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U ovom poglavlju ukratko će biti predstavljen period od početka Prvog svjetskog rata do početka Drugog svjetskog rata u Jugoslaviji 1941. godine u kontekstu djelovanja žena. Na samom početku dat je kratak pregled historijsko-društvenih okolnosti, a nakon toga prikaz ženskog udruživanja, prava za koja su se zalagale te faktora koji su otežavali ili donekle olakšavali njihovo djelovanje. Također je dat osvrt na ekonomska, socijalna, obrazovna, građanska i ostala prava žena u ovom periodu, kao i na prilike u književnosti i pozorišnoj umjetnosti. U ovom poglavlju se prilikama u Prvom svjetskom ratu gotovo uopće ne bavimo uslijed nedostatka literature o tom periodu. Kako ne želimo da vrijeme izbriše i njihove biografije i doprinose, na kraju poglavlja navodimo sasvim kratko informacije o njihovom životu i radu, unaprijed žaleći što mnoge žene ovog perioda ni na stranicama ove knjige neće naći svoje mjesto.
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This chapter will briefly present the period from the beginning of World War I to the beginning of World War II in Yugoslavia in 1941 in the context of women’s activism. At the beginning it offers a brief overview of historical and social circumstances followed by an overview of women’s association, the rights for which they advocated and the factors that trammelled or, to some extent, facilitated their activity. It also gives an overview of the economic, social, educational, civil, and other rights of women in this period, as well as the atmosphere in literature, theatre and the arts. Unfortunately, many of these women have been forgotten by history, remembered only in small circles and archives. In order to preserve their biographies and contributions from fading away over time, at the end of the chapter we offer brief information about their life and work, regretting in advance that even in the pages of this book, many of the women from this period will not find their place.
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The article deals with the ambiguous concept of the national and the specifically “Slovak“ questions as applied by the Czechoslovak Communists in the first half of the 1920s. Two contradictory concepts – the Austro-Marxist slogan of cultural and territorial autonomy within a multinational state and the Bolshevist claim to national self-determination leading to the separation from such a state – were followed by different streams of the former “Marxist Left“ and, later, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (CPC). Since the Party´s activities were legal within the framework of parliamentary democracy, the search for some kind of autonomous application of the Communist International resolutions on national policy, which were binding for the Party, was marked with sharp factional struggles. On the one hand, the faction of Slovak “Communists-Nationalists“ (Slovak: “nacionálni komunisti”), belonging to the radical Left, challenged the concept of cultural autonomy and broad local self-government formulated by the moderate leaders of the Communist Party. On the other hand, it faced the slogan of full political autonomy voiced by the Slovak People's Party in accordance with the Pittsburgh Agreement. The Resolution on the National Question adopted by the 5th Congress of the Communist International held in 1924 eliminated all differences. As a result, the uniform ”revolutionary” solution to the national question was definitely imposed upon the CPC´s policy by the Executive of the Communist International in 1925.
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The establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918 brought significant economic, political, legislative and social changes for the development of tavern trade in Slovakia. The number of Slovak tavern businesses increased, new types of businesses emerged, for example in tourism and sport. The level of hotel services also improved. However, some legislative measures and political interventions aimed to restrict production, distribution and sale of alcohol brought significant problems to the tavern trade. There were certain changes in the culture of alcohol consumption, too. One of the factors was the spread of beer consumption influenced by its popularity in the Czech lands. The other significant change was a partial decrease of high-percentage alcohol consumption. Its consumption had negative consequences mostly for social development of Slovak countryside.
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The positive developments in the Slovak economy during the economic boom of the second half of 1930s began to be hindered by constitutional and political changes in Central Europe of that period. The prologue to the complete disappearance of the inter-war Czechoslovakia was a short “interlude” of the so-called Second Republic of 1938 – 1939. The extortion of Nazi Germany and the appeasement policy of the European powers led to the Munich Agreement and the Vienna Arbitration in September and November 1938. Under these agreements made “about us without us”, the Czechoslovak Republic had to abandon the border areas to the neighbouring countries, which resulted in a politically, economically and militarily powerless state, left to the “mercy” of Hitler’s Germany.
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