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Vprašanje etnične posebnosti Muslimanov v razpravi jugoslovanskih komunistov o nacionalnem vprašanju leta 1923

Author(s): Jurij Perovšek / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2001

In the paper, the author presents the opinions of some members of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia who supported the idea of the Yugoslav Moslems as a separate ethnic group during a well known political debate on the national question in 1923. He concludes that this idea was officially accepted only in 1968 by the successor of the Communist Party, the Alliance of the Communists of Yugoslavia, when it was politically and constitutionally implemented within the framework of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He also points out that the idea of the Moslems as a separate nationality, which first emerged in the Communist Party of Yugoslavia as early as 1923, was an integral part of the ideological, political, military and international endeavours to secure equality of the Moslem nationality in the complex relations between the Southern Slav nations in the twentieth century.

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Moč in nemoč ideje in politike ljudske fronte

Author(s): Peter Vodopivec / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2001

Slogans about the people's front emerged after the seventh congress of the Communist International in 1935 as a result of its new political course. The alliances in the people's front arising from the Comintern's new orientation were initially very fragile. Due to the negative experiences in the period between 1928 and 1935, Socialists continued to distrust Communists and refused to cooperate with them in most West European countries, even after the shift in the Comintern policy. Although the Communists swore by the newly formed 'anti-Fascist' alliances, in their policy they pursued only Soviet and their own interests. Wherever formed, 'people's front coalitions' were very heterogeneous and as such unable to solve the burning social, economic and political issues. The author points out the failed attempts by the 'people's fronts' in Spain and France to ensure a more lasting social and political balance. He also establishes that the 'people's front' coalitions were no more successful in Slovenia, being short-lived and only engaging a part of the patriotic and antifascist population.

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Slovenska škofa in okupacija

Author(s): France M. Dolinar / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2001

As a result of the collapse of the Habsburg Empire and the bartering between the victor countries in the wake of the First World War, the Slovene ethnic territory was radically carved up. Within the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Slovene Roman Catholic Church consisted of two dioceses. The Diocese of Ljubljana was shepherded by Dr Gregorij Rožman from 1930 and the Diocese of Maribor by Dr Ivan Jožef Tomažič from 1933. The two bishops, whilst not ignoring the threat of the looming war, were unprepared for it. Their different conduct during the occupation of Slovenia was conditioned by the varying circumstances and treatment by the occupiers in the respective areas of their homeland rather than by differences in their character. Under the extreme conditions created by the occupation, both bishops recognised the legitimacy of the occupying regime, on the principle that any other attitude would provoke intolerable anarchy in the country, endangering both the moral and physical existence of the Slovene people.

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Prispevek k načrtu za sintezo zgodovine (hrvaške) Istre v času Kraljevine Italije

Author(s): Petar Strčić / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2000

In his article the author presents us with a comprehensive overview of the landmarks of the development of (Croatian) Istria in the period between World War I and II. The developments during this period are connected to the past of this region as up until the year 1797, the Istrian peninsula was divided up between the Venetian and the Hapsburg Monarchy. From the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918, up until 1943, Istria shared the destiny of other Slovene and Croatian territories which were under the rule of the Kingdom of Italy. The organised ethnic cleansing of the majority of the Croatian population begun in this period was financed by the state and continued even more brutally by the Fascists. Thus, armed attempts at resistance and other resistance movements were smothered in blood, Croatian institutions destroyed, violent means implemented, and denationalisation legalised. The National Liberation War started in Istria in 1941 and the first detachment of resistance fighters was formed in 1942. After the collapse of Italy in September 1943, the Provincial National Liberation Committee independently declared the secession of Croatian Istria from Italy and its unification with the Croatian homeland in Yugoslavia. The declaration was ratified at the Second Meeting of the Anti-Fascist Council of the National Liberation of Yugoslavia.

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Priprave na sporazum Ciano-Stojadinović. Vpliv na Julijsko krajino

Author(s): Teodoro Sala / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2000

The author deals with the warming up of relations between Italy and Yugoslavia after 1935, which led to the signing of an agreement by Ciano and Stojadinović in March 1937. At the time, Italy was increasingly modeling its politics on that of Germany, which, in turn, was pushing Italy out of Austria and the Balkans. Consequently, the agreements signed by Ciano and Stojadinović were no longer characterized by the new, active policy that Italy had wished to exercise in the Danube region and the Balkans. The traumatic international relations that marked those two years were reflected in daily life, especially that of the Slovenian population in the Julian March, who for twenty years had to endure bitter and tragic consequences of the annexation to the Italian monarchy.

