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Propaganda „antyklerykalna” na łamach prasy Pomorza Zachodniego do 1956 roku. Z dziejów walki władzy komunistycznej z Kościołem katolickim w Polsce

Author(s): Adam Andrzej Urbanowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

In years 1945-1956 in subsequent political and propaganda campaigns thecommunist press tried to undermine the authority of the Catholic clergy in the society.The article presents the involvement of the local West Pomeranian press in suchcampaigns. It points out that during the subsequent campaigns this press tried to provethat the criticism of the clergy was not the fight against the religion. It was constantly emphasised that the Catholic faith enjoyed full freedom in the People’s Republicof Poland. The charge of lack of patriotism and subordination to directives from Vaticanwas levelled against the Church hierarchy and the part of the ordinary clergy. The HolySee was presented as the enemy of the Polish state and nation and as the ally of German revisionists challenging the Polish western border. In 1953 the authorities consideredthe Primate Stefan Wyszyński as their main opponent in the country.

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BRIEF AUS NEW YORK: Massenhysterie in den USA? Die Diagnose eines amerikanischen Journalisten

Author(s): Robert Bendiner / Language(s): German Issue: 035/1951

Comments on the decline in freedom in US can be found at will in nearly all European newspapers. The quintessence of their comments is that the "anti-Communist persecution" prevailing in the USA is so overwhelming that the probability of a police state in America is so close that the European would do well to adopt an attitude of "neutralism". Although these two technocracies regard themselves as op-ponents, they drag mankind in the same direction - dehumanization," wrote François Mauriac in "Figaro".

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BRIEF AUS NEW DELHI: Probleme eines jungen Staates. Reisenotizen.

Author(s): Salvador de Madariaga / Language(s): German Issue: 036/1951

India became independent on August 15, 1947. Thus it is that one of the oldest peoples of the world lives in one of the youngest states, and the question arises as how the old spirit is going to adapt to the young form. A three-week visit is not enough to give an exhaustive answer. Nevertheless, some ob-servations may be given.

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FLUCHT IN DEN NATIONALISMUS. Betrachtungen zum persischen Ölkonflikt

Author(s): Geoffrey F. Hudson / Language(s): German Issue: 038/1951

When President Roosevelt once designated Persia as a highly backward country, which is also difficult to help, he was doubtless justified. And there has been no noticeable progress in Persia since then. Today, however, in the summer and autumn of 1951, the Persian government has contributed to the worsening of the global crises by the nationalization of the large, foreign-owned oil industry. It is a staggering joke of history - about which, if the situation were not so serious, it would be a good laugh - that this expropriation measure was not undertaken by a revolutionary Marxist government, but by one of the few still feudalist regimes which Into the modern era.

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O istorie personală a comunismului românesc. Interviu inedit cu Gheorghe Apostol (BBC, 22 aprilie 1988)

Author(s): Christian Mititelu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XIV/2022

The interview with Gheorghe Apostol, one of the most significant Communist leaders and considered a potential successor to Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej alongside Nicolae Ceaușescu, took place on April 22, 1988. This occurred during his transit through London on his way back to the country after completing diplomatic missions in South America. The purpose of his visit to the BBC seemed to be to criticize the regime’s policies, particularly the emasculation of trade unions and the personality cult of Nicolae Ceaușescu. During the meeting with editor Christian Mititelu, unprecedented biographical confessions emerged about his entire journey as a Communist leader who had known Stalin, from the illegalist period to his marginalization in the Romanian Communist Party. Gheorghe Apostol conditioned the broadcast of the interview to take place after his death or the death/removal of Ceaușescu, depending on which occurred first. The agreement was honored, and in April 1990, the BBC aired a 50-minute program featuring the main excerpts from the interview. Readers of the “Archiva Moldaviae” magazine have the opportunity to read the transcript of the entire interview given to the BBC.

