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TRANZITNÍ SPRAVEDLNOST V POSTKONFLIKTNÍM PROSTŘEDÍ: STÍHÁNÍ ZLOČINŮ A USMÍŘENÍ SPOLEČNOSTI

Author(s): Katarína Šipulová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Rozhodnutí, jakým způsobem se vypořádat se zločiny a masovým porušováním lidských práv, je jednou z nejdůležitějších výzev post-konfliktní konsolidace. Vlády postkonfliktních a tranzitujících zemí usilující o obnovení kultury právního státu čelí otázkám, zda potrestat pachatele a bývalé představitele vládní elity, rehabilitovat oběti, nebo naopak udělit amnestie a zapomenout na minulost v zájmu udržení politické a společenské stability.

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SUMMARY: ARMED CONFLICTS AFTER THE END OF THE COLD WAR

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Did the Cold War, or rather the end of it, represent any kind of fundamental milestone in armed conflicts? Answering this question became the central research focus of a project undertaken by a group of specialists from the Department of International Relations and European Studies at the Faculty of Social Studies of Masaryk University as part of the grant funded project “Armed Conflicts in International Relations after the end of the Cold War”. The project was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic.

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Jihoslovanské jazyky na Filozofické fakultě Masarykovy univerzity. Tradice a současnost

Author(s): Pavel Krejčí / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

V úvodu k přehledu studia jihoslovanských jazyků a odborného bádání o nich na FF MU nebude jistě od věci, provedeme-li stručný faktografický úvod do oblasti, v níž se těmito jazyky hovoří. Teritorium osídlené jižními Slovany je v rámci slovanského světa nejpočetnější co do množství států i oficiálních (úředních) jazyků, třebaže svou rozlohou i počtem slovanských mluvčích je v porovnání s východoslovanským a západoslovanským prostorem nejmenší (rozloha cca 356 tis. km2 je srovnatelná s rozlohou Spolkové republiky Německo, přibližně 27 mil. jeho slovanských obyvatel představuje jednu třetinu obyvatel Německa). Od svých severoslovanských sousedů je navíc odděleno rumunsko-maďarsko-rakouskou „hrází“. Na prostoru jihovýchodní Evropy se dnes nachází sedm slovanských států (seřazených v našem výčtu podle velikosti), jejichž obyvatelé hovoří oficiálně sedmi jihoslovanskými jazyky: Bulharsko (110,9 tis. km2 , 7 mil. obyv., hl. m. Sofija – č. Sofie; úř. jazyk bulharština), Srbsko (77,5 tis. km2 , 7 mil. obyv., hl. m. Beograd – č. Bělehrad; úř. jazyk srbština), Chorvatsko (56,5 tis. km2 , 4,5 mil. obyv., hl. m. Zagreb – č. Záhřeb; úř. jazyk chorvatština), Bosna a Hercegovina (51,1 tis. km2 , 4 mil. obyv., hl. m. Sarajevo; úř. jazyky bosenština, srbština, chorvatština), Makedonie (od r. 2019 Severní Makedonie, 25,7 tis. km2 , 2,2 mil. obyv., hl. m. Skopje; úř. jazyk makedonština), Slovinsko (20,2 tis. km2 , 2 mil. obyv., hl. m. Ljubljana – č. Lublaň; úř. jazyk slovinština) a Černá Hora (13,8 tis. km2 , 0,7 mil. obyv., hl. m. Podgorica; úř. jazyky černohorština, srbština, bosenština, chorvatština).