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"Kronika naše Kalvarije pod Italijo". Gradivo Komisije za ugotavljanje zločinov okupatorjev in njihovih pomagačev o obdobju 1918-1941

Author(s): Damijan Guštin / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2000

The Committee Investigating The Crimes Committed By Occupiers And Their Accomplices was set up by the Slovenian National Liberation Movement in 1944 and continued working as a government body after the Second World War. Its task was not only to investigate the war crimes committed in Primorska, the Slovenian ethnic territory annexed to the Italian monarchy in 1918, but also to gather information on the specific, institutionalized violence exercised by the Italian state (through denationalization) and, in particular, the fascist forces between 1918 and 1941. In the paper, the author presents the scheme for ascertaining the various forms of pressure to which the population was subjected in the implementation of the denationalization policy, as well as the findings and their quantification.

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Delovanje delavskega prosvetnega društva Svoboda - Vzajemnost v Mariboru od ustanovitve do leta 1941

Author(s): Dragan Potočnik / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/1999

The Workers' Cultural Society Svoboda (Freedom) was a leading workers' cultural organisation in Maribor between the two World Wars. The society contributed greatly to the rise of popular education and culture. It was divided into several sections such as drama and recitals, sports, nature trips, chess, singing and tamburitsa. The society organised lectures on issues related to the workers' movement. In 1935, the Svoboda society was banned by the authorities because of its political activity. However, only a year later, the Vzajemnost (Solidarity) Society was founded in its stead. It organized lectures, discussions, cultural evenings, singing and theatrical performances, thereby contributing towards a greater general education and Marxist re-education. By dealing with the current socio-economic issues, it attracted workers as well as inteligentsia and students. Among those who collaborated with the Vzajemnost were several prominent Slovenian cultural workers, such as Bogo Teply, Ivan Favai, Jože Babič and Anton Tanc.

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Raznarodovanje slovenske manjšine v Trstu (Problematika ugotavljanja števila neitalijanskih izseljencev iz Julijske krajine po prvi svetovni vojni)

Author(s): Piero Purini / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/1998

La quantificazione dell'emigrazione dalla Venezia Giulia dopo il 1918 ha sempre presentato delle grosse difficoltà, legate sia a problemi tecnici, sia al valore politico che quest'emigrazione venne ad assumere tanto per l'Italia quanto per la Jugoslavia. Le difficoltà tecniche riguardano principalmente la mancanza di qualsiasi dato ufficiale che si riferisca agli anni 1918-1920. Le nuove autorità italiane del Litorale non poterono o non vollero tenere alcuna statistica del movimento migratorio da e per l'ex Kustenland. In questo modo sfuggono a qualsiasi possibilità d'indagine alcuni dei cambiamenti più decisivi nella composizione etnica di questo territorio: l'esodo in massa della comunità tedescofona (la vox populi del tempo ipotizzò fino a 40.000 partenze); i rientri degli 80.000 sfollati di guerra, dei quali risulta impossibile determinare quanti ritornarono nella Venezia Giulia e quanti invece decisero di rimanere nel luogo dove avevano trascorso il periodo bellico; la partenza di buona parte delle comunità greca, serba, armena ed ebraica, penalizzate economicamente e commercialmente dal nuovo status della città; la fuga più o meno obbligata degli ex soldati austroungarici, dichiarati prigionieri di guerra; l'inizio dell'emigrazione slovena e croata e l'internamento di buona parte degli intellettuali appartenenti ai due gruppi etnici; l'immigrazione di un gran numero di italiani verso i nuovi territori annessi. Le altre difficoltà nel definire la quantificazione dell'esodo sono invece legate all'uso politico che l'Italia e la Jugoslavia fecero dei dati sul movimento migratorio.

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Recenzija: Slovenska trideseta leta

Author(s): Bojan Balkovec / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/1998

The review of: Slovenska trideseta leta, Simpozij 1995. Slovenska matica, Ljubljana 1997, 254 strani.

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Gospodarsko sodelovanje Slovenije z državami naslednicami Avstro-Ogrske 1918-1941

Author(s): Žarko Lazarević / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/1997

The author deals with the economic cooperation between Slovenia and the states-successors of the Habsburg Empire: Austria, Czechoslovak Republic, Hungary and Poland. He analyses the level of economic relations within a wide economic and political context of economic policy, customs duties and trade agreements, and through the optics of a direct goods exchange and the transfer of capital, technology and people (labour migration, tourism).

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Recenzija: Liberalizem in vprašanje slovenstva: Nacionalna politika liberalnega tabora v letih 1918-1929

Author(s): Ervin Dolenc / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/1997

The review of: Jurij Perovšek, Liberalizem in vprašanje slovenstva: Nacionalna politika liberalnega tabora v letih 1918-1929. Ljubljana, Modrijan, 1996, 296 strani.

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Recenzija: Tisk in politika v Jugoslaviji (1918-1941)

Author(s): Anka Vidovič Miklavčič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/1997

The review of: Smilja Amon, Tisk in politika v Jugoslaviji (1918-1941). Ljubljana 1996, 259 strani.

