Wartości przekazywane i pielęgnowane przez matki w rodzinach wiejskich w okresie międzywojennym

Author(s): Anna Józefowicz / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 1/2011

In the Polish Second Republic, so in the country rebom afiter one hundredtwenty three years of captivity, the role of a woman as a woman-mother, was significantly emphasized. Press, literature, researchers have proved that safety and orderin the whole country depend on safety and order in individual families. The key notion became: „from education of a mother to education of a child”. While analyzing sources such as newspapers, magazines, diaries, guidebooks, I noticed the following values for which mothers in rural families were held to beresponsible: 1 ,value of work connected with obligation in farm and household, so role of motherasahousewife; 2.the value of the family as a community and the mother's role in it. Mother was thefirst protector, tutor, patron of a child. Mother took care of child and other membersin the family, she helped them, she guaranteed the positive atmosphere at home, took care of safety in a wide context. It was significant that mother appealed in theprocess of socialization to common traditions and experiences; 3. value of education and social consciousness, so the role of the mother in shaping social consciousness; 4. patriotic value, so the role of the mother in shaping patriotic attitude.

Rodzina tatarska w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej wobec transmisji kulturowej

Author(s): Urszula Wróblewska / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 1/2011

The subject matter of my article is analysis religion educational and cultural processes, which influenced in family on Polish Muslim Tatars during the period between World Wars. Chronological range overlaps 1918-1939 years. Duringthat period, Poland built its State structures after a long time of partitions. I would like to display a multidimensional characteristic of Polish Tatars religion education. In my article I would like to answer to the question: What was important in transfer between generation in family of Tatars? I would also like to fili in ‘blank’ in the researches in the field of Tatars minority and family educational processes in the years 1918-1939.

Svakodnevni život i arhitektura Jevreja u Vršcu XVIII–XX veka

Author(s): Amanda Dega / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 7/2018

The earliest mention of the Jewish Ashkenazi community in Vršac dates from 1766. This community gradually developed and flourished in the second part of the XIX century after the Emancipation in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Unfortunately, during the Second World War almost all Vršac residents of Jewish origin lost their lives in a tragic way. The major focus of this paper is given to the reconstruction of the synagogue and Jewish Town Hall, based on, so far unpublished plan and sketch, and likewise to the appearance of the Jewish funerary monuments. The town hall served as the rabbi’s apartment and Talmud Torah School, and within its premises religious gatherings and celebrations were being held. The mikveh was most probably located at the end of the building, whereas a separate building on the parcel served for shechita. The interior of the synagogue in Vršac is executed in the Neoclassical style and according to the analogues (Aron Hakodesh, Gallery) it bears resemblance to the interiors of synagogues in Western and Central Hungary (Papa; Szabadszállás). The most widely used ornament on the tombstones is a weeping willow and material evidence, based on ornaments, suggests that the descendants of the Levi (pitcher) and Kohen (two hands) tribes lived in Vršac. The most remarkable tombstone in the shape of a Decalogue was erected for the Deutsch sisters. The other tombstones were usually in the shape of an obelisk and stelae. Although the remaining data on the old residents of the Banat town seem to be extremely deficient, the research in the museum archives, chronicles and the field research has succeeded in reviving some aspects of the everyday life of the Jewish community in Vršac.

Въздействие на миграцията върху урбанизацията в България през 1910-те – 1930-те години: количествени измерения

Author(s): Penka Peykovska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The processes of urbanization and internal migration in Bulgaria in the 1910s–1930s have not often been made the subject of rigorous studies, perhaps because then the scale of urbanization was small and the pace slow compared to the period after World War II. At the same time, however, the first half of this period was characterized by intensive waves of refugees and immigrants (Bulgarians, Russians, and Armenians). The paper examines the urbanization processes in Bulgaria at the time and the role of migration to and within the country in these processes. In particular, it traces the significance of gender, “nationality/nationalite ethnique” in urbanization in Bulgaria, the roles of smaller and larger cities and the capital of Sofia as well as the regional differences in urbanization through migration. The study heavily relies on the censuses carried out in 1910, 1920, 1926 and 1934, which drew a distinction between native-born people who were born either in the locality where they were enumerated (i.e. locals) or in a locality different from their birthplace within the country (i.e. internal migrants, inmigrants), and people who were foreign-born (i.e. external migrants, immigrants).