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Intranzigens antikommunizmus és/vagy pragmatikus diplomácia? XII. Piusz keleti politikája világháború és hidegháború között

Author(s): András Fejérdy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2023

Based on new sources freshly made available by the Holy See, the study aims to reassess the history of – supposed or real – efforts at rapprochement between the Holy See and the Soviet Union, initiated between 1942 and 1946, with the ultimate goal of identifying the considerations that shaped the eastern politics of the Holy See at the end of World War II. After a thorough investigation of the Orlemanski Action in Spring 1944, of the Flynn Mission in March 1945, and of the negotiations that were opened in 1946 via some Hungarian Jesuits, the author argues that, while at the end of the war there was indeed a moment when Moscow appeared open to cooperation, those efforts at rapprochement that in fact took place generally broke down because of the Kremlin’s basic indifference, while the Holy See remained throughout ready for communications as long as the necessary conditions were fulfilled. As a result, the eastern politics of Pius XII should be interpreted in terms of the paradigm of the Holy See’s traditional eastern politics of concordats rather than in that of intransigence. Yet the technical term of Ostpolitik cannot be applied to the eastern politics of Pius XII without further qualifications, for, while it does show connections with the Ostpolitik of the Holy See in the 1960s, several major differences can be identified between them.

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A Pinochet-rendszer születése. A nemzetbiztonsági doktrína és a neoliberalizmus egyezsége

Author(s): Attila Zolcsák / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2023

After the Chilean military coup d’état of 11 September 1973, the dictatorship decided to adopt neoliberal economic policies. Although it did not become clear until 1975 that the military regime had opted for the free market, the question arises as to the reasons and the antecedents of this decision. The National Security Doctrine, which was the ideology of the military, was not in conflict with neo-liberal economic policy, but on the contrary, they complemented each other in an organic way. In the specific Chilean case, an important antecedent was the Allende government’s previous attempt at ‘the Chilean road to socialism’, which indirectly gave birth to the Pinochet regime. In the context of the theory of ‘dependent fascism’, which describes the military dictatorships of Latin America in the period, it can be seen that there are many links between these regimes and the fascist regimes of the inter-war period, and that the differences are due to the specific historical development of the Latin American armies and the modified form of the world capitalist economy

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Kuba és Algéria kapcsolata a kubai internacionalizmus tükrében, 1961–1965

Author(s): Sándor Roland Krajcsi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2023

A particular feature of the era following the victory of the Cuban Revolution on 1 January 1959, which was marked by the name of Fidel Castro, was the growing internationalist engagement in the second half of the 1970s. This meant providing both humanitarian and military aid to underdeveloped third world nations struggling for independence or already gaining their freedom. The best known of these are Cuba’s involvement in Africa in the 1970s and 1980s in Angola, Mozambique and Ethiopia. But the origins of Cuban internationalist action on the continent go back a decade earlier, to the 1960s. A very important starting point was the support given to the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) and its armed force, the National Liberation Army (ALN), which fought for their liberation, and subsequently to Algeria, which became independent from French rule. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between Cuba and Algeria in the light of Cuban internationalism.

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Gabriel García Márquez és Kuba

Author(s): László Kupi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2023

The left-wing Nobel Prize-winning Colombian writer, Gabriel García Márquez famously maintained a close relationship with the leader of the Cuban revolution, Fidel Castro. However, this relationship went beyond personal sympathy, Márquez also identified with the ideals of the Cuban revolution, supported it in many ways, and sometimes even acted as an unofficial diplomat of Cuba. However, throughout his life he tried to maintain his independence and, on many occasions, expressed his opposition to the actions of Castro or the direction of the Cuban Revolution.

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A Karibi Légió tündöklése és bukása

Author(s): László Kupi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2023

Prados Ortiz de Solórzano, Nicolás: Cuba in the Caribbean Cold War: Exiles, Revolutionaries and Tyrants, 1952–1959. Chalm, Palgrave MacMillan, 2020. 113 p. (St Anthony’s Series.)

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Прилог за анализу привреде Социјалистичке Аутономне Покрајине Косово 1974–1981.

