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Jön a muszka! Megy a muszka? Az oroszországi forradalmak hatása a Monarchia hadviselésére a keleti fronton 1917-ben

Author(s): Ferenc Pollmann / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2018

The revolution that erupted in R ussia in the spring of 1917 could have decisively changed the course of World War I – and it finally did so, albeit not quite in the way the military leadership of the Central Powers hoped it would. The paper explores the views of the Austro-Hungarian generalship about the potential effects of the R ussian events on the outcome of the war, on the basis of the diaries and letters of two top military leaders, Archduke Joseph and Károly Tersztyánszky

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A magyar parlamenti pártok vezetői az 1917. februári orosz forradalomról

Author(s): Tibor Hajdú / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2018

The Russian revolution of February 1917 exerted a great influence on Hungarian public opinion. It was a general hope that the war would end, peace come and the menacing regime of the Tsar collapse. Yet the reactions of the politicians diverged. Since prime minister István Tisza saw no sign of the revolution’s potential spread to Hungary, he refused to change his political course. It were the opposition politicians who draw attention to the danger of the revolution’s contaminating effect, and used it as an argument in their urging for the extension of suffrage rights.

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Az oroszországi forradalmak értékelése a magyar egyházi közvéleményben

Author(s): Tibor Klestenitz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2018

The study explores the way in which Catholic and Protestant ecclesiastical public opinion assessed the Russian Revolutions. The Catholics regarded these events as a source of immediate danger right from the start, for they feared that in the wake of the Russian example social democracy and anti-clericalism might expand in Hungary as well, and social order be endangered. More optimistic views, calculating with the restoration of religious freedom in Russia and the possibility of the union with the orthodox faith, were a minority from the beginning. The Protestants, on the other hand, at first adopted a more optimistic stance, hoping for the worldwide extension of democracy and social justice, and trusting in their own abilities to moderate the revolutionary waves once these reached Hungary. In their ranks, it was only after the edict on the separation of state and church, issued early in 1918, that condemnation of the revolution and the parallel call for order became general.

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„Beszéljünk mi is oroszul, cselekedjünk mi is oroszul!” Az 1917-es oroszországi forradalmak hatása a Galilei Körre

Author(s): Péter Csunderlik / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2018

The members of the liberal student association called Galilei Circle, which had been utterly apolitical at the time of its foundation in 1908, had become increasingly radical under the influence of World War I and the Russian revolutions, to the extent that some at least among them came to accept the dictatorship of the proletariat. In a highly symbolic way, in the autumn of 1917 a Russian language course was launched alongside the French and English courses in the club of the Circle in the Anker Köz. From 1917 the Galilei Circle was a regular participant to the anti-war demonstrations organised by the trade unions, and in the second half of the year the first Hungarian Bolshevik group was established within the Circle, called the Duczynska–Sugár-group, whose activity led to the prohibition of the Galilei Circle in January 1918. While the scale and importance of the activity of the group members in the “small period” paled in comparison to the “great period” of the Circle before 1914, under the Horthy regime, and in the Socialist era for that matter, it was the post-1917 period that dominated the memory of the Galilei Circle. It is therefore important to emphasise that, alongside the members of the Duczynska–Sugár-group, there were several members of the Circle who rejected the authoritarian means, and remained attached to the idea of democracy even after the penetration of Bolshevism into their ranks. The problem is introduced here through an analysis of the publications in the 1918 December special issue of the Circle’s periodical called Szabadgondolat, dedicated to Bolshevism.

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„Szinte csodás krízis”. A februári orosz forradalom értelmiségi fogadtatása Magyarországon 1917-ben

Author(s): Eszter Balázs / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2018

Until 1989, the dominant memory of the Bolshevik takeover of October 1917 had as a matter of fact suppressed that of the revolution of February in the same year which, however, exerted a much deeper impact on the contemporaneous European public opinion. The centenary of that event has presented a convenient opportunity for an exploration of the reception of the R ussian revolution of February 1917 in Hungary. The study examines the immediate reactions of Hungarian writers and other intellectuals ranged around major topics, such as the desire for peace, democratization, the parallel with the French R evolution, the Mitteleuropa question etc.

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Egy vármegyei hivatalnok az 1917-es oroszországi forradalmakról, avagy eszközök az eligazodáshoz a világtörténelemben

Author(s): Boldizsár Vörös / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2018

János József Lowetinszky (1866–1935), a low-ranking official living at Budapest, kept two diaries during World War I: in the first, he documented the events of his private life, in the second, he put to writing the historical events of his own age. In his notes for the years 1917–1918 he regularly dealt with the revolutions in Russia. The diary offers valuable insight into how a person, outside the circles of the political and scientific elite, but entertaining great interest in the events of his age, tries to obtain informations about them, as well as to understand and document them.

