А.А. Андреев. Пребываю верным слугою Вам моему Государю, князь Александр Черкасский
Review of: А.А. Андреев. Пребываю верным слугою Вам моему Государю, князь Александр Черкасский. СПб.: Наука, 2020. 239 с.
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Review of: А.А. Андреев. Пребываю верным слугою Вам моему Государю, князь Александр Черкасский. СПб.: Наука, 2020. 239 с.
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The 18th century was a turning point in the development of Greek spirituality in the Mediterranean and beyond. If at the beginning of this century Western ideas were fused with Orthodox and thus framed in the culture of the time, which in turn was dependent on Byzantine culture, with the middle of the eighteenth century, there is a visible conflict between Orthodox and new culture tendencies of thought that bore the imprint of the Enlightenment. We are witnessing a period of cultural renaissance in modern Greece that was based on an economic substratum, supported by a new bourgeoisie of merchants and bankers. The connection between cultural and commercial centers, supported by a new social class, opened the Hellas to a new vision of the West. Western Europe, viewed from the perspective of cultural and economic development, is becoming a favorable space for investment, it is becoming a cultured and enlightened Europe, a Europe of progress and free spirit. The image is diametrically opposed to what the Easterners ʺsawʺ from the Byzantine perspective: a Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox Europe. These two different perspectives or points of view have led to a new issue regarding the formation of the cultural education of young children. Thus, the central problem of the school is, on the one hand, the maintenance of Hellenism and, on the other hand, the emancipation of the people. It is the period in which the works of Newton, Descartes, Wolf, Locke, Spinoza, Voltaire and Rousseau are massively translated into neo-Greek, the period in which education wants to impart on young people the importance of classical Hellenic culture and, at the same time, that of modern science.
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This article presents the presence of Poles on the islands of the Pacific Ocean, i.e. in Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia, which dates back to the 18th century. They were mainly naturalists accompanying explorers, independent researchers representing various disciplines (e.g. Edmund Strzelecki, Bronisław Malinowski), writers, journalists, World War II refugees, or missionaries. The text also briefly reports on the contemporary activity of Poles and people of Polish descent in the area.
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The article presents the life and work of Franciszek Wierusz-Kowalski, Wieruszowa coat of arms, who lived in the 17th and 18th centuries and came from Radomsko County in Sieradz Land. The study begins with a genealogical account of his ancestors, thanks to which one learns more about the family branch of Wierusz-Kowalskis, who have done great service to the Church and the Country. This tradition no doubt had an influence on the religious and patriotic attitude of the young nobleman, who through family connections became a member of Maria Kazimiera Sobieska’s court and ultimately her most trusted servant. This earned him a place very close to her son Jakub, and he even assumed the position of Great Chamberlain. His close links to the Sobieskis enabled him to make numerous trips abroad (to Italy, France, Bavaria) and establish relations with the royal courts of many European countries, including the pope. After joining the Order of Malta, he was a very active supporter of the Church in Malta, Silesia, Italy, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Jasna Góra Monastery benefited from his considerable contribution; he also supported the Pauline convent in Wielgomłyny and his home parish of Borzykowa.
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Review of: CATHERINE O’DONNELL, Jesuits in the North American Colonies and the United States: Faith, Conflict, Adaptation, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Netherlands 2020, ISBN: 978-90-0442810-2, pp. 112.
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The Braslav gromnichny (deputy) sejmiks of 1750 and 1752 and the repeated embassy sejmik of 1752 ended by successful elections in 1750–1752. The deputies elected at that time represented influential families in the Braslav povet: the Lopatinskys, the Koptys, the Vavzhetskys and the Mirskys. The elected ambassadors in 1752 also belonged to the local elite: Jozef Strutyn`sky and Stefan Bielikovich. The election of Bielikovich as an ambassador was due to the support of his noble patrons, the Oginskys. In contrast to the entire the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, representatives of the noble group “Familia” were rarely elected at the Braslav sejmiks. On the contrary, at least half of the elected deputies and ambassadors at the Braslav sejmik at that time belonged to the Radzivils group. These three noble groups had the greatest influence on the Braslav sejmik at that time. From the Braslav sejmiks in 1750–1752 the gromnichy (deputy) sejmik of 1751 and the embassy sejmik of 1750 were disrupted. The embassy sejmik of 1752 was also disrupted, but the repeated one ended in success. Due to disagreement between the Braslav gentry, the elections of uryadniks (officers) in the Braslov district, which were planned for 1750–1751 ended in failure. The increase in the number of disrupted Braslav sejmiks during this period indicates an intensification of the struggle within the local gentry, since the nobility did not need to disrupt these sejmiks. This became a harbinger of the next period in the functioning of the Braslav sejmik, which took place in constant conflicts between the Braslav gentry.
