII wieku. Organizacje brackie w Polsce różniły się składem społecznym, stanowym i zawodowym, a także stawianymi sobie celami, co przełożyło się na różne ich nazwy. Największy jednak rozkwit bractw w Europie i w Polsce przypada na okres nowożytny, kiedy to do każdego odcinka życia społecznego, każdej warstwy społecznej docierały bractwa i każdy niezależnie od płci i wieku znajdował w nich odpowiednie formy przeżyć religijnych i możliwość działalności społeczno – charytatywnej.

On the Days of the Exiled Prince Rakoczi – Lajos Hopp on Kelemen Mikes

Author(s): Melinda Bányász / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2016

Orpheus és Massinissa

Author(s): Gergely Péterfy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 97/2015

Europa w podróżach Thomasa Jeffersona (1784–1789)

Author(s): Katarzyna Stelmasiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2015

Thomas Jefferson’s views on the contemporary world were mostly based on his own travel observations and experience. The diplomat visited Europe only once, and stayed there between 1784–1789. The major purpose of his visit was a political mission, during which he had a chance to observe France and other European countries. The present article, devoted to Thomas Jefferson’s visit to the Old Continent, describes the journeys he made to several European destinations and discusses his views and opinions on their inhabitants and culture. His correspondence, diaries and travel notes as well as Autobiography served as sources for the article. The diplomat did not publish any of his travel reports. During his five-year stay in Paris, Jefferson made three major journeys. In spring 1786 he went to England to help John Adams with business negotiations. He was received by the King in London. With some exceptions, England hardly impressed him. Another occasion to explore the European Continent was a-three-month journey to southern France and northern Italy made in spring 1787. Jefferson wanted to relax and improve his health in a warmer climate, and also to familiarise himself with the cultivation methods in southern France. Jefferson’s last European peregrination took place in spring 1788. He went to the Low Countries and the Rhineland. The purpose of the trip was to help John Adams to negotiate loans from the Dutch bankers, but the diplomat used this opportunity to make a longer journey along the Rhine to observe agriculture, tourist attractions and people’s everyday life. Leaving France in summer 1789, Thomas Jefferson could consider himself an expert on the Old Continent. The stay assured him that Europe was well ahead of the United States in almost every field, yet it lagged far behind in the government system. For this reason he believed that the future belonged to the New World.

Vojnici iz Ugarske u mletačkim prekomorskim kopnenim postrojbama u 18. stoljeću

Author(s): Lovorka Čoralić,Maja Katušić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 15/2015

The presence and actions of soldiers from Hungary (territory of the Kingdom of Hungary) in the Venetian ground troops in the 18th century are the focal point of this paper. Concerned are the transmarine infantry (Fanti oltramarini) and cavalry units (Cavalleria Croati, Croati a cavallo) that recruited personnel primarily from Venetian trans-Adriatic properties in Istria, Dalmatia and Boka kotorska, although a perceptible number of soldiers from other countries were also recorded. This paper is based on review of archival material of the Archivio di Stato di Venezia, more precisely of the state magistracy Inquisitori sopra l’amministrazione dei pubblici ruoli, which was charged with the recruitment and induction of these units all along the Venetian strategic possessions. Drawing on available archival material (lists of soldiers distributed within particular regiments and the companies belonging to them), this paper pursues the way in which Hungarian soldiers were registered in the sources, the intensity of mentions of them during the 18th century, their classification according to their infantry or cavalry units affiliation; further it pursues individual characteristics (age, stature, hair colour) and lists the military commanders and the places where deployed units were listed. The conclusion drawn after the analyses of the documents is that soldiers from the Kingdom of Hungary made up a considerable part of the Venetian ground troops. At the end of this paper a complete list of all Hungarian soldiers found and analysed in Venetian professional units to date is given.

Katoličko stanovništvo Zmajevca u drugoj polovici 18. stoljeća (1755.-1800.)

