Fra Ignacijev tekstološki amalgam u trojim ljetopisima

Author(s): Kruno Pranjić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Oklijevalo kakvo jesam, navadno u strijepnji pred javan nastup, polustoljetnoj “profi ” – rutini unatoč, vazda dvojim oko začimanja, pa se, i sad, utječem drevnoj (klasičnoj) uputi kako je najprimjerenije što prozborit – in medias… Dakako, zazvan horizonat očekivanja pûtī na latinštinu – in medias res, što hoće reći eda je, vazda, ma kakav nagovor valjáno začimati na alkarsku: “usridu”, i to: bez “pripetavanja”…

Talleyrand és a francia katolikus egyház a régi rendszer idején és a forradalom első évében

Author(s): Péter Hahner / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

Vzťah viedenského dvora ku kláštoru sv. Alžbety v Prešporku (Bratislave)

Author(s): Tomáš Králik / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Potridentské ženské rehole sú také náboženské spoločenstvá založené po roku 1500, ktorých regula alebo stanovy dostali defi nitívnu podobu po tridentskom koncile (1562). Začiatkom 17. storočia nastala v katolíckych krajinách západnej Európy tzv. „úžasná invázia konventov“. V priebehu troch - štyroch desaťročí vznikali v mestách malé náboženské komunity, ktoré si dávali za cieľ službu Bohu a blížnemu. Masívny prílev mladých ľudí, ktorí vstupovali do nových spoločností, sa tradične vysvetľoval spoločenskými tlakmi, túžbou uniknúť pred „zlým svetom“ a všeobecnou úzkosťou. Elisabeth Rapleyová však berie do úvahy aj entuziazmus a zmysel pre poslanie – „apoštolát“. Po celej kresťanskej Európe sa objavujú brožúry pojednávajúce o zbožnosti, ktoré sa stávali dostupnými v „dobrých“ mestských rodinách. V uliciach a na rozličných verejných priestranstvách sa prihovárali obyvateľom mesta kazatelia, ktorí ich zoznamovali s novými prejavmi zbožnosti. Rovnako v spovedniciach dochádzalo k veľkým obráteniam a prijímaniu zásadných rozhodnutí. Pierre de l‘Estoile vo svojich memoároch v roku 1606 napísal: „To nebolo predtým bežné v Paríži a kdekoľvek inde, že by synovia a dcéry z dobrých rodín – muži i ženy veľkých kvalít – opúšťali svoje domovy a vstupovali do týchto reholí.“ Nové konventy na začiatku 17. storočia menili celkový ráz miest v celej katolíckej časti Európy. V kedysi moslimskom meste Cordóba v Španielsku pribudli v priebehu 17. storočia tri mužské rehole, ktoré doplnili už sedem, existujúcich od začiatku novoveku. Vo Francúzsku hnutie nabralo také rozmery, že nárast počtu konventov vyvolával až nevôľu obyvateľov miest. Poslanci parlamentu v Rouane sa sťažovali, že „za 20-30 rokov vstúpilo do mesta toľko rozličných mníšok, že prevýšili počtom tie, ktoré tu pôsobia už roky.“ Bolo bežné, že rehole s podobnými „charizmami“ navzájom súperili o priazeň jednotlivých miest, pričom sa neštítili ani vzájomného očerňovania.

Servants of the Devil in Krupina

Author(s): Milan Majtán / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The flames of the Holy Inquisition illuminated the Christian Middle Ages. Faith in God could not exist without belief in the infernal powers. An irreconcilable and cruel battle with the devil and with people accused of making a pact with him and recognizing him as their supreme lord in place of God had to support faith and obedience. Flames and stakes with heretics, witches and other servants of the devil blazed across Europe. The ecclesiastical and secular authorities used them to get rid of inconvenient people, but especially they evoked fear and terror towards their power. Anybody could be accused. Torture easily forced confessions of such acts that human reason cannot believe. The former Kingdom of Hungary was no exception, although the witch-hunts here were organized later and did not reach the same dimensions as in Western Europe. In the region of present Slovakia, they tried, tortured, beheaded and burnt witches in Bratislava, Komárno, Šamorín, Trenčín, Trnava, Štítnik and other towns. The former free royal borough of Krupina in Slovakia holds the sad record for the number of trials, convictions and executions of victims. Witches were still burnt there in 1741 and inquisitors appointed by the magistrates in 1744 questioned a woman accused of witchcraft.