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Sjeveroistočna Bosna – pozitivan primjer razvoja lokalne historiografije

Author(s): Edin Mutapčić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

As an important turn in studying the area of northeastern Bosnia in our historical science we can characterize the doctoral thesis and later monograph “Tuzla and its surrounding in the XVI century”, which is still a pattern of monographic processing of a region in our science. In the late seventies and eighties, at last, it moves away from scientific framework that established by Ć. Truhelka and H. Kreševljaković. Consequently, in the study of the medieval history of the area of northeastern Bosnia several researchers have emerged like: A. Benković, M. Baum, Đ. Basler, B. Nilević, P. Živković, and Pavao Anđelić – which left the largest mark. The interdisciplinarity of research is present through ethnological processing of this area in the works of Milenko Filipović and Salih Kulenović. Should be noted that until aggression against Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, the most important event was launching of Članci i građa magazine by Museum in Tuzla (in 1958). Though, one moment leaves a large mark on the study of local historiography. That is a monographic treatment of particular areas in the Liberation War in socialist revolution. These projects opened the door to a local historiography. The poor scientific treatment of the area of northeastern Bosnia recognized by Academy of Science and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina four decades ago in the program DC XIII 2 (from 1986). However, at the time of the aggression against Bosnia and Herzegovina two projects of particular importance for the further development of historiography in the area northeastern Bosnia were created. Certainly, the opening of the Department of History and Geography, or History, at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University in Tuzla must have a leading role. Thus, in their works A. Kožar, B. Omerčević, S. Hadžić, S. Selimović, D. Bećirović, I. Šabotić and A. Jahić often refer to the subject matter of the specified area. The second project is magazine Gračanički glasnik where the initial duo O. Hamzić and R. Djedović, and later E. Šaković, have been printing, in double, for over two decades. In the initiative – publishing part we mustn’t forget the Archive of the Tuzla Canton and the Institute for the Protection and Use of Cultural and Historical Heritage of the Tuzla Canton, which bring together numerous researchers of the history of this area.

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Muzeografija i historiografija bosanskohercegovačke umjetnosti u postsocijalističkom stanju krize

Author(s): Asja Mandić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

In the historiographical practice, museum has been viewed more and more as an institution which not only collects and exhibits evidence of historical knowledge, but acts as original contributor and actively participates in the construction of that knowledge. This paper examines the relationship between historiography and museography in the context of curating and writing history of art of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The crowning institution in this country, a paramount example of such relationship, is the Art Gallery of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was founded by the socialist government of the People’s Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1946, right after WWII, as a mechanism for materialization of its authority and its powers and its conscious political didactic. Established as the most authoritative institution in the field of visual art, it regulated public sphere of art, and along with other museum institutions of the republic, it actively participated in the construction of its distinctive artistic tradition, its history as well as cultural identity. The gallery and is curators, engaged in systematic research, evaluation and presentation of Bosnian and Herzegovinian art, were actively involved in writing its history. The prominence of this institution and its exhibitions, especially the retrospective ones — that provided the curatorial representation of history and the first narratives on the development of modern art in Bosnia and Herzegovina — has been materialized through the four publications that still represent the only surveys of modern art of this country. Along with giving the original contribution to the history of art, this institution also played an important role in repositioning the art of Bosnia and Herzegovina from the margin to the centre of Yugoslav cultural scene in the 1980s. The collapse of socialism, that went hand in hand with the breakup of Yugoslav state and independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina, followed by the brutal war (1992–1995), horrible destruction, human loss and ethnic cleansing, resulted in the complete economic and political breakdown, in the dysfunctional, destabilized and ethnically divided state.

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Novine u državnoj i nacionalnoj službi

Author(s): Agron Bajrami / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

In this article I analyze the reporting of two daily newspapers, one Serbian (Politika) and the other one Albanian (Rilindja), in the context of a historical dispute between the Serbs and Albanians. The article focuses on the ways that these nations were represented in these newspapers in the early twentieth century, at the time of the Balkan wars, Albanian independence and the First World War, and towards the end of that century, during the late 1980s and early 1990s and the dissolution of the socialist Yugoslavia. The study is limited to the analysis of the reporting in the Belgrade-based newspaper Politika at the time of the declaration of independence of Albania (1912), prior to the establishment of newspaper in Kosovo in Albanian language, as well as on the reporting of Politika and Prishtina-based Rilindja in September 1987, during a crisis caused by the death of five soldiers at the Yugoslav Army fort in the town of Paraćin in Central Serbia. Taking into consideration an abundance of historical arguments about a peaceful of Serbs and Albanians in the Balkans, I infer that one-sided journalism full of prejudices, stereotypes and even racism (Rilindja) was one of the crucial factors in creating negative attitudes towards „the Other“. I also conclude that such reporting apparently aided in creating a rift between the two nations, and therefore claim that promoting a different kind of journalism, led by professional standards and best practices instead of stereotypes, prejudices or political benefits, would have great role in bridging this rift.

