Македонски помощен легион (1933-1934)

Author(s): Aleksandar Grebenarov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/1995

In March, 1933, the leader of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (IMRO) Ivan Mihaylov suggested to his colleagues in the Central Committee the establishment of a new structure attached to the revolutionary organisation the Macedonisn Auxiliary Legion. The new structure was meant to spread a network of kernel units which would have to attract to the IMRO cause young people - either coming fromMacedonia, or descendants of Macedonian refugees. They had to be trained as volunteers for the struggle against the members and adherents of the communist movement, as well as against the assimilatory regime in Vardar Macedonia, imposed by Belgrade.

Списание „Вардар" - огнище на родолюбие

Author(s): Stoyan Germanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/1995

ON THE WAY TO THE INDEPENDENCE: THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION THROUGH THOMAS PAINE’S COMMON SENSE AND JAMES CHALMERS’S PLAIN TRUTH AND TURKISH WAR OF INDEPENDENCE THROUGH ALI KEMAL’S PEYAM-I SABAH AND FAIK AHMET BARUTÇU’S İSTİKBAL

Author(s): Gökçen Uzunköprü / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2020

America in 1776 and Turkey in 1923 were among those who achieved the impossible declaring independence. Both countries gained independence with a terrific fight against great powers, e.g., People in American colonies resisted the king of their mother country, Britain, and Turkish people struggled severely against the sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the allied powers of World War I which were Britain, France, Russia. In both countries, people went into division: patriots or revolutionaries and loyalists. While revolutionaries were as mad as hell at the authorities, the loyalists were against those opponents and their new system because the patriots would slide their countries into the chaos. Thomas Paine (an American writer) and Faik Ahmet Barutçu (a Turkish journalist) as revolutionaries or patriots and James Chalmers (American pamphleteer) and Ali Kemal Bey2 (a Turkish journalist) as loyalists tried their best to impress the public by their pens. On the one hand, Thomas Paine and Faik Ahmet Bey aimed to raise people’s awareness against the rulers’ deems, and on the other hand, James Chalmers and Ali Kemal Bey were striving to quiet the spirit, which the patriots had wakened. In spite of the different time and place, their reason for the fight was almost concurrent. Eventually, America and Turkey stepped into a new age in a short time, then the supreme power wasn’t the king or sultan anymore but the people.

Stanisław Kozicki o Action Francaise, Mussolinim, faszyzmie i stosunkach polsko-włoskich. Zapiski z rozmowy Michała Gwalberta Pawlikowskiego ze Stanisławem Kozickim [14 VIII 1928 r.

Author(s): Stanisław Kozicki,Michał Gwalbert Pawlikowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

Interview with Stanisław Kozicki by Michał Gwalbert Pawlikowski (elaboration: Tomasz Sikorski and Adam Wątor)

Michał Borwicz in Kraków from 1911–1939. Introduction to the Issue

Author(s): Stefan Gąsiorowski / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2019

This article discusses the early life of Maksymilian Boruchowicz (1911–1987), a Jewish writer, publicist, and literary critic known in interwar Kraków, who changed his name to Michał Borwicz after WWII. Biographical information on his life before the outbreak of the war focuses mainly on his studies of Polish language and literature at the Jagiellonian University, where he was actively involved in student literary and cultural circles, as well as political journalism. During his studies and immediately thereafter, Borwicz published prolifically in various magazines and literary journals, and before the war published the novel Miłość i rasa (Love and Race), which was received positively by literary critics.

MEMORY, POLITICS AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF A NATION’S IDENTITY. INTERNMENT CAMP FOR WOMEN (ALZHIR) NEAR ASTANA (KAZAKHSTAN)

Author(s): Ewa Nowicka / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2019

The article analyses the contents of the Museum and Memorial Complex of Political Repressions and Totalitarianism Victims on the former Akmolinsky Camp for Wives of the Traitors of the Motherland (Akmolińskij łagierżon izmiennikow Rodiny, ALZhiR). The author describes and scrutinizes the functioning of the museum “ALZhIR” in the context of internal and external politics of the Kazakhstan state conducted by president Nursultan Nazarbayev and his allies. The museum not only introduces the camp reality but also highlights the support given to the Kazakh state and Kazakh nation. The author focuses on the analysis of those aspects of the museum content that present the national ideology, which main ideas are a glorification of Kazakh history, culture and humanitarianism (i.e. fundamental requirement of giving aid to the people in need).