Witch-Hunt in Szeged in the Early Eighteenth Century

Author(s): István Petrovics / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

At the very beginning I would like to make two remarks. Firstly, the paper is rather a case study than a theoretical or a typological approach to witchcraft. Secondly: I am deeply convinced that the witch trials at Szeged can only be understood properly if their discussion is placed into the context of the history of the town. Therefore in the first part of my paper I am going to deal with the urban development of Szeged.

"Theatrum Nobilitatis Hungaricae”. Genealogické výskumy Mateja Bela so zvláštnym zreteľom na rod Thurzo

Author(s): Gergely Tóth / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Práce, ktoré sa venujú dejinám genealógie, sa ani len nezmieňujú o tom, že aj významný historik 18. storočia Matej Bel patril medzi genealógov, a to napriek tomu, že Bel mal od začiatku naplánované, že v Notitiách, v historicko-geografickej práci, predstavujúcej uhorské stolice, sa bude venovať aj dejinám šľachtických rodov. Tento svoj plán – aj keď medzerovito a zlomkovito – aj splnil. Výsledky jeho práce genealógovia 18. storočia akceptovali, neskôr sa však bádatelia na ne odvolávali už len zriedkavo. Zhromaždené údaje bratislavského vedca, resp. jeho rozhodné predstavy v tejto téme si bádatelia, zaoberajúci sa dejinami tohto vedného odboru v 20. storočí nevšimli, možno pre encyklopedický charakter Notícií, ktoré sú na prvý pohľad tematicky dosť neprehľadné, a tiež možno aj pre ich nedokončenosť. V tejto štúdii by sme chceli napraviť toto poľutovaniahodné zanedbanie. Najprv preskúmame, v akej forme sa chcel Bel zaoberať dejinami rodov, a aké uhorské, alebo zahraničné diela a vplyvy ho podnietili k takýmto výskumom; potom prehľadne z celých Notícií – nielen z tlačených častí, ale aj z tých, ktoré zostali v rukopise – predstavíme výsledky jeho výskumov, resp. ich ďalšie využitie a citovanie v 18. storočí. V druhej časti štúdie sa budeme venovať analýze histórie rodu Thurzo z Belovho pera – čo je v skutočnosti dielo v diele, veď v opise Oravskej stolice, kde sa nachádza, zaberá takmer polovicu textu. Zároveň budeme venovať pozornosť aj metódam práce Mateja Bela, mož- nostiam a hraniciam ním prevedeného výskumu.

Prestavby Oravského hradu počas Thurzovcov

Author(s): Michal Čajka / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Oravský hrad patril medzi dôležité opevnené sídla rodiny Thurzovcov v období 16. a 17. storočia. Napriek tomu, že sa nezdržiavali na ňom rovnako často, ako napr. v Bytči, alebo na hrade Lietava, patril k dôležitému centru rozsiahleho Oravského panstva. Dôsledkom jeho významu bola skutočnosť, že Thurzovci sa postarali o jednu z najvýznamnejších prestavieb Oravského hradu. Zároveň môžeme povedať, že ich iniciatívou nadobudol hrad pôdorys a takú objemovú skladbu objektov, aká sa zachovala do súčasnosti. Prakticky zavŕšili stavebný vývoj hradného areálu, pretože mladšie úpravy hradu súviseli s odstraňovaním následkov tragického požiaru v roku 1800. O význame thurzovských prestavieb svedčí skutočnosť, že renesančná „thurzovská“ podoba hradu, bola prijatá v 50. až 70. rokoch 20. storočia za základnú východiskovú metodickú ideu pri Generálnej obnove hradného areálu.