PITANJE EUROPSKE KOLEKTIVNE SIGURNOSTI U RAZDOBLJU OD VERSAJSKE MIROVNE KONFERENCIJE DO UGOVORA IZ LOCARNA (1919.-1925.)

Author(s): Ivan Obadić,Miran Marelja / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 30/2019

The article examines the origins and evolution of the European system of collective security after the end of the First World War until the mid-1920s and the Locarno Treaties. Based on the analysis of international documents and literature, this study traces the development of European collective security through the League of Nations and by examining the impact of the Locarno Treaties.

Život s olovkom: Od rođenja do izbjeglištva (1930. — 1941.)

Author(s): Borivoj Dovniković Bordo / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2019

Ne znam je li to prednost ili nije, ali je činjenica da sam u svom životu promijenio pet država i pet društveno-političkih sistema, a da zapravo ovaj južnoslavenski teritorij nisam ni napuštao: Kraljevinu Jugoslaviju, Pavelićevu NDH, Nedićevu Srbiju, socijalističku Jugoslaviju i, na kraju, novu, samostalnu Hrvatsku. Dodajmo tu i dva rata. Ako baš i nije prednost, iskustvo bogami jest, i te kakvo. Time se ne može pohvaliti mnogo ljudi u svijetu. I onda se moj prijatelj iz Sjedinjenih Država čudi kako smo mi ovdje svi politizirani, kako se, bez obzira na svoju profesiju, pletemo u sve i sva, od vanjske politike do sporta i školstva. I sve nam je važnije od posla kojim se bavimo. Ima on pravo (ali i nema). Jer on, otkad zna za sebe, ima samo dvije kuće: prvu u kojoj se rodio i drugu u kojoj sad živi sa svojom suprugom. U čitavom svom životu ima jednu državnu himnu, jednu zastavu, iste nacionalne praznike, isti jezik, iste običaje, ista pravila i zakone, ista prava i ograničenja, mogućnosti i nade, čak isto poimanje dobra i zla – kao njegov otac, i njegov djed, i njegov pradjed...

Kaptol ga nije volio

Author(s): Božo Rudež / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2019

Review of: Božo Rudež - Margareta Matijević: Između partizana i pristojnosti: Život i doba Svetozara Rittiga (1873. — 1961.), Plejada i Hrvatski institut za povijest – Podružnica za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje, Zagreb, 2019., 455 str.

Favourite Research Topics of Estonian Ethnographers under Soviet Rule

Author(s): Indrek Jääts / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Estonian ethnography as one of the Estonia-related disciplines was tied with Estonian nationalism from the very beginning. Defined as a science investigating mainly the material side of vanishing traditional peasant culture in the 1920s, it fitted rather well with the Soviet understanding of ethnography as a sub discipline of history. Thanks to the major cooperation projects initiated and coordinated by ethnographers from Moscow, Soviet Estonian ethnographers could continue studying Estonian traditional peasant culture. Their favourite research topics (folk costume, peasant architecture and traditional agriculture) supported Estonian national identity, but also suited the framework of Soviet ethnography. Studying contemporary (socialist) everyday life was unpopular among Estonian ethnographers because the results had to justify and support Soviet policy. They did so unwillingly, and avoided it completely if possible. Despite of some interruption during the Stalin era, ethnography managed to survive as a science of the nation in Soviet Estonia.