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The article analyzes the first stories of modern Russian fantastic literature in terms of its comic motifs. The sources and forms of comicality are identified, as well as their meaning and the reasons why the authors who laid the foundations for Russian fantastic genre used comic elements at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. The first authors of the Russian fantastic literature, such as Nikolai Karamzin, Alexandr Bestuzhev-Marlinsky, Antony Pogorelsky or Orest Somov, were strongly influenced by pre-romantic trends, for which comism was a completely strange category, contrary to their nature. However a bit later, more popular Russian fantastic writers, such as Nikolai Gogol, Alexandr Pushkin, Ivan Turgenev and Fyodor Dostoyevsky, creators of the fantastic literature of that period, did not avoid comic elements in their works.
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In the last five decades, during archaeological investigations in churches and church cemeteries both in Poland and Western Europe, relics of many wreaths made of artificial and natural flowers have been discovered. Some of them have been described in considerable detail and drawing reconstructions have been made. In many cases, the garlands were made of similar details, but the arrangement in individual compositions varied. On the basis of these discoveries, it was decided in the laboratory of the Institute of Archaeology in Toruń to make a copy of one wreath and bouquet found on the mortal remains of a child (coffin 4) in the northern crypt of St. Nicholas Church in Gniew dated to the second half of the 17th century (up to 1680). The analysis of elements was the basis for the individual flowers. And the final composition is the vision of one of the authors of the article, Barbara Gałka, who made copies of both the bouquet and the wreath. The raw materials for making the copies had been collected for a long time, as the Polish trade offer did not quite allow them to be gathered in advance. This article attempts to provide a description of the flowers used in 17th-century objects and the creative process in making the copies. The end result of these activities is shown in Figures 11, 12 and 13.
More...Documents from the Amasya and Damascus Kadi Sicils
The present article publishes the texts and translations of two firmans of Süleyman II (1101/1690) and Selim III (1209/1794) that were taken from copies in the kadi registers (sicil) of Amasya and Damascus. They concerned the reform of the Ottoman courier and post-station (ulaḳ / menzilḫāne) network with regard to the Anatolian routes. In contrast to the wide-ranging reforms featured by two other firmans (1108/1696) that Colin Heywood translated in this journal in 2001, these firman texts feature small-scale, targeted reforms. Read together, these firmans shift our understanding of reform away from singular moments of intervention towards a longer-term, incremental model of maintenance.
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This article describes the place of the literary genre of travelogue memoirs in the context of French literature in the 18th century. It analyzes the creation of this genre which is marked by hybridity and bears the characteristic traits of an autobiography, travelogue and memoirs. The typical case of this literary genre is a travelogue and memorialistic prose Memoirs of Turks and Tartars, written by Baron Francis de Tott, the son of a Hungarian squire and soldier who was born in France but acquired a lingustic education in Istanbul in the famous school for interpreters. As an official of the French royal court, he participated in various diplomatic and commercial missions in the Ottoman Empire. Knowing the Turkish world very well, in his text he furnishes a brilliant insight into the moslim world, which was perceived as exotic by his European coevals. The main goal of this article is to show the narrativity of this literary genre and to examine the main literary practices or techniques applied by this author who wasn‘t, by his personal itinerary, the man who wields the pen, but rather the diplomat and son of a soldier, with a light touch of adventurer as the majority of memorialistic travelogue authors in the 18th century.