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Srpsko-albanski odnosi u socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji: protesti na Kosovu i teret sistemske legitimizacije

Author(s): Marjan Ivković ,Tamara Petrović Trifunović,Srđan Prodanović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

In this paper we examine to which extent was egalitarian vocabulary of Yugoslav socialism able to provide an alternative framework for interpretation of Serbian-Albanian relations. Our initial hypothesis is that – due to the experimental nature of Yugoslav self-management socialism, which implied certain compromises with liberal capitalism – the Yugoslav elite was structurally bound to systematically negate the social aspect of protests that took place in Kosovo in 1968, 1981 and 1988. Using critical discourse analysis on daily newspapers (Politika, Večernje novosti and Borba), we show how the nomenclature treated the complex social-political aspects of the social uprisings exclusively as a manifestation of nationalism. To the actors involved, this discursive strategy suggested that nationalism is a common denominator for economic, political and ethnic equality. Final consequences of these discursive strategies will be shown through analysis of media coverage of protests in Kosovo and the “Brotherhood and Unity” meeting that took place Belgrade in 1988, wherein we can see that there is little space left for non-nationalistic interpretation of any kind of social uprising, both in media and actors’ perspective.

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Školstvo na albanskom jeziku na Kosovu i jugu Srbije (1945-2015)

Author(s): Naile Mala-Imami / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Purpose of this paper is to provide historical overview of the development of school system in Albanian language from 1945 to 2015 in Kosovo and South of Serbia, in municipalities of Presheva, Bujanovac and Medvedja. After the Second World War and establishment of socialist socio-economic relations, historical injustice against the Albanian people who did not have the right for education in their mother tongue during the Kingdom of Serbs Croats and Slovenians has been corrected. Year after year, despite numerous problems, education in Albanian language was spread systematically in primary and secondary education system while in 1960 foundations for university studies were laid down. Development in school system in Albanian language in Kosovo at all levels by 1990, despite ideological and political constraints, has had tangible results in the education of many generations of Albanians. After 1999 Kosovo has developed an independent education system while Albanians from South of Serbia partially exercise the right to treat some of topics that relate to their nation.

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Parlament EU, savjet ministara eu, evropski savjet

Author(s): Dušan Lopandić / Language(s): Montenegrine Publication Year: 0

Evropski savjet (ES) je nastao 1974. godine na inicijativu tadašnjeg francuskog predsjednika Pompindua. On je dugo funkcionisao kao jedno ad hoc tijelo političkog karaktera, kao međuvladina konferencija koja se sastajala svaki semestar, da bi tek kasnije prerasla u nešto što je uključeno u sistem institucija EU.

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RAZVOJ PROSVJETE, NAUKE I KULTURE U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI 1945-2003. GODINE

Author(s): Senija Milišić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Autor prikazuje razvoj institucija obrazovanja i nauke, tj. naučno-istraživačkih institucija i zavoda koji su nastali nakon II svjetskog rata u BiH. Konstatira da je od značajnih institucija radio samo Zemaljski muzej a da su sve ostale istraživačke i analitičke institucije formirane nakon rata u periodu od 1945-1990. godine.