Donații, fonduri și fundații la Universitatea din Cluj, 1920-1947 (III)

Author(s): Mihai Teodor Nicoară / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 28-29/2016

Constituirea fondurilor universitare a fost rezultatul unor inițiative din partea conducerii Universității clujene sau propuneri ministeriale, scopul lor fiind, în întreaga perioadă interbelică, susținerea activităților științifice, mai ales în rândul studenților și publicarea cercetărilor realizate de profesorii universitari clujeni. Fondul „Vasile Pârvan” al Facultății de Litere (1921), Fondul „ dr. Ioan Scurtu” al Facultății de Litere (1926), Fondul „Căpitan Constantin A. Botez” (1928), Fondul „Vasile Pârvan” al Senatului Universitar (1929) au fost create pentru premierea studenților pasionați de cercetarea științifică. Fondul pentru înființarea unui cămin regional la Cluj (1926), Fondul de ajutor și împrumut pentru studențime (1927), Fondul pentru editarea manualelor didactice (1929) au venit în sprijinul material al studențimii clujene. Fondurile extraordinare ale Grădinei Botanice (1929) au sprijinit una dintre cele mai mari Grădini Botanice universitare din țară. Fondul Igienei universitare (1931) a sprijinit un domeniu important al vieții universitare, igiena și educația fizică în rândul studenților. Igiena Universitară a fost încadrată în Oficiul Universitar, care a funcționat după un Regulament, propus de dr. Iuliu Hațieganu și dr. Iuliu Moldovan. Scopul acestui Fond a fost înființarea unei cantine studențești, asigurarea unei alimentații mai bune și mai ieftine pentru studenții săraci și merituoși. Fondurile universitare au fost alimentate din subvenții particulare, bancare, guvernamentale, donații ale administrației locale și au contribuit la îmbunătățirea activităților Universității clujene.

Persecuții politice asupra învățătorilor români din Transilvania. Cazul David Pop

Author(s): Cristian Lupu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 35/2019

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the fate of the teachers, like that of all the intellectuals, was uneasy as they were permanently suspected of conspiracy against the Austrian local and state authorities. During the period of Austro-Hungarian dualism (1867-1918), the role of the teachers was extremely important for the Romanian communities. Together with the priests, they represented the connection between the population and the cultural, national and political movements of the time. After the start of the First World War, the Romanian intelligentsia in Transylvania was faced with an avalanche of arrests. The efforts of the teachers to promote the national culture also caused reactions from the Hungarian state, and one of these was manifest in the "Case of David Pop”. The teacher D. Pop was recruited by the Romanian Information Services in 1914 with the help of his brother Romulus Pop and his wife. Like the teacher from Brașov, many Romanian patriots from Transylvania volunteered for the secret front supported by the Romanian Civil and Military Information Services. The most important information centers in Transylvania were supported by the lawyer Spiridon Boita and the teacher David Pop. Sixteen Romanian intellectuals, four of whom were teachers, were arrested and sentenced to death following an investigation. The reason for the arrest was related to espionage, but the Romanian intellectuals invoked the unjust persecution, the lack of concrete evidence about the secret activity. Following the efforts of their lawyer, Dr. Ioan Erdely, and by the means made available by Al. Vaida Voevod and Isopescu Grecu, the case of the sixteen accused people arrived in Vienna. Erdély demonstrated that, through the numerous lawsuits filed against Romanian intellectuals, it was desired to discredit the image of the Romanian people. The emperor appointed a commission consisting of five military judges, who reviewed the case and released the 16 intellectuals. David Pop escaped the death sentence, was released and tried to serve as a teacher, then as a priest. Abandoned by friends and accused of duplicitous attitude, David Pop became a target even after the 1918 Union. On 19 May 1919 he was arrested by the Ruling Council and imprisoned for 13 days as an alleged traitor. The Transylvanian teacher tried to defend himself by sending letters to the newspapers and asking for the right to reply but without success.