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Until the middle of the 18th century, lighting in Russia, even in its imperial palaces, was modest. This attitude towards lighting was transformed by Empress Elizabeth I of Russia. Her reign is characterized by French-style glass chandeliers. In Russia, they are called Elizabethan chandeliers, thus emphasizing the stylistic difference from the Classicism ceiling light fixtures, which were made in the late-18th century and are known as Catherinian chandeliers. More widely known are three workshops in St. Petersburg that operated from the 1780s until the 1820s and produced chandeliers for the rulers, royal court, and supreme aristocracy. One of these workshops belonged to Johann Adam Simon Fisher (?–1820). The only known glass chandelier in Latvia that has survived to this day and can be attributed to Fisher’s workshop is in Alūksne Lutheran Church. The chandelier is associated with Christoph Burchard von Vietinghoff (1767– 1829). He was a chamberlain and a court martial of the heir to the Russian throne, Paul I of Russia (1854–1801). The splendor of imperial palaces had inspired the young Vietinghoff to create something similar in Alūksne Manor, where in 1793–1794 he erected a new building in place of the old manor house. The glass chandelier with green glass decorative vases and six candles corresponding to Russian Classicism, made in Fisher’s workshop between 1795 and 1805, is a rare, exquisite object of decorative art uncharacteristic of the area, which testifies to the tastes of the late-18th century and the financial reach of the Baltic nobility, as well as to the nobility’s relations with the court of the Russian Empire and high society.
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Lucrarea de față se încadrează într-un proiect mai amplu, de catalogare a fondului de manuscrise muzicale de la Biblioteca Ecumenică „Dumitru Stăniloae” a Mitropoliei Moldovei și Bucovinei din Iași și se va axa pe evidențierea repertoriului și semiografiei muzicale a Ms. 107, greco-român, care poate fi clasificat, din punctul de vedere al colecției muzicale, ca un antologhion de mici proporții. Ceea ce îl diferențiază de restul codexurilor din fondul de manuscrise de la BMMB este notația muzicală mediobizantină exegetică, de tranziție, caracterizată printr-un număr redus de semne hironomice. Ms. 107 nu este datat, iar copistul acestuia, de origine română, este anonim. Repertoriul Ms. 107 se axează preponderent pe cântări de la slujba Sfintei Liturghii, precum heruvice duminicale, chinonice duminicale și praznicale. Sunt notate și câteva cântări reprezentative de la slujba Utreniei, dintre care menționăm binecuvântări și polielee. De la slujba Vecerniei sunt inserate doar două cântări, ambele cu text în limba română, anume Lumină lină în glasul al II-lea și renumitele Anixandare moldovenești de Iosif Monahul, în plagalul glasului al IV-lea. Ca autori sunt consemnate nume de compozitori greci clasici dinainte de Reforma hrisantică (1814): Petru Lampadarie, Petru Vizantie, Nichifor Kantuniari, dar și nume mai puțin cunoscute precum Anastasie, Vasiliu Ștefan Bizantinul. Foarte interesantă în acest manuscris este evidențierea practicii liturgice bilingve, greco-române. O dovedesc două cântări prezente mai întâi în limba greacă și apoi în limba română: Binecuvântările în plagalul glasului I tetrafonic (filele 2v respectiv 5v) și polieleul Robii Domnului, plagalul glasului I (filele 9v respectiv 25), ambele fiind creații ale lui Petru Lampadarie. Un alt lucru deosebit este faptul că deși autorul manuscrisului este un român, conținutul manuscrisului este majoritar grecesc, fiind redactat în Moldova, cel mai probabil în ultimele decenii ale domniei fanariote, a supremației culturii grecești în Țările Române, aproximativ în perioada 1790-1810 (Bucescu, 2009, vol. II, p. 112)
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In the course of preliminary research, the author managed to locate most of the engravings by artists associated with the Dresden court: Oluf Wif, Johann August Corvinus and Carl Heinrich Jacob Fehling, whose work drew thematically on the reverses of the medals which commemorated the Festival of the Planets in Dresden. These finds are the main subject of interest in this paper. The compositional relationship between medallic art and engraving is, in most cases, indisputable. It should be noted, however, that the medallist, having to reproduce a much larger engraving on a medal disc, was compelled to reduce many details that the engraver had so meticulously captured. Nevertheless, the inspiration with the engraving yielded works which are unique and extraordinary in terms of expression and content.
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The paper presents different forms of domestic violence as they are revealed in legal and ecclesiastical documents from 18th century Transylvania. The first part of the article focuses on the presentation of parental and hierarchical aggression towards children, and the second part discusses domestic violence. In addition to the actual presentation of the cases held before secular and ecclesiastical forums, we will try to reconstruct as much as possible the legal procedures, the arguments of the parties involved, the narrative strategies, as well as the resolution or consequences of violent conflicts. The article prefers to focus on hierarchical rather than patriarchal violence, a term that refers only to male aggression, whereas the documents studied show that violence is not gender-related but is based on the hierarchical structures within pre-modern families.