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Dzienniki czasu wojny

Author(s): Jacek Leociak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author focuses on the Second World War, but draws attention to the deep genealogy of the phrase “wartime diaries”, treating them as a special form of recording limit situations in which a person is confronted with violence and death, which go beyond the ways of coping with these experiences, and the community is faced with the horror of mass extermination. Culture and civilization are in a state of catastrophe, destruction and collapse. Examples of records of such experiences in the past include plague logs and pogrom chronicles. The concept of “wartime diaries” has two basic features: 1. they are written in borderline situations and contain a record of borderline experiences; 2. the primary distinguishing criterion is the proximity of the record and the experience. The author presents the topography of diaristic records and the circles of experience they testify to. As for the topography of writing, the observation field was narrowed only to the area of the Warsaw, Łódź, Kraków, Vilnius and Kaunas ghettos. From the various experiences within the thematic spectrum of the diaries, the author presents two: the hunger in the ghetto and the siege of the city of Warsaw and Leningrad. The article proposes to expand the genological area of the diaries and draw attention to diaristic borderlands and genological hybrids. This broadened spectrum of forms would fit between the diary and the chronicle, and between the letters and the diary. There are also “texts in extremis”, which can be considered a unique“ ultimate diaristic record”. This separate group consists of various types of inscriptions on the walls of torture rooms and prisons, places where convicts are held. The act of writing and the moment of experience merge.

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Między dokumentem, świadectwem, praktyką piśmienną i literaturą

Author(s): Paweł Rodak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In this article the author describes the change in the status of wartime and Holocaust diaries which has taken place in Poland in the last fifty years. He distinguishes four main phases of the perception of war diaries: from document, through testimony, writing practice, to literature. They are chronological and typological in character, for although their temporal dynamics is clearly discernible, at the same time they repeatedly overlap, co-exist and even in a certain sense – compete with each other. In conclusion the author points out that the diaries included in the literary space (through the category of “personal document literature”) do not so much supplement or enrich this space, as “burst” it from within. War diaries seen as literature change our view of the literature itself and its place in the space of the Polish writing practices of the twentieth century.

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Okupacyjne dzienniki i pamiętniki w konfrontacji z dyskursem o polskich Sprawiedliwych

Author(s): Justyna Kowalska-Leder / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The notion of the aid to the Jews during the Holocaust that prevails in the Polish culture has been so detached from the historical truth that it requires intervention in the form of counter-history and the interconnected counter-memory. Access to real experiences from the occupation is provided by numerous testimonies written “there and then,” principally including diaries and memoirs. The recorded experiences of both the Poles and the Jews present unobvious and ambivalent aspects of the aid relations that continued despite the surrounding threats. The article is an attempt to confront the Polish discourse about the Righteous with the testimonies by Brandla Siekierkowa, Karol Rotgeber, Jerzy Feliks Urman, and Calek Perechodnik.

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"Dziennik wojenny" Leopolda Buczkowskiego – wyzwanie dla (młodego) edytora

Author(s): Sławomir Buryła / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper discusses "Dziennik wojenny" [War Diary] by Leopold Buczkowski. It poses a question concerning the origins of the text and the subsequent stages of its development. That is a challenging task since the original version of the work is not available. Additionally, the lack of the first version makes it difficult to examine the so-called material sphere of the diary. It can be reconstructed only based on the preserved manuscript version. The author of the paper also discussed "Dziennik wojenny" against the background of other early works by Buczkowski ("Wertepy", and "Czarny potok", a collection of a few dozen poems), from the perspective of editorial and philological problems. He also demonstrates the need for a new edition of "Dziennik wojenny", and indicated the errors committed in the existing edition.

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„Lata płyną, dzienniczku, a jak tak pragnę życia”

Author(s): Maciej Libich / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is an attempt to describe the wartime diaries of Anna Pogonowska. Drawing on literary anthropology, genetic criticism and the works of Paweł Rodak, the author of the article describes both the materiality of Pogonowska’s notes, the themes they present, and their pragmatic functions. The author describes the state of anomie and the disintegration of the world in times of war as depicted in the diaries, as well as the feelings of isolation and boredom experienced by the young diarist. Moreover, the author of the article foregrounds the diarist’s discrete allusions to the Holocaust and reflects on her social position during the war.