Romanian Moralists: Maiorescu and Iorga

Author(s): Eugen Simion / Language(s): English Issue: Suppl. 1/2019

This article approaches the moralist side of Titu Maiorescu and Nicolae Iorga. Maiorescu is the first Romanian moralist in the true sense of the word. Familiar with the ancient thinkers, the French moralists and the German moral philosophy, especially Schopenhauer, Maiorescu is an observer and a harsh judge of the mores of his society. Iorga, the most productive Romanian moralist, thinks of man, in full Romanian modernity, in terms of tradition (the honest man, with his purpose and respect for old rules, “ashamed” in his nature by the shamelessness of life). In his Musings,Iorga is always thinking of the traditional man, whom he wants to rescue from the shamelessness of modernity.

Dan Berindei, Andrei Pippidi, and Ioan Bolovan, eds. Romanians and Poles on Move from 1848 to 1944

Author(s): Florian Dumitru Soporan / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2020

KALBOS AKTAI NAUJOSIOS ROMUVOS (1931–1940) HIGIENOS IR KOSMETIKOS REKLAMOSE

Author(s): Agnė Aleksaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 92/2019

The object of study of this article is the speech acts of ads for hygiene and cosmetics products in the Naujoji Romuva (NR) (1931–1940). The empiric material, repetitive ads excluded, consists of 176 ads for hygiene and cosmetics products that are analysed in this article on the basis of the theory of speech acts. Although, taking into account the economic and cultural level in Lithuania of that time, the number of advertisements was limited due to the scarcity of supply and sceptical attitudes of the society (Jankevičiūtė 2015: 29), the scant empirical material from the NR publication showcases certain trends in hygiene and cosmetics ads in Lithuania between the two world wars. The goal of the article is to identify the speech acts and micro acts that prevail in the NR hygiene and cosmetics ads from 1931–1940. The study has showed the following categories of speech acts to be used in ads for hygiene and cosmetics: (1) representatives (82.7%); (2) directives (12.6%); (3) commissives (3.6%), and (4) expressives (1.1%). No declarative speech acts were found in the ad copy researched. A qualitative analysis of the representatives has revealed that the more prevalent are the micro acts of assertion (50.2%), praise or boasting (25.5%), and information (18.7%), while the presence of the micro acts of assumption (3.3%), condition (1.6%), and cajolement (0.7%) is scarce. An analysis of the directives in the ads has showed that the micro acts of encouragement (76.2%) and instruction (19%) occur more frequently, and the micro acts of requesting (3.6%) and advising and recommending (1.2%) are very rare. The rare commissives (3.6%) in the ads appearing in the periodical that was in circulation between the two world wars are split into the micro acts of (1) promising (95.8%) and (2) assuring (4.2%). The expressives that make a seldom appearance (1.1%) in hygiene and cosmetics ads in the NR of the period between 1931 and 1940 can be divided into the micro acts of (1) emotions (60%) and (2) thanksgiving (40%).

1918–1940 M. STATYBOS TERMINIJOS DŪRINIŲ DARYBOS POLINKIAI

Author(s): Lina Rutkienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 92/2019

The article deals with the compound constructional terms in scientific literature, published between 1918 and 1940. In Lithuania, during the interwar period, the construction sector was rapidly expanding, there were many new realities, which called for many new terms, including compounds. Exclusive personalities were very important for the development of construction terms of this period and for the formation of this professional language: Kazimieras Vasiliauskas, Jonas Šimoliūnas, Pranas Morkūnas, Anatolijus Rozenbliumas, Pranas Jodele, Jonas Kiškinas, Juozas Gabrys and others. Not only did these construction engineers carry out significant research, writing articles and books, teaching young people, but also enriched construction terminology. Quantitative data of related terms from 33 scientific papers and articles on construction indicate that during the interwar period compounding was an important way of developing construction terms: in the literature read, 262 related compound terms were found. The German equivalents presented in addition to some of the compounds make the assumption that the Lithuanian compounds are to be regarded as partial or full evaluations. Although general types of Lithuanian compound terms are characterized by the same major types of compounding found in the the present Lithuanian language, analyzing the period from 1918 to 1940 construction terminology compounds, it is determined that they are made according to 10 types of production.