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Atlaszok és testek. Anatómiai testkonstrukciók a 20. század elején

Author(s): Júlia Pótó / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 01/2019

The purpose of this paper is to study the first Hungarian editions of two anatomical atlases published in the 1910s. Both Toldt’s An atlas of human anatomy and Sobotta’s Atlas and textbook of human anatomy became crucial materials for Hungarian medical training during the next decades, Sobotta’s more so than Toldt’s. My goal is to examine and compare the texts and images of these two works, to see how they fit in the broader traditions of atlas making, how they relate to the new imaging techniques emerging in this period, what sort of body image they present, and whether it is possible to explain along epistemological, pedagogical or esthetical lines, why one of them became more defining than the other.

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Autumn 1918–Spring 1919: Six Months of Postwar Material and Political Uncertainty in Slovakia

Author(s): Étienne Boisserie / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

A few weeks after the Czechoslovak State has been proclaimed in Prague (October 28, 1918), Slovak territory is still a battleground for political and military control. Mid-January, the Czechoslovak forces are about to control the demarcation line under the command of Italian officers. But still, at that time, political and material problems surrounding the real control of the territory are hardly overlapped (and won’t be for almost a semester). This paper intends to observe and analyze this short period of time (February–June 1919) when the material and psychological consequences of World War I cumulate with a weak legitimacy of the (Czecho)Slovak authorities, multiple material obstacles and the lack of experience of the so-called government in Bratislava. Those uncertainties are cruelly reminded in the personal–official and unofficial correspondence–of the main Slovak protagonists who describe a situation far from being controlled as the propaganda puts it. The paper is based on archives of Slovak National Archive, and namely the general Minister plenipotentiary fond, and some personal archives of the main political actors of that period in Slovakia (mostly Vavro Šrobár, Ivan Markovič, Pavel Blaho, Fedor Houdek, Anton Štefánek). We shall also use some elements of the Regional Military Command (ZVV) Košice available at the National Military Archiv, and notably the regional reports.

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Summer of 1919: A Radical, Irreversible, Liberating Break in Prekmurje/Muravidék?

Author(s): Jernej Kosi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

In this article, I examine political, cultural and social circumstances in Prekmurje/Muravidék after its occupation by Yugoslav forces in August 1919. Since the mid-19th century, Slovene national activists in Cislanthania had considered this part of the Kingdom of Hungary as a territory densely populated by Slovene compatriots and therefore as an integral part of Slovene national space. Drawing on this belief, in 1919 Slovene officials, politicians, and journalists celebrated the act of occupation of Hungarian territory as an event that brought to the end of Hungarian oppression to the locals and with it a radical, irreversible and liberating break with the past. By examining archival sources and secondary literature, I confront the victorious Slovene discourse with the reality on the ground. In addition, I also assess how a set of administrative ruptures and legislative changes imposed by the Yugoslav government in the immediate post-1919 period influenced the everyday lives and experiences of the local population.

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Operaţia ofensivă a Armatei de Nord (15/18 august – 13 septembrie/10 octombrie 1916)

Author(s): Nicolae Ciobanu,Mihai Serban / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2011

This paper analyzes Romanian Army 2 offensive operations during the campaign of 1916, in the general con text of the First World War. The offensive operation’s stages are presented and also offensive characteristics and outcomes. It emphasizes the role of General Constantin Prezan in leading the operation.

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A „teljes nemzeti szabadság” az 1918. december elsejei gyulafehérvári határozatban

Author(s): Marius Diaconescu / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 04/2019

The paper of Marius Diaconescu analyses the debate that has been launched by the Romanian assembly held at Gyulafehérvár on 1 December 1918 and its consequences. For the declaration, which announced the secession of the Romanians of Hungary and their joining of Romania, was interpreted in different ways by the Hungarian and Romanian politicians. For, whereas the former interpreted the points of the declaration as an engagement for a more equitable minority policy, the latter read them as an autonomy based on ethnicity. This difference has determined Hungarian and Romanian attitudes to the anniversary of the assembly – and to the Transylvanian question in generakl – ever since.

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Bulgária belépése az első világháborúba a magyar sajtó tükrében

Author(s): Csaba Katona / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 01/2020

Bulgaria’s joining the Central Powers during World War I was an event of crucial importance for Hungary as well, which explains the considerable attention it elicited from the Hungarian press. The background to the predominantly propagandisctic articles was constituted by the circumstances of Bulgaria’s joining the war, the attitude of the Hungarian political leadership to this event, and the tissue of mutual interests. Part of the Hungarian public opinion turned with sympathy to Bulgaria, thanks among other factors to the idea of turanism that had spread from the start of the century. Considerable attention was paid to the person of Tsar Ferdinand, party explained by the fact that as a ruler he personified the imagined character of his nation, and partly by his close Hungarian connections. The simplifying narrative of propaganda, playing on the tunes of national typoligies, looked for points of connection. Similarities were used to raise sympathy, while divergences were staged as exotic. A recurrent element was Bulgaria’s potential role as a counterweight against the Serbians and the Romanians, as well as against Panslavism and the Russians. Bulgaria was regarded as the most developed state of the Balkans, a faithful ally of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, witha a steadfast and a welltrained army. Sympathy was further fuelled by Tsar Ferdinand, of partly Hungarian origins and fluent in Hungarian. The writings that uncritically extolled him virtually created a parallel universe, in which an almost faultless leader showed the way for a Bulgarian nation united in brotherly alliance with the Hungarians.