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Evghenie Vulgaris was one of the most important Greek theologians of the 18th century, as well as of the great thinkers and scientists of the European Orthodox space. He also distinguished himself as archbishop through certain modern methods of pastoral service and promotion of real religious tolerance. His work includes a series of works, in which he succeeded in joining Orthodox theological thought and Western scholastic appealing to a series of Catholic publications, where from he extracted, with great wisdom, the elements necessary for a clear presentation of the doctrine of the Orthodox Church. I shall give in the pages of this study some data on the life of this important Orthodox hierarch and his thought on the religious tolerance presented in Essay on tolerance or on tolerance towards those who do not share our religion.
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The fauna analysed from Turnu Fortress discovered during archaeological research carried out between 2006 and 2009 belong to the XVII-XVIII centuries. Archaeological contexts have been attributed to the Ottoman habitation and the fauna analysed is part of the diet of the community who lived in this fortress. Most of the faunal remains belong to mammals, but fragments of molluscs, fish, reptiles and birds have also been identified. The analysed sample, extremely rich for the period, reveal the consumption almost exclusively of domestic species, which would suggest that animal husbandry played an important role for the Ottoman community at Turnu Fortress. Small and large ruminants are the most exploited for food consumption, followed by horses, while pigs are almost absent. Hunting and poultry farming activities are also highlighted.
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În cuprinsul acestui articol, pe baza unor documente de la Arhivele Naţionale Istorice Centrale, provenind în special din fondul Mitropolia Ţării Româneşti, am încercat să creionăm personalitatea boierului muscelean Andrei Călinescu. Cel mai important act pe care l-am avut în vedere a fost testamentul acestuia, redactat la 15 iunie 1744, din care reiese că deşi nu a ocupat decât dregătoria de postelnic, a fost posesorul unei importante averi constând în 18 moşii repartizate în şase judeţe ale Ţării Româneşti, două vii, mori, ţigani, animale etc. Coroborând acest document cu altele reiese că boierii Călineşti atinseseră în epocă un anumit prestigiu astfel că se înrudeau cu alte mari neamuri precum: Arion, Creţulescu, Greceanu, Notara.
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The article focuses on the reforms in the governance system of the city of Kaunas between 1764 and 1794 and the new officials that emerged due to the reforms. Kaunas was slow to react to the reforms and new laws, as it was not until two years after the 1764 law that the first new official, the prosecutor (Latin: instigator), was elected. Small local reform initiatives followed this. However, the changes brought about by the reforms affected the local community and exacerbated the conflicts between the municipality members. As a result, the Kaunas burghers themselves invited the Commission of Good Order to the city, composed of noblemen. Its activity between 1787 and 1790 was related to tightening financial control. Despite the changes introduced by the Four-Year Sejm and the Grodno Sejm, the city’s financial control and documentation remained in the power of the institutions managed by the nobility. From 1792 onwards, due to the constant changes in the city management system caused by political upheavals, newly elected city officials were forced to hand their offices over to other (i.e. new or old) officials as soon as they started term.
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The article presents a discussion on the origins, nature, and function of the village register books in the Old Polish period, held by Stanisław Grodziski and Ludwik Łysiak in the 1960s. The next part of the text characterises the organisation of the Zamoyski Entail and its judiciary, and describes instances of the use of the register books in rural estates belonging to it, unknown to researchers. Next, it analyses the sparse information on this type of register book used in the Lublin land. An attempt was also made to explain the reasons for not using the village register books in the Chełm Land (outside the Zamoyski Entail). The very few references to the existence of such books in these areas prove the validity of L. Łysiak’s thesis that they were rare in the Commonwealth outside southern Lesser Poland and the western part of the Ruthenian Province.
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In the article, I present an analysis of the content of the printed diary of the 1776 Sejm compared with four preserved handwritten diaries and with contemporary printed Sejm speeches. On this basis, I have indicated the elements undermining the credibility of the 1776 Sejm diary prepared by order of King Stanislaus Augustus by Adam Cieciszowski, secretary of the 1776 Sejm and an employee of the Royal Cabinet. I also present the reasons – with the king’s knowledge – he modified the text that changed the overtone of the Sejm events. In conclusion, I stress the need to study all the editions of printed Sejm diaries of King Stanislaus Augustus period.
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