Alžbeta Rákócziová a Juraj Erdódy - príbeh strastiplného manželstva z prelomu 17. a 18. storočia

Author(s): Borbála Benda / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Bad and problematic marriages were not rare in the early modern period. Elizabeth Rákóczi was orphaned at the age of ten. She was the only owner of the numerous lucrative estates and manors. She was not even 14 when she married Adam Erdődy. Nevertheless, only couple of weeks after her wedding the husband was fatally injured in a battle with the Ottomans. Several of her husband's relatives immediately claimed their right to her property and so she had to marry as soon as possible. George Erdődy, the cousin of her late husband, seemed a— suitable suitor. He had been studying law in Vienna and starting his career that was later to culminate in his position as a judge royal, one of the highest court officials of the realm. For the house of Erdődy the marriage was prom ising because they would be able to keep many lucrative Rákóczi's estates in the family. Elizabeth, on the other hand, was not too eager to marry George; she was waiting for a better suitor, probably for Paul Esterházy. In the end, however, she did marry George Erdődy. Their marriage can be divided into three visibly different stages. Decisive are the years when Elizabeth left her husband. He asked for the mediators and though the conflicts between them were settled, their relationship cooled off. George was often in debts and the profits from his estates were not enough for his living standard. Living in Vienna he usually used his wife's estates yields to cover his expenses. Moreover, he pawned and even sold some of her property without her knowledge. In the first years of their marriage, he limited her freedom, would not take her with him and did want her to go to and be entertained at courts of neighbouring nobles. Perhaps out of jealousy he did not let her go to Sintava where Paul Esterházy was holding a ball. George's servants, who did not listen to her orders, further worsened their marital relationship. Moreover, George's servants denounced and complained about her to him. In the time of revolt of Imrich Thököly, the insurgents occupied her manors and captured her. Eventually she was able to run away to Poland with her valuables. Elizabeth had the feeling that her husband did not support her in these hard times. Later, when the property was returned to her, she tried to restore her as well as her husband's estates. George stayed in Vienna, though. This led to further conflicts. George addressed mediators again and accused her of "turning her back to him." This situation repeated itself several times. In the autumn of 1703, she had to flee to Novigrad in Croatia where she lived until her death. Nevertheless, Croatia remained a foreign country to her. Household management was only substitute activity so she would not think of her lost property. Despite seemingly peaceful state, Elizabeth suffered a lot in her marriage. Several problems would show repeatedly in their marriage. Elizabeth was thrifty and prudent whereas George Erdődy was always making debts. They had different interests too: Elizabeth was fond of hunting she used to send some of the killed animals to her husband. Erdődy if ever interested in hunting he would send his servants instead of going himself. Elizabeth wanted to live her own life, administer her property and amuse herself without her husband. Erdődy wished to spend more time with her wife. We do not know why Elizabeth disliked her husband, but the fact was that she often avoided him.

Dievčenské vzdelávanie v Uhorsku

Author(s): Ewa Kowalská / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The paper is based on the analysis of the state of girls education in Hungary in the 18th century. Different gender roles and cultural consequences of diverse confessional development resulted in different perception of the role of girls education. As long as her husband or some other legal personal representative accompanied a woman, she was in no need to prove her identity in writing and therefore literacy as one of the basic elements of formal education can not be taken for granted. Though the social importance of literacy was rapidly increasing among aristocracy, this development lagged behind in case of girls and women and was almost non-existent among the lower classes. The change was brought in with the efforts for intellectual and social revival that resulted in creation of Jansenism and Pietism movements. Also, a complex of state governed reforms contributed to the amendment of the situation. It promoted a new understanding of the role of girls education that led to foundation of specialised schools and institutes. The paper looks at their curricula and points out the structural change in education that took place on the break of the 19th century.