Author(s): Uroš Miketić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2024

The economy of Kosovo entered the period 1974–1981 burdened with numerous problems. Constitutional changes led to the economy of the republics and provinces being divided into special systems. The leaders of Kosovo were adamant about using raw materials instead of the manufacturing sector, which would create more jobs. As a result, agriculture fell further and further behind, so the difference in development between industrial and agricultural municipalities was increasingly visible.Yugoslavia and Serbia generously financed Kosovo through the Development Credit Fund for Economically Underdeveloped Areas and supplementary budget funds. Additionally, Kosovo had the greatest access to International Bank loans of any region. The more developed republics demonstrated little interest in funding Kosovo’s extravagant spending and incorrect economic policies, and Serbia was forced to allocate more money for Kosovo than for impoverished towns within its smaller borders. It was a common rumour in Priština that insufficient funds were allocated for Kosovo. The growing lag was not the result of a lack of funds but of the galloping birth rate of the Albanian community. Citizens, especially Albanians, believed that Serbia and Yugoslavia were taking advantage of them, which had political consequences in the 1981 demonstrations.One particular economic issue was unemployment. Given the policy of balancing the total number of employed Albanians with their participation in the population in terms of Albanian birth rates, it reflected more on Serbs and Montenegrins. The proportion of Albanians among the staff rose sharply and continuously, while the proportion of Serbs increased slightly, and the proportion of Montenegrins either decreased or stagnated. Due to the national key policy, one Serb or Montenegrin was employed for every ten Albanians (sometimes up to 20). Albanian separatists were successful in making bilingualism a requirement for employment in job competitions, regardless of whether it was specifically requested or preferred. International relations within enterprises were disrupted. The disorder was manifested through verbal and physical pressures in which the Serbs and Montenegrins, being the few, were inferior. Separatists successfully pursued a policy of removing Serb-Montenegrin cadres and workers to make them leave. In roughly 15% of cases, economic issues were the catalyst for Serbs and Montenegrins to leave Kosovo. The majority of Albanians also left for these reasons, but to work abroad.

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Kibucok és szövetkezetek, avagy szövetkezeti gondolatok az 1960-as évek Magyarországán – izraeli visszhanggal

Author(s): Attila Novák / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2023

In 1960’s autumn, a surprisingly positive review of one of the most important Israeli socio-economic innovations appeared in the Hungarianlanguage Economic Review [Közgazdasági Szemle]. The author, József Gábor, reviewed a book by Walter Preuss, a professor at Tel-Aviv University, on kibbutzim and other cooperatives. This caused a serious reaction, the Hungarian-language New East [Új Kelet] in Israel recognised its importance and described it in its columns, while at the same time a member of the Israeli “partner party” of the MSZMP, the Israeli Communist Party, of Hungarian origin, wrote a long critique of Gábor’s article, disputing the democratic and anti-capitalist significance of the kibbutz, as highlighted by the author. The critique and the claims made in Gábor’s article are in fact linked to the debate that took place in both countries (although with different emphases, because of the different socio-political realities) on the nature of collectives. The extent to which they should follow the cooperative model developed by the Soviets and the extent to which they should adapt to their own social reality. It was no coincidence that the new economic mechanism in Hungary had aroused sympathy in Israel and that there was interest in the kibbutz model among Hungarian agrarian reformers.

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A Cold War Humanitarian Action: The Western Admission of 1956 Hungarian Refugees

Author(s): D. Gusztáv Kecskés / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

The story of the refugees who fled Hungary following the Soviet suppression of the 1956 Revolution and the coordinated international humanitarian operation launched to receive them is an outstanding chapter in the history of emigration. These refugees received far more favorable treatment than earlier Hungarian expatriates or other European refugees had been given. With a total of 200,000 refugees, their successful transportation to host countries and their subsequent integration represented an exceptional success for international aid efforts. How can this efficiency be explained? Trends in humanitarian sentiment in world public opinion, influenced in part by the horrors of World War II, and the increasingly precise formulation of the rights of the refugees were just as important, as factors, as the supportive attitude of the populations of Western countries, who empathized with the suppressed revolution. The exceptionally favorable composition, from the perspective of the labor market, of the mass of people who fled in 1956 coincided with Western economic prosperity, producing economic “miracles.” However, even these favorable initial conditions would not have led to such a swift and successful settlement in the West of nearly 200,000 Hungarians had it not been for the Cold War rivalry between the Eastern and the Western blocs. As a consequence of the ideological and propaganda conflict with the Soviets, the NATO governments had the necessary political will to give effective support for a resolution to the Hungarian refugee problem, even after emotional support among the public opinion had waned.

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Unmaking Détente: Yugoslavia, the United States, and the Global Cold War, 1968–1980

Author(s): Augustin Cosovschi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Unmaking Détente: Yugoslavia, the United States, and the Global Cold War, 1968–1980. By Milorad Lazić. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2022. 304 pp

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Luxury and the Ruling Elite in Socialist Hungary: Villas, Hunts, and Soccer Games

Author(s): Karl Brown / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Luxury and the Ruling Elite in Socialist Hungary: Villas, Hunts, and Soccer Games. By György Majtényi. Translated by Thomas Cooper. Studies in Hungarian History Series. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2021. 366 pp.