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Nacistična oblast na Koroškem 1938-1945 in njena politika do Slovencev

Author(s): Marjan Linasi / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/1997

In this paper the author discusses the Nazi authority, its structures and bearers, its purposes and goals on Carinthian territory north of the Saint-Germain border (since annexation on March 13, 1938) and south of it (since April 6, 1941) until the end of the World War II. All efforts of Nazi structures, from Nazi party (NSDAP) which included 10 percent of Carinthian population north of the Saint-Germain border, that being the highest percentage of involved population among all countries in the German Reich, to other political and authoritative structures and repressive apparatus, particularly the gendarmerie, the police, the Gestapo and the Security service (SD), were directed, beside the terrorization of population and suppression of any opposition, also toward radical Germanization of Slovene population. To achieve this goal the Nazis availed themselves also of kindergartens and schools, they commanded the exclusive use of German language in all public life and even forced the Catholic church to perform the worship in German. They fully exploited material and human potentials, the latter by military mobilization of male population.

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O nekaterih značilnostih protinacističnega odpora koroških Slovencev v letih 1938-1945

Author(s): Risto Stojanovič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/1997

On the basis of archive sources (Institute for National Questions, Archives of the Republic of Slovenia, Ministry of Interior Affairs, Carinthian Provincial Museum in Slovenj Gradec, League of Carinthian Partisans in Klagenfurt and Institute for Military History in Belgrade) and literature, the author presents the main features of the anti-Nazi resistance by the Carinthian Slovenes in Austria, the development of the National Liberation Movement and Partisan units in Carinthia, the victims among the Carinthian Slovenes, the material damage and the final Second World War combats in Europe which took place in Carinthia.

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Prispevek k zgodovini ljutomerskega okraja v letih 1935-1941

Author(s): Anka Vidovič Miklavčič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/1997

At micro-research level, the author reviews the organisation of political parties as well as educational, cultural, youth and cooperative associations between 1935 and 1941, when Jugoslovenska radikalna zajednica (the Yugoslav Radical Community) was in power. Their activity influenced the results of the local government (1936-1938) and the Parliament (1938) elections. The national-defence movement was strongly felt in this district, both in the Liberal and Catholic camps, until its suppression in April 1941.

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Pogledi slovenskih revolucionarno usmerjenih marksistov na črnogorsko vprašanje leta 1923

Author(s): Jurij Perovšek / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/1996

The author presents the position of the Slovene communists with regards to the so-called Montenegrin question in 1923. In the context of a public political discussion on the national question, from May to December that year, the Yugoslav Communist Party (Komunistična stranka Yugoslavije) devised its multi-national, federal program. The author points out that it was the Slovene communists who first called for the recognition of Montenegro as a legal state entity and its inclusion in the Party's federal program. He concludes that the political process, which eventually resulted in the formation of the Republic of Montenegro within the second, federal Yugoslav state, had actually been started as early as 1923 by the Slovene members of the YCP.

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Recenzija: Kulturni boj. Slovenska kulturna politika v Kraljevini SHS 1918-1929

Author(s): Jurij Perovšek / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/1996

The review of: Ervin Dolenc: Kulturni boj. Slovenska kulturna politika v Kraljevini SHS 1918-1929, Cankarjeva založba, Ljubljana 1996, 405 str.

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Recenzija: Slovenska kronika XX. stoletja. 1900-1941. Knjiga 1

Author(s): Vida Deželak Barič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/1996

The review of: Slovenska kronika XX. stoletja. 1900-1941. Knjiga 1. Nova revija, Ljubljana 1995, 457 strani.

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Slovensko podjetništvo v industriji

Author(s): France Kresal / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/1994

The paper deals with the development of Slovenian enterprise in the framework of Yugoslavia between 1918 and 1941. On the basis of sources and many years of personal investigation, the author considers the basis of entrepreneurs of the time, who helped in the development of a strong industry, the organisation of the market, the promotion of a spirit of enterprise and participated in the establishment of a legal order which ensured the protection of the national economy, capital accumulation, the nationalisation of foreign companies and the involvement of foreign capital in the establishment of new companies and the development of existing ones.

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Omladina Narodne odbrane (Mladina Narodne obrambe)

Author(s): Anka Vidovič Miklavčič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/1993

On the basis of records and literary works the author describes the ideological profile and role of the young generation participating in the movement around a magazine entitled the »Pohod« (1932-1937) and the »Omladina Narodne Odbrane« (the National Defense Youth), a movement directed from its headquarters in Belgrade in the Drava Banovina the NDY had 16 chapters and 3 committees in which members were the youth from peasant and working classes, as well as secondary school students. In 1933, and academic NDY chapter was founded at the University ob Ljubljana. In their publications, »Pohod« (The March), »Omladina« (The Youth) and a special brochure »Who Are We? What do We Want?« the organisation manifested their militant character, inviting the young generations to join the national defence against their competitors in the »Sudmark« and the »Schulverein« clubs, preparing the young members to join the ranks of a radical national and social movement. The NDY always rejected both any form of class struggle and gradually acquired a character comparable to that of the emerging German national socialism.

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