La maiolica di Castelli (TE) nell’Adriatico Orientale fra XVI e XVIII secolo. Attuali conoscenze e prospettive di ricerca

Author(s): Van Verrocchio / Language(s): Italian Publication Year: 0

The Adriatic Sea has been for centuries a crossroads where different from each communities to ethnic, cultural and religious orientation have found an opportunity to meet, creating a dense set of relationships and cultural connections.The study of the evolution of dietary practices and convivial habits is an interesting observatory to deepen the knowledge on the interactions between these communities over the time. In this perspective the role of ceramics, as material well directly related to the consumption of food, acquires great significance beyond the mere value of commercial traffic indicator.Specifically the function of maiolica, pottery mainly linked to the tables, lends itself to shed light on the dietary practices and convivial table habits, where the socio-cultural identities are subject to numerous forms of contamination. The study of the diffusion of Italian maiolica on the east Adriatic coast is therefore a way to enhance our understanding of cultural influences between East and West in the early centuries of the Modern Age.This paper analyzes the phenomenon of the spread of Italian maiolica and in particular of that produced in Castelli (Teramo, Abruzzo) in the Eastern Adriatic in the Early Modern Age (c. 1550—1700). The recent interest of scholars on the circulation of post-medieval ceramics in the Eastern Mediterranean has highlighted new archaeological contexts that also returned maiolica from Castelli. The analysis of the state of knowledge firstly allows us to outline the contours of the phenomenon and then draw future research developments.

Малоазийская поливная керамика XV—XVIII вв. из раскопок в турецкой крепости Азак

Author(s): Irina R. Gusach / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In autumn 2004 archaeological expedition of Azov Museum-Reserve carried out excavations in the territory of the former Turkish fortress Azak in Azov (Rostov region). According to the maps, the boarders of the excavations in the street Genuezskaya 3 went along the North-Western outskirts of Venetian Tana and the Turkish part that was called (“Frank fortress”) by Evliya Çelebi in his famous “Travelogue”. It was the first time when archaeologists had an opportunity to research this old but unknown district of the town. During the archaeological work, which were stopped due to high level of underground waters, only three upper cultural layers of the late 17th—20th c. were studied. The special interest presents so-called “Turkish” layer of the late 17th — beginning of 18th c., connected with the existence of Turkish fortress of Azak. A great amount of glazed and unglazed ceramics, brought to the fortress from different corners of the Ottoman Empire, were found there. It is necessary to highlight glazed painted ware, produced in big ceramic centers of Asia Minor — Iznik and Kütahya. Among the earliest findings, there are fragments of red-clay glazed Iznik ceramics decorated with paintings in the style of “Milet”, dated back to the end of 15th — beginning of 16th c. Later objects from Iznik are represented by fragments of faience vessels of 16th—17th c. decorated with blue-and-white and polychrome underglazed painting. Faience coffee cups from Kütahya decorated with cobalt and polychrome underglazed painting are dated back to the 17th — beginning of 18th c.

Jewellery Consumption in Wallachia and Moldova, 17th—18th centuries

Author(s): Florentina Niţu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The study explores the evolution of jewellery consumption in Wallachia and Moldova, during the 17th—18th centuries, from the perspective of the luxury consumption at the level of the elite. The documents that were analysed highlight a transition from oriental luxury, introduced through Phanariot rulers to Western luxury, directly inspired by contact with travellers or foreign officers and ambassadors passing through the Principalities, but also indirectly through fashion magazines. On the other hand, we can see that jewellery is closely related to fashion and follows the trends and consumer options in connection to it. They mark the social or political position, but also the cultural values adopted by the elite, which are expressed through in fashion choices. There are jewels that are neutral in terms of western or oriental influence, just as belt clasp (paftale) are directly related to the oriental costume. After the middle of the eighteenth century, we notice a mutation in the dowry sheets regarding the relationship between jewellery and clothing, in favour of the latter; the typology of jewellery is limited, but we find valuable jewellery, adorned with diamonds or diamonds and, also, the number of some of the pieces increases (rings, for example).