Chłopcy w za dużych mundurach. O męskich wspólnotach w wojennej prozie Józefa Czechowicza

Author(s): Jakub Skurtys / Language(s): Polish Issue: 38/2018

The article is an attempt to present different modalities of men’s communities in Józef Czechowicz’s short prose texts, which were created many years after and on the basis of his experiences during the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–1921. The author partly refers to Czechowicz’s biography and some memories of him, and also uses the concept of “homosocial desire” and Georges Bataille’s anthropologic theories. He aims to describe a wide spectrum of Czechowicz’s after-war fantasies about male bonds: brotherhood, fictional in-war family model (with a subconscious search for a symbolic Father), friendship and homoerotic partnership.

Produse de igienă și înfrumusețare în Timișoara interbelică

Author(s): Minodora Damian / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 29/2019

Hygiene was one of the important items of the lot of emancipation factories, which runs in Timișoara daily life within the interwar period. Hygiene, coming from the Greek name of Hygieia, Asclepius’ daughter, the medicine god, means the series of conditions and practices that constantly maintain health.Auxiliary based on hygiene, the field of beauty making contributed to identify and promote the cult of exterior image, through advertising, like a real industry.The advertising message was built to leave the potential client see only the qualities of the product not its deficiencies. The advertising in interwar period might be the ideal of the great corporations of today, with the advertising to say all, leaving no space for interpretations and totally directing the product toward the consumer. Timișoara re-found its former social-economical identity after I World War. So, the territorial-political liberation brought in its train a spiritual-creative releasing able to forecast an almost total daily life bold re-initializing. The hypothesis of modernizing took place within the society in Timișoara, generated by a social metamorphosis and mental changing which is mainly put in light by the young inhabitants who adopted the stylistic trends of the developed Western Europe.The beauty industry’s model transposes the contemporary women’s look in shapes tacitly going from natural to artificial. The women’s natural beauty came so to be falsified by fashion products and those ones generated an artificial beautification due to need of opening a large market for colors, cold creams, lipsticks, and mascara.

Epifanijne doświadczenia krajobrazu w przedwojennej poezji jidyszowej Awroma Suckewera

Author(s): Karolina Koprowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

This article analyses the relationship between the subject and the landscape in Avrom Sutzkever’s early poetry (primarily focusing on compositions published in the volumes Lider [Poems], from 1937, and Valdiks [Forested], from 1940). The author explores the matter of epiphanic experience of landscape – wherein the stake is the search for metaphysical sense within nature – that is a dominant feature of Sutzkever’s pre-war poetry. The way these epiphanies are depicted reveals the romantic–modernist provenance of the early poetic compositions of this Yiddish writer.

Agnieszka Jagodzińska, „Duszozbawcy”? Misje i literatura Londyńskiego Towarzystwa Krzewienia Chrześcijaństwa wśród Żydów w latach 1809–1939

Author(s): Agata Rybińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 43/2019

Review of: Agata Rybińska - Agnieszka Jagodzińska, „Duszozbawcy”? Misje i literatura Londyńskiego Towarzystwa Krzewienia Chrześcijaństwa wśród Żydów w latach 1809–1939, Austeria, Kraków–Budapeszt 2017, ss. 520.

The Jewish Oil Magnates of Galicia. [Part One:] Valerie Schatzker, The Jewish Oil Magnates: A History, 1853–1945, and [Part Two:] The Jewish Oil Magnates: A Novel by Julien Hirszhaut

Author(s): Frank Sysyn / Language(s): English Issue: 44/2019

Review of: Frank Sysyn - The Jewish Oil Magnates of Galicia. [Part One:] Valerie Schatzker, The Jewish Oil Magnates: A History, 1853–1945, and [Part Two:] The Jewish Oil Magnates: A Novel by Julien Hirszhaut, trans. Miriam Dashkin Beckerman, ed. Valerie Schatzker, McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal&Kingston–London–Ithaca 2015, XXX, 588 pp.