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Egy lehetetlen történet. Az 1919-es Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság

Author(s): Pál Hatos / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2020

The paper explores the memory-political paradoxes behind the historiography of the Soviet Republic of Hungary and, in the context of the discourses of the period, advances propositions for social and political history research. Who were conquered by communism in the months following the defeat in war and why were they won over? Did Mihály Károlyi voluntarily resign power in favour of Béla Kun or was he tricked into doing so? The events of 21 March 1919 can be interpreted as a coup d’état or rather as a revolution? Did the social democrats, refashioned as socialists, throw away their democratic heritage because they hoped, as Sándor Garbai argued apathetically before the hesitating delegates of the Budepest Workers’ Committee in the late afternoon of 21 March 1919, that the Hungarian justice that had been denied by the western democracy would be forthcoming from the Eastern dictatorship – that is, the Russian Bolsheviks of Lenin? What in fact did the Bolshevisation of Hungarian society consist in, which was observed with a curiosity mixed with compassion in the Council of Four at Paris over the first days? Was it an ideology or a utopia, or a messianistic religious movement, or simply the manifestation of the state of deprivation that characterised a postwar society hit by hunger and misery? Who were the members of the provincial directories, what did the workers want, and what did the agrarian opposition of poor peasants, who crossed the way of their comrades in the capital, really hope for? It is to such questions that the paper aims to frame answers.

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A Nagy Háború szürke zónája. A váci civil internáló-tábor működésének története

Author(s): László Somogyi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2020

When, in the summer of 1914, the declaration of war happened among the parts, according to plans made previously, rounding up foreign citizens living on the territory of Hungary in special camps started. These subjects, who were completed with Hungarian citizens belonging to minorities and being suspect in the eye of the authorities, became internees who were guarded in camps created especially for foreigners. Vác was one of the members of this camp system, where the local hussar-barrack had been transformed into an internment camp. Documents that came into being during the operation of the camp completed with documents from foreign archives sources and the local press news can help us to get an insight into the captivity model used during the First World War that is called internment.

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Egy magyar kórház Konstantinápolyban

Author(s): Gábor Fodor / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2020

The surprising and previously hardly-researched venture of funding a Hungarian hospital in the Turkish capital was one of the Hungarian initiatives during the First World War aimed at strengthening relations between the two allies. In this article I will attempt to present the background to the opening of the hospital, the organizational details, difficulties and the persons involved, and I will briefly cover the relations between the Hungarian Red Cross and the Turkish Red Crescent, and their joint projects.

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Régi források, új értelmezési lehetőség. Horthy Miklós fővezéri tevékenysége

Author(s): Dávid Turbucz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2020

Several scientific publications have been devoted to the life of Miklós Horthy, especially to the period between 1919 and 1944. This statement holds equally for the years from 1919 to 1921, that is, the earliest phase of what later became known as the so-called Horthy era. The present paper examines the period between August 1919 and the spring of 1920 in the light of Horthy’s exercise of power as commanderin-chief. The chief question to be answered is whether there emerged a military dictatorship in this period in Hungary? How can be characterised the working of the political institutions which operated then? In order to be able to offer relevant answers to the questions posed, I have critically surveyed the available scholarly literature, and also aimed at the systematic analysis of the primary sources, whether already known or hitherto neglected. Archival research has proved several conclusions of the previous research to have been erroneous, and their rectification both corrected and complemented our state of knowledge on the topic.

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Egy monarchia agóniája. Az Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia, 1914–1920

Author(s): Veronika Eszik / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2014

Bled, Jean-Paul: L’agonie d’une monarchie. L’Autriche-Hongrie 1914–1920. Paris, Taillander, 2014. 484 p

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Ellentmondások, újraértelmezések az I. világháború kapcsán

Author(s): Klára Jakó / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2014

Boia, Lucian: Primul război mondial. Controverse, paradoxuri, reinterpretări. [Az első világháború. Ellentmondások, paradoxonok, újraértelmezések.] București, Editura Humanitas, 2014. 120 p.

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A Balkán-háborúk képe a francia szakirodalomban

Author(s): Gábor Demeter / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2015

Les guerres balkaniques (1912–1913). Confl its, enjeux, mémoires. Dir.: Horel, Catherine. Bruxelles–Bern– Berlin–Oxford: P.I.E.–Peter Lang, 2014. 348 p. (Enjeux internationaux, 31.)

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Az albán tűzfészek szerepe a világháború kirobbanásában

Author(s): Gábor Demeter / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2015

100 години от Охридско-Дебърското въстание. Състав.: Гребенаров, Александър Георгиев- Георгиев, Георги Николов. София: Институт за исторически изследвания при БАН, Държавна агенция „Архиви”, Македонският научен институт Скопие: Българският културен клуб, 2014. 311 p.

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