Śmierć, pogrzeb i upamiętnienie władców (nie tylko) w dawnej Polsce

Author(s): Marek Walczak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The book examines the problem of death, burials and commemoration of male and female rulers (not only Polish ones) since the late Middle Ages until the beginnings of the 20th century. The articles concern, on the one hand, the private sphere of monarchs’ lives, their religiousness and attitude to death and, on the other, the organisational, political and symbolic aspects of their deaths and funerals.

Śmierć władcy jako zakłócenie naturalnego porządku rzeczy

Author(s): Urszula Augustyniak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the death of a king as a possessor of power, which is seen as political death. The author attempts to present how posthumous images of Polish kings: Sigismund II August, the last from the Jagiellonian dynasty, and Sigismund III, the first from the Vasa dynasty, were created. She assumes that creating a model image of death can be considered the main factor differentiating death of a ruler as a political leader from death of ordinary people. She distinguishes three phases of political death: 1. the impossibility of personal ruling and its transfer to favourites; 2. focusing on the successor, 3. the media mourning after king’s death, 4. oblivion of the ruler’s death and return to current matters. The author concentrates on observing the evolution of Polish nobility’s attitude to king’s death, seen as political change of quasi-religious character; on questioning immortality of God’s Anointed and in the secular dimension, on questioning his indispensability to the functioning of state and legal order. The interregna were treated not only as disasters, but also as a chance to restore the natural order by the nobility which assumed the majesty of Poland.

Od pomnika niespełnionych ambicji do pamiątki narodowej. Dzieje nagrobka Władysława Białego w kościele Saint-Bénigne w Dijon

Author(s): Wojciech Sowała / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Władysław Biały (Władysław the White, died in 1388), was the last prince of the Kuyavian Piast dynasty. At the beginning of his career it was believed that he would become the successor of king Kazimierz Wielki (Casimir III the Great). After king’s death, Władysław tried to take the crown twice, albeit unsuccessfully. He spent the last years of his life in Saint-Bénigne monastery in Dijon, where he was buried. The article examines the iconography and history of the tomb of Władysław Biały. The inscriptions, attire, heraldic programme, spatial context and references to the tombs of the French elites clearly indicate prince’s royal ambition and confirm that the tomb was built straight after Władysław’s death. The second part of the paper presents the history of prince’s memoria, which became one of the attractions of the monastery. The monks cultivated his memory and proudly presented his tomb to visitors. Finally, the presence of Władysław’s monument in 19th century Polish historical literature, popular press, poetry and paintings is analyzed. In that time, the tomb played a certain role as a notional memento in maintaining national identity and in the fight for independence.

Umieranie, śmierć i pogrzeb w liturgii późnośredniowiecznego Krakowa

Author(s): Jakub Kubieniec / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the course and character of the rites connected with dying and burial of the dead as conveyed by medieval Cracow codices. The texts and liturgical formulae connected with these ceremonies and used in Polish local tradition did not single out rulers as special category persons who would be entitled to extraordinary funerary ceremonies. Symbolic gestures and elements of “court liturgy” connected with political theology were incorporated into funerary ceremonies of the rulers. The most spectacular of them, the widely commented fall of a horse rider during the mass for the dead king, is discussed in the article in the context of the remarks passed by Cracow mass liturgists from the 15th century.