Problem języka w klasztorze sióstr katarzynek w Krokach w pierwszej połowie XX wieku

Author(s): Vaida Kamuntavičienė / Language(s): Polish Issue: 43/2019

After 1918, the two Catholic convents on the territory of the Republic of Lithuania faced the issue of Lithuanisation, which was solved in different ways. The Benedictine Convent in Kaunas, the provisional capital of Lithuania, had been firmly Lithuanised by 1924. However, St Catherine’s Convent in Krakės in Samogitia chose a different path. This article aims to find out how the Krakės convent dealt with the challenges of nationalism in the context of ongoing modernisation of its life at that time. The main objective is to present the shift from the Polish to the Lithuanian language in public and private life of the convent. The study is mostly based on original documents held in the archives of St Catherine’s Convent in Kaunas. The Polish language was very important for the Krakės convent (established in 1645). According to the modified Rule of St Catherine the Virgin and Martyr adopted in Krakės in 1673, the language of prayers and sermons was Polish. Only daughters of noblemen were accepted to join; they were obliged to donate a dowry, which meant that only wealthy girls could become nuns. The Krakės convent stemmed from the cultural traditions of the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The establishment of the independent Republic of Lithuania meant that St Catherine’s sisters of Krakės needed to re-evaluate their political (civic), national and cultural identities.

Niektóre aspekty procesów narodotwórczych na Polesiu w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym w świetle badań terenowych Józefa Obrębskiego

Author(s): Pavel Ablamski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 51/2019

The article presents the problem of shaping national identity in the Polesie voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic in the light of ethnosociological research by Józef Obrębski. The researcher’s theses were confronted with sources created by three entities that both registered and directly influenced the nationalization process of the Polesie population. They included state administration, national movements (Ukrainian and, to a lesser extent, Belarusian and Russian), and the communist movement. From the moment of arrival in Polesie, Obrębski’s expedition clashed with the brutal principles of nationality policy implemented by the voivode Wacław Kostek-Biernacki. Due to the significant difficulties in fieldwork, the theses regarding the problem under consideration are sometimes hidden between the lines, but they are devoid of shades of conformism. The quoted source material positively verifies Obrębski’s field observations regarding the intensity and territorial scope of the process of nationalization of the Poleshuks and its features in particular areas of the Polesie voivodeship.

Lessons from the Great Depression in Hungary. The idea of ‘Christian Agriculture’ and its limits

Author(s): Tibor Tóth / Language(s): English Issue: 80/2019

In Hungary, the effects of the Great Depression were the most serious and long lasting in the agrarian sector. The present paper focuses on the actions of the Gömbös government, which ruled Hungary between 1932 and 1936. After taking immediate crisis management actions, Gömbös and his followers tried to base their long-term agrarian and social policy on the idea of ‘Christian agriculture.’ It meant, according to their views, that the economy of Hungary should be reorganized in an agrarian way as the Hungarians who keep the nation alive are the peasants. This paper not only describes the concept of ‘Christian agriculture’ as an alternative way out of the Depression, but analyses the process of the policy’s execution and refers to its limits.

Dr. Vicko Niseteo

Author(s): Mladenko Domazet / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 44/2018

Vicko Niseteo (1857 – 1939) was a descendant of a distinguished family from Stari Grad on the island of Hvar. He graduated from law school in Graz where he, several years later, also obtained his doctorate degree. In 1882, he opened his own law practice in Stari Grad. The same year marked the start of his political engagement in the national revival. In 1887, he was appointed assessor of the Municipality. He remained in office until 1892. That was the year of major disagreements within People’s Party in Stari Grad that resulted in schism, which was provoked by the establishment of the so-called Croatian group within the Diet of Dalmatia. Vicko Niseteo moved to Split in 1908, where he opened his law practice. In addition, he was a co-founder and president of the Split Bar Association. In 1917, he was appointed municipal administrator. His tenure was rather short – it lasted for a month. Vicko Niseteo died in Split in 1939.