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Making Sense of Dictatorship: Domination and Everyday Life in East Central Europe after 1945

Author(s): Heléna Huhák / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Making Sense of Dictatorship: Domination and Everyday Life in East Central Europe after 1945. Edited by Celia Donert, Ana Kladnik, and Martin Sabrow. Budapest: CEU Press, 2022. 296 pp

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Between Public Health and Propaganda: Tuberculosis in Czechoslovakia in the First Decades of the Communist Regime

Author(s): Šárka Caitlín Rábová / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

In early postwar Czechoslovakia, medical doctors identified the fight against tuberculosis as one of their fundamental tasks, since mortality and morbidity rates from this dreaded and hardly curable disease were still high. However, the country initially struggled with a lack of special institutions and trained staff. The situation became even more complicated in 1948, when the Communist Party seized power in Czechoslovakia and transformed the organization and practice of healthcare. Focusing on the first two decades of the postwar period, this article presents the strategies used by the socialist country against tuberculosis, stressing especially the importance placed, in the development of these strategies, on having a mass impact. The most significant shifts, which concerned not only tuberculosis but healthcare in general, involved changes to the legislation. The responsibility for the health of the population was transferred to the state, which declared that it would provide free treatment and care for all citizens, regardless of their social background. During this period, the first law to prevent and control the disease was passed, and mandatory vaccination and tuberculosis treatment were introduced. As was often the case, advances in medicine were used for political propaganda, and so, in the period after 1948, tuberculosis was labelled a “capitalist disease.” This label implied that the fault for the continued presence of the disease lay at the feet of the prewar capital system. Yet as I show in the discussion below, many of these basic pillars of the fight against tuberculosis had already been established in the interwar period, and it was first and foremost the growing availability of antibiotics that helped bring this disease under control in the 1960s.

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Women Facing the Committee: Decision-Making on Abortion in Postwar Hungary

Author(s): Judit Sándor,Viola Lászlófi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

In this article, we examine the medical, legal, social, and political context of abortion in Hungary after the Second World War, with special attention to the decision-making process of the so-called abortion committees. These committees collected data on the social and medical status of women to support their decision on whether to permit the operation or not. In the first half of the 1950s and after 1973, the committees were given a relatively free hand in making their decision on whether to allow an abortion. Women had to appear in front of these committees in person, and the process was a performance of demonstrating compliance with the law by stating a legally acceptable reason to terminate the pregnancy. In our article we analyze how the hierarchical-paternalistic structures of healthcare were reproduced and operated in the frequently changing abortion regimes within a state socialist legal and political framework. We also explore how these phenomena affected women’s requests and the options available to doctors at the micro level of decision-making on abortion. The study shows how women and doctors were forced to make efforts to comply with the changing normative framework and how different forms of paternalism (e.g., institutional, medical) shaped this process. The main purpose of the various laws was to regulate abortion and population policy by monitoring the measurable circumstances of pregnancy. In the early 1950s, the focus was on the health of the mother, whereas in the 1970s it was more on the living conditions necessary to raise a child. Despite the detailed regulations based on the paternalist structure of the healthcare system, it was left to doctors and other members of abortion committees to implement the norms at the local level. In some cases, doctors utilized this paternalist framework and patriarchal techniques characteristic of the healthcare system to circumvent the intentions of population policy. The article demonstrates these phenomena by analyzing the medical records of Pesterzsébeti Szülő- és Nőbeteg Otthon (Gynecological and Maternity Hospital of Pesterzsébet) and the documents of the abortion committee of Pécs.

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Family, Taboo and Communism in Poland, 1956–1989

Author(s): Fanni Svégel / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Family, Taboo and Communism in Poland, 1956–1989. Polish Studies – Transdisciplinary Perspectives 36. By Barbara Klich-Kluczewska. Berlin: Peter Lang Verlag, 2021. 264 pp.

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Socialist Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement: Social, Cultural, Political, and Economic Imaginaries

Author(s): Milorad Lazić / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Socialist Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement: Social, Cultural, Political, and Economic Imaginaries. Edited by Paul Stubbs. Montreal & Kingston: McGill–Queen’s University Press, 2022. 393 pp.

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