Sarah Lemmen: Tschechen auf Reisen. Repräsentationen der außereuropäischen Welt und nationale Identität in Ostmitteleuropa 1890-1938

Author(s): Darina Volf / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2020

Review of: Darina Volf - Sarah Lemmen: Tschechen auf Reisen. Repräsentationen der außereuropäischen Welt und nationale Identität in Ostmitteleuropa 1890-1938. (Peripherien. Neue Beiträge zur Europäischen Geschichte, Bd. 2.) Böhlau. Köln 2018. 358 S. ISBN 978-3-412-50798-5. (€ 50,–.)

Wolfgang Templin: Der Kampf um Polen. Die abenteuerliche Geschichte der Zweiten Polnischen Republik, 1918-1939

Author(s): Johanna Bichlmaier / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2020

Review of: Johanna Bichlmaier - Wolfgang Templin: Der Kampf um Polen. Die abenteuerliche Geschichte der Zweiten Polnischen Republik, 1918-1939. Ferdinand Schöningh. Paderborn 2018. 254 S., Ill., Kt. ISBN 978-3-506-78757-6. (€ 39,90.)

Martin Lohmann: Alpenblick hinter Stacheldraht. Das polnische Offiziersgefangenenlager VII A in Murnau 1939-1945

Author(s): Heribert Macher-Kroisenbrunner / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2020

Review of: Heribert Macher-Kroisenbrunner - Martin Lohmann: Alpenblick hinter Stacheldraht. Das polnische Offiziersgefangenenlager VII A in Murnau 1939-1945. (Schriften des Historischen Vereins Murnau am Staffelsee e.V., Bd. 31.) Allitera Verlag. München 2017. 400 S., graph. Darst. ISBN 978-3-86906-981-4. (€ 29,90.)

Rum Runners of the Baltic—The Rise of Transnational Liquor Smuggling Networks in Interwar Europe

Author(s): Adrian Mitter / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

This article analyzes the local and transnational entanglements of interwar liquor contraband operations to show how smuggling in the Baltic Sea region grew from small-scale coast-to-coast operations to a large-scale trade organized by transnational syndicates moving millions of liters. It examines transnational smuggling networks, the use of flags of convenience and large base ships to argue that the framework of the “Helsinki Convention for the Suppression of the Contraband Traffic in Alcoholic Liquors of 1925” led to professionalization and trans-nationalization of contraband operations and a significant growth in liquor smuggling. The analysis of the Free City of Danzig (Wolne Miasto Gdańsk), where the boundaries between small-scale smuggling and professional contraband operations were fluid, provides insights into the local elements of liquor smuggling operations. This part of the argument focuses on the weak governmental control and the tax-free area in the Danzig port, which provided the necessary infrastructure for large-scale smuggling and enabled the city-state to become a major hub for liquor smuggling operations.

Kamila Storz: Der ländliche Hausbau im südlichen Ostpreußen 1871-1945.

Author(s): Ewa Barylewska-Szymańska / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2019

Review of: Ewa Barylewska-Szymańska - Kamila Storz: Der ländliche Hausbau im südlichen Ostpreußen 1871-1945. Peter Lang. Berlin 2018. 346 S. ISBN 978-3-631-73942-6. (€ 49,95.)

Zwischen Region und Nation. 125 Jahre Forschung zur Geschichte der Deutschen in Polen. Hrsg. von Wolfgang Kessler und Markus Krzoska. (Polono-Germanica, Bd. 7.)

Author(s): Ines Ellertmann / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2019

Review of: Ines Ellertmann - Zwischen Region und Nation. 125 Jahre Forschung zur Geschichte der Deutschen in Polen. Hrsg. von Wolfgang Kessler und Markus Krzoska. (Polono-Germanica, Bd. 7.) fibre. Osnabrück 2013. 290 S. ISBN 978-3-938400-87-6. (€ 34,80.)