Jerko Čulić: životni put, djelovanje i obitelj

Author(s): Petra Blažević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 42-43/2017

Jerko Čulić (1898 – 1953) played a significant role in the economic, political and social life of Split in the first half of the 20th century. Having been born in a deprived suburb, his interest in politics, that he developed in his early adulthood, revolved around the central idea of the time – the unity of the Southern Slavs. His disdain for the Monarchy reflected in a number of writings and agitation attempts, which eventually resulted in incarceration. After the war, he became involved in social politics and humanitarian work. His attention eventually shifted towards tourism industry: he achieved immense success having initiated and established organised tourism in former Yugoslavia. He was also the first chief executive of the Split branch of Putnik, which, at the time, was a state tourism agency. Jerko Čulić was a prolific author of brochures and travel books. He regularly published a large number of travel magazines and thus contributed to the promotion of the Croatian Adriatic and his native Dalmatia. Due to his cooperation with the so-called Društvo za za uređenje i proljepšanje Bačvica i Firula (Bačvice and Firule garden design improvement association) his influence is still visible in the horticultural layout of the eastern waterfront in Split. He was married to a teacher and a political and humanitarian activist, Maja Čulić, with whom he had four children.

Ovlašteni arhitekti i strukovna udruženja u Dalmaciji do 1941. godine

Author(s): Jasenka Kranjčević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 42-43/2017

This paper addresses the link between licensed architects and professional associations in Dalmatia from their early days to the onset of the Second World War. In order to provide sufficient understanding of the topic, the author starts with a brief description of the state of the construction industry at the time and then defines valid regulations for establishing professional associations of engineers and architects. Finally, the author discusses activities and projects that were, at the time, conducted by licensed architects in Dalmatia. After defining legal framework for different historical periods, the author attempts to establish connection between professionals and the possibility of their active memberships in professional building associations in Dalmatia. Similarly, the author tries to define the seats of a number of different professional associations in Dalmatia. Licensed architects and engineers in Dalmatia were in a rather difficult position in the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries. Dalmatia was a remote and underdeveloped region with a low investment rate and, thus, the demand for professional services was rather low, which also had negative effects on construction industry. Not many local architects were commissioned for building projects, and, if any had been started, architects from other parts of the Monarchy would be employed. Due to poverty, the access to higher education was limited. Only a small number of young men could afford to be educated. After graduation, their focus was on securing a mere survival and not on joining a professional association. Even when the law on professional chambers came into effect in 1913, the position of the Dalmatian architects remained unfavourable, because they did not have a representative in the Chamber in Trieste. The Chamber board consisted of politically fit individuals, which impeded its activities. The Slavs did not have their representative on the board and it remains uknown whether any of the Dalmatian architects was elected as a board member before 1918. In the period between the two world wars there was a connection between the association of architects and the Chamber. It was recorded for the years 1924 (the temporary law was in effect) and 1937. It was in 1937 that the Law was put into effect. The Dalmatian engineers and architects belonged to the Ljubljana Chapter and not to the Zagreb Chapter. Engineers and architects from Split were active members of UJIA and not many of them were registered as the Ljubljana Chapter members. There was no clear distinction between the Chamber and the UJIA and almost all the engineers and architects from Dalmatia were members of UJIA. According to the analysis of the available research data, the following conclusion has been made: the Dalmatian engineers and architects were well aware of the political issues at the time, which affected their professional activities within professional associations. Therefore their activities were more significant in relation to the Association of Engineers and Architects than in relation to the Chamber of Engineers and Architects. Engineers and architects in Dalmatia did not have much influence on the activities of professional associations. The were more active in the Associaton of Engineers and Architects than in the Chamber, because its activities were reflective of political demands.

АСЭНСАВАННЕ ПРАГРЭСУ У БЕЛАРУСКАЙ ЖАНОЧАЙ ПАЭЗІІ МІЖВАЕННАГА ПЕРЫЯДУ

Author(s): Aksana Danilczyk / Language(s): Belarusian Issue: 11/2019

The economic industrialization in the 1920s and 1930s influenced the structure of the society. It was also present in fiction, particularly in poetry. In understanding women the concept of progress had certain peculiarities, since it was associated with the changes of social roles women performed. Just examine the works of Z. Bandaryn, E. Pflaumbaum and other authors of Eastern Belarus. They are an evidence that understanding progress was connected with: a) development of science and technology; b) changing (or at least declaring such changes) gender roles and strengthening the position of women in society (in the party) and in literature. However, in female poetry of this period there is lack of reflection, a critical attitude towards the changes in women’s lives, especially with regard to the results of these changes. Progress was understood and portrayed unilaterally without analyzing women’s social status and their position in society.