Author(s): Eldina Lovaš / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 15/2015

Baranya was, after the liberation from Ottoman rule and the suppression of Francis II Rákóczy’s uprising in the 18th century, exposed to various demographic changes – migrations, new immigrations and planned settlements of the population which led to the creation of a multiethnic and multinational environment. This trend was evident in particular settlements, such as Zmajevac in the 18th century, within the Baranja “triangle”. The analysis of registers of marriages confirmed that the inhabitants of Zmajevac married at a relatively early age. The registration in the registers of marriages included names, marital status (youngster/widower, maiden/widow), age and place of origin. The number of marriages in Zmajevac during the 18th century increased gradually. Remarriages due to the death of spouses were common. The data analysis of registers of births indicates that during the 18th century more male than female children were born in Zmajevac. The children were registered according to name, surname, father’s and mother’s name and the date of baptism. In Zmajevac during the 18th century 25 twins were born and one set of triplets. The register contains also the names of posthumous children and of children born out of wedlock. For illegitimate children usually only the mother’s name was registered while the father mostly remained unknown. The analysis of the register of deaths indicates that in Zmajevac more men than women died during the 18th century. This could be explained by the high birth rate of male children compared to female. Most of the inhabitants died between the age 0 and 18, and only in rare cases did they attain old age. The majority of the population died of illnesses and epidemics; nevertheless there were cases of violent death. Taking into consideration all the analysed data of all three registers, the conclusion can be drawn that the population of Zmajevac during the 18th century showed the characteristics of pre-transitional societies characterized by high birth, mortality and marriage rates.

La mode, le goût, l'imaginaire L'avènement de nouvelles consommations chez les élites françaises à l'aube du 18e siècle

Author(s): Caroline Le Mao / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2013

The 18e century have seen the advent of new consumptions among the French elites. If this phenomenon is well-known in the case of Paris, it is not for provincial towns. Bordeaux become, in the 18e century, a major french port for trade with the West Indies et more over with vaster oceanic horizon. Sugar, tea, coffee, chocolate are the new tastes that Bordeaux discovers. These foodstuffs allow to be fashionable, by frequenting consumption premises or by offering them to friends and relations. Moreover, theses exoctic products generate a „total fashion”, because it implies new goods and new interior décor.

Casanova et la franc-maçonnerie

Author(s): Ilona Kovács / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2013

This study presents Casanova’s life in few words, his travels in Europe and in the meantime the author analyzes his characters and his relations with the freemason. At the end of the study we know the role of the alchemy and the kabbala in the carreer of Casanova.

La France et la Méditerranée centrale entre 1660 et 1792

Author(s): François Brizay / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2013

De l’intérêt des « périphéries » pour les puissances atlantiques : les États-Unis et la navigation en Méditerranée, fin XVIIIe – début XIXe siècle

Author(s): Silvia Marzagalli / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2013

The role and the presence of the United States in the navigation of the Mediterranean Sea.

Green Flag over Texas – The First Republic

Author(s): Andrea Kökény / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

A társadalom összetétele a függetlenné váló Dél-Amerikában: Argentína, Brazília, Paraguay, Uruguay

Author(s): Ágnes Judit Szilágyi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2013

This paper focuses on four Latin American countries, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, and it provides an overview of their societies in the early nineteenth-century. The aim of a comparative analysis is to touch the social conditions and to describe the greatest continuities and discontinuities between the colonial and national periods. Also examined the impact of independence of La Plata region from Spain and Portugal.

„…én igazából közvetítő szerepet is vállalok”

Author(s): Márta Fata,Ágnes Deák / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2015

Egy polgárváros lakóinak élete alulnézetből

Author(s): Hajnalka Hluchány / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2014

Tóth Árpád: Polgári stratégiák. Életutak, családi sorsok és társadalmi viszonyok Pozsonyban 1780 és 1848 között. Kalligram Kiadó, Pozsony, 2009. 261 oldal

Le tremblement de terre de 1755: les lendemains de la tragédie Colère divine ou sentence fatale de la Nature?

Author(s): Maria do Rosário Pimentel / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2009

Portugal in the second part of the 18th century and the explanations about the seism in Lisbon in 1755.