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„Czy w ogóle ktoś je czytać będzie” – nowe spojrzenie na dziennik Abrama Łaskiego z getta łódzkiego

Author(s): Ewa Wiatr / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Written in four languages in the margins of a French book, the diary of Abram Icchak Łaski remained anonymous for many years, although it aroused a keen interest in Holocaust scholars both in terms of its form and content. Only recent research has allowed to discover the author’s name. The article presents new possibilities of text interpretation, which appear along with getting to know the identity of the diarist and his milieu.

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Książki w stanie wojny

Author(s): Jagoda Wierzejska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article analyzes the wartime fate of two archival and library collections and two archivists/librarians who took care of these collections during the hostilities in two cities – Lviv and Warsaw. The analysis was based on diaristic documents: Aleksander Czołowski’s "Dziennik wypadków listopadowych" [Diary of November Events] and Józef Grycz’s "Dzienniczek z okresu powstania warszawskiego 1944 roku" [Diary of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising]. The first diary describes the events that took place in Lviv during the Polish-Ukrainian war in 1918, especially Czołowski’s efforts to take care of the city’s archival collection. The second diary highlights the Warsaw Uprising struggles in 1944 and, above all, Grycz’s personal struggle to protect the collections of the National Library from destruction or robbery. Both diaries are interestingly profiled documents of their time. They present the battles of Lviv and Warsaw, respectively, from an unusual perspective: that of the institutions of science and culture, as well as the documents and books collected in those institutions, whose material dimension suddenly became fundamental (because fundamentally endangered). In this way, both diaries make us aware that wars, especially those fought in urban areas, are both tragedies of people and hecatomb of things, including books. At certain points both diaries also shed untypical light on events integrated in the dominant Polish discourse and rarely narrated in a way that deviates from it.

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Dzienniki Wacława Borowego , czyli sztuka życia w latach 1943–1944

Author(s): Albert Walczak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In my paper I focused on presenting some of the notes made by Wacław Borowy in 1943–1944 that are unknown to a wide audience. I look not only at the content of the scholar’s diary, but also at its physical aspect. By referring to the works of Paweł Rodak, Philippe Lejeune and various achievements of genetic criticism, I try to answer some of the key questions. Why does Borowy follow the actions of the Soviet troops? How does he perceive life in the occupied capital city? How does he hide his involvement in the works of the underground University of Warsaw? Another field of research are scholar’s notes that were made during the Warsaw Uprising. The laconic, “encrypted” (according to Maria Straszewska’s term) entries, which were predominant up to that time, are replaced with notes in which Borowy makes many detailed comments regarding the uprising. Thus the reader of this article will get to know a hidden face of Wacław Borowy. The man who tries to keep in his tiny notebooks the memories of the world in which, in his own words, “besides sins, there were so many great values!” A witness to history who reads subsequent decisions concerning the post-war fate of Poland with curiosity.

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Poeta uwięziony

Author(s): Piotr Mitzner / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article is an attempt to provide an analysis of the diary kept by the poet Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński during his imprisonment in Stalag-XI POW Camp in Altengrabow. Written in 1941, the diary remained unpublished until some 50 years after the author’s death. We will not find any of the poet’s stylistic methods in the entries. Religious themes dominate, as does the necessity to adapt personality traits. The diary throws light on the poet’s post-war works.

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Myśląc o sprawach świata jak księżniczka Zuppa

Author(s): Honorata Sroka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the article I conduct the analysis of Stefan Themerson’s wartime diaries. Notes from 1940–1942 are exemplified in seven volumes of manuscripts, currently held in the Themerson Archive in the National Library of Poland in Warsaw. I point out that the intimate practice of the avant-garde artist was an incidential activity. I assume there were not any further or previous traces of this kind of autobiographical writing. Combining the methods of life-writing studies and genetic criticism, I put forward a thesis that the diaries of Themerson are an interesting record of the formation process of Themerson anti-political statement.

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