Штрихи к лингвистическому портрету А. М. Пешковского в контексте научной полемики его времени

Author(s): Oleg Victorovich Nikitin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2019

This paper reveals little-known episodes from A. Peshkovsky’s scientific biography and analyses some fragments of his books and articles in the 1920s and 1930s that became the focus of linguistic discussions and showed ambiguous ideological situation in the science of that time. Special attention is paid to the formation of A. Peshkovsky as a linguist and methodist. His first works on “school and scientific grammar” that laid the foundations of the modern approach to the study of the theory and practice of syntax are analysed. It is noted that the studies by A. Peshkovsky teetered at the level of implementing the ideas of the old Moscow linguistic school of academicians Fortunatov and Shakhmatov, while gravitating toward the insight of A. Potebnya and yet showing at the same time a different way of understanding grammatical ideas. The author claims that A. Peshkovsky went from the traditional diachronic analysis in the direction of the formal approach, while not abandoning “the psychological perception of the word”. A. Peshkovsky, a reformer taking a stand in his search and linguistic experiments against the Marrist and tunnel-visioned understanding of the tasks of Soviet linguistics and methodological science, was subjected to unfair criticism for his stance. The discussions that took place at that time testify to the consistency and scientific integrity of the scientist’s views in the era of the struggle against “eclecticism”, “formalism”, and “incorrigible Indo-Europeanism”. The paper presents some instances of correspondence disputes by V. Voloshinov and M. Bakhtin with A. Peshkovsky on the issues in relationship of grammar and stylistics. His opponents believed that “grammar detached from the semantic and stylistic side of speech inevitably degenerates into scholasticism”. Drawing on materials from archives and personal collection, the author of this paper gives unique facts of the lexicographical activity of A. Peshkovsky in the early 1920s related to his work on the explanatory dictionary of the Russian literary language (not published). The closing part of the paper analyses the dispute between L. Timofeev and A. Peshkovsky. It is stated that “the new theory of the rhythm of prose” by A. Peshkovsky and his works on psychophonetics caused an ambiguous reaction in the philological community and contributed to the activation of research seeking for a “system of division of prose into units” and other experiments on the study of literary texts. Consideration is also given to the works by A. Peshkovsky in the 1930s, in which the scientist solved new problems in the field of formal characteristics of words and word combinations, wrote about the functioning of literary speech as well as the role of intonation in the formation of the syntactic structure of the sentence. Emphasis is laid on the originality and experimental character of many theses by A. Peshkovsky further developed in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

Quelling Ukrainian Opposition in Interwar Poland: The Ministry of Interior’s Divide and Rule Strategy

Author(s): Daniel Fedorowycz / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2020

Interwar Poland has a less than stellar reputation for its treatment of minority ethnic groups, which was cause for concern, considering that nearly one-third of Poland’s population comprised minorities—particularly Ukrainians, Jews, Belarusians, and Germans. The existing historiography on this topic overwhelmingly uses a dichotomous pre- and post-1926 framework to analyze policies pursued by Warsaw. In this article, I take a new approach to understanding minority politics in the Second Polish Republic by disaggregating the level of analysis from group-level policies to focus on the dynamics between the Ministry of Interior (MSW) and political organizations that claimed to represent minority ethnic groups. Using the case of the Ukrainian minority, I explore how the MSW, both before and after the 1926 coup, and despite regime and ideological changes, still pursued a divide and rule strategy to manage Ukrainian opposition. This policy was carried out through the promotion and exploitation of the Ukrainian minority’s political heterogeneity, the creation of state-sponsored loyalist Ukrainian organizations, the activation of sub-ethnic group cleavages, and the banning of organizations that could credibly unite the Ukrainian opposition. By examining the full spectrum of organizations and the relationship of each with the state, this article sheds new light on old questions by moving away from regime types and ideology as the primary explanatory variables dictating minority politics, in turn revealing the more nuanced and tactical, rather than the ideological, approach pursued by the Ministry of Interior to the management of ethnic minority populations throughout the interwar period.