Śmierć, pogrzeb i upamiętnienie polskich królowych w późnym średniowieczu

Author(s): Bożena Czwojdrak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The funeral of Polish rulers, one of the most important royal ceremonies, is fully described with reference to the period from the late Middle Ages to the 18th century. As far as the 14th and the 15th centuries are concerned, our knowledge is limited to chronicles of that time. It was after Sigismund I the Old died, when the need to formalise the ceremony was acknowledged. Samuel Maciejowski wrote “Ordo pompae funebris serenissimi Sigismundi Regis Poloniae”, which became the model for preparing funerals of Polish rulers. Against this background, the lack or only laconic descriptions of the funerals of Polish queens are particularly striking. There was no due ceremonial until the end of the Commonwealth of Poland, the course of the funerary ceremony is not known, the annalists record deaths of the queens very shortly, not mentioning the ceremonies themselves. This is why the article analyses the deaths, burials and commemoration of late medieval queens, the wives of Władysław Jagiełło: Jadwiga Andegaweńska, Anna Cylejska, Elżbieta Granowska and Zofia Holszańska, as well as Elżbieta Rakuska, the wife of Kazimierz Jagiellończyk and Helena Moskiewska, the wife of Aleksander Jagiellończyk.

Wiersze na śmierć króla w późnośredniowiecznej Polsce

Author(s): Marcin Starzyński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author discusses the 15th-century epicedium, composed by a Silesian humanist thinker, Wawrzyniec Korwin (before 1440-1527) to commemorate the death of king Kazimierz Jagiellończyk (1447-1492). This work was known in literature, but it was not analysed in depth in the context of other works of this kind, which were written in connection with deaths of Polish monarchs. The author uses the unknown until now manuscript from the collection of Niedersächsiche Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen (the oldest of the recognised). The manuscript contains two other works by Korwin, the description of the funeral ceremony of Kazimierz Jagiellończyk and a verse epitaph. Together they from the largest group of texts written at the time of Polish monarch’s death in the late Middle Ages. Although their topic is still medieval, the phraseology is undoubtedly renaissance. The appendix contains the edition of epicedium.

Memoria króla Jana Olbrachta w katedrze na Wawelu

Author(s): Barbara Świadek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article attempts to describe Jan Olbracht’s memoria in the Wawel Cathedral in the context of late medieval or early modern cultural memory. After the death of the monarch, his mother, Elżbieta Rakuszanka, decided to erect the tomb of her son in a separate chapel. At her command, the chapel of bishop Jan Grot, founded before 1344 and dedicated to John Evangelist and Saint Martha, was chosen; in its western part the tomb of the direct successor of Kazimierz IV Jagiellończyk was erected. The author of the article tries to reconstruct not only the architecture and art decoration of the new space, but also its portable equipment. Most objects commissioned by the Jagiellonians were lost, but the cathedral inventory from 1563 confirms that Olbracht’s memoria did not consist of accidental artefacts. Apart from their high artistic value, most objects referred to the subject of passion, which made them ideal for the chapel and the pietas Jagiellonica policy.

Uwagi o sensie ideowym figury nagrobnej Zygmunta I Starego

Author(s): Mateusz Grzęda / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the meaning of the tomb effigy of Sigismund I the Old in his burial chapel at Cracow cathedral. It has been observed that distinctive way of posing the figure of the king in armour that represents the demi-gisant type could have been inspired by the ancient depictions of gods and heroes. Neoplatonic connotations of such an image were also underlined: a reclining monarch awakening from his sleep indicated the moment when the soul was leaving the body. According to the author appropriating the demi-gisant type for the Cracow tomb effigy was likely to demonstrate the analogy between Sigismund I and Hercules. It referred to the motive of Hercules at the crossroads (Hercules in bivio) based on the story in which the pagan hero, faced with a life choice, decided to follow path of virtue and earned himself eternal glory and salvation. Given the sepulcral context of the chapel, the formula of semi-recumbent effigy of the king must have evoked the association with Hercules as the only hero who was granted immortality. Thus, introducing the ancient pagan formula to the artistic setting of the king’s tomb did not undermine its Christian message – on the contrary, it corresponded perfectly with the eschatological views of Sigismund I, who repeatedly expressed his absolute conviction that kings were to be redeemed.