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Kafkas Üniversitesi Öğrencilerinin Harcamalarınının Kars İli Ekonomisine Katkısı

Author(s): Gökalp N. Selçuk,Selim Başar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 4/2012

This aim of the study was to examine the student expenditures in conjunction with the extend of the economic contribution using surveys implemented towards the students of Ataturk University in October 2012. It was found out that one student spends 549,63 Turkish Lira in average per month. 12.500 students within Ataturk University campus, having considered the academic year as 8 months, contribute to the province economy about 54.9 million Turkish Liras in total per year. While accommodation with 21,23% was found to be the most spending item, communication with 3,67% were the least spending item.

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Demografsko stanje i procesi katolika u Bosni i Hercegovini od 1996. do 2015. godine

Author(s): Tomo Vukšić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 93-94/2017

Prema procjeni Agencije za statistiku BiH, godine 2012. u BiH je bilo 3 836 000 stanovnika, a prema preliminarnim rezultatima popisa stanovništva, koje je objavila ista Agencija, u BiH je 2013. godine popisano 3 791 622 osoba, ali službeni rezultati toga popisa nisu objavljeni do sada iako je prošlo više od dvije godine otkako je obavljen. Prema službenim podacima Agencije za statistiku, koji obuhvaćaju sveukupno stanovništvo BiH od 1996. do 2015. godine, cijelu BiH je zahvatio proces depopulacije, povećanja prosjeka starosti stanovništva, proces vrlo ubrzanoga smanjenja broja rođenih i proces povećanja broja umrlih, bez obzira na etničku i vjersku pripadnost. Tako je na razini cjelokupnoga stanovništva, BiH 1996. godine imala pozitivan priraštaj za čak 21 442, dok je 2007. godine prvi put imala negativan priraštaj koji je iznosio - 1 209. U međuvremenu taj negativan priraštaj 2015. godine dosegnuo je - 8 164. Ove procese, međutim, treba promatrati također u okviru sličnih događanja koja pogađaju skoro sve europske zemlje.

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Zdrowie we wszystkich politykach. Nowy wymiar polityki zdrowotnej

Author(s): Włodzimierz Cezary Włodarczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

The concept of “Health in All Policies” (HiAP) was presented for the first time, under this name, in 2006 in a book devoted to the issue. Even if traditionally it relied on ideas of “intersectoral cooperation” or “healthy public policy” which had been disseminated and popularized by World Health Organization it was unquestionable contribution by experts and politicians from Finland to make it theoretically relevant and politically attractive. The initiators enriched the concept itself and furnished sufficient amount of energy to acquire partisans in many countries and international institutions. The concept is founded on models accepting many determinants of health and their dynamic nature. Many factors impact health status, it changes over time and they evolve as well. Even when external factors are not taken into account individual’s health goes forward, or rather backward. A great majority of all these factors lie outside control of medicine, medical sciences and ministries of health. The multi causational models of health determinants help to identify these areas of human activities – undertaken also in a form of many public policies – where processes affecting health may appear. Very often the authors of a public policy remains unaware that his/her initiative can influence health and sometimes the results are deplorable. The decision makers can avoid taking improper decisions provided they have sufficient consciousness and access to necessary information. It is also workable of in a government a special job is set up to warn in advance that a project or program under consideration may cause health consequences. It is very practical to use procedures and tools offered by Health Impact Assessment (HIA) approach but it is essential to guarantee all indispensable political acceptance and support to make the process appropriately efficient.

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Polityka zdrowotna w programach partii politycznych w Polsce. Wyborczy wyścig po zdrowie?

Author(s): Iwona Kowalska- Bobko,Anna Mokrzycka,Michał Zabdyr- Jamróz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

Public debate concerning Poles health, accessibility to health care services, long time waiting lists for the most emerging medical services, namely ontological treatment, as well as many other fundamental healthcare system question, due to the hot period of political elections, became much more visible in last months. Politicians have to tackle such issues under Polish citizens pressure however this particular group influence seems to be underestimated. The complexity of problems, differentiated and multiplicity of health needs, accompanied with very intensive development of medical sciences and technologies on one hand and the economical rationalization on second hand constitute the unavoidable conditions in the sphere of choices that cannot be disregarded. This difficult and politically risky process, strongly dependent on interrelations between different interests groups – with the political parties among them – starts at the stage of political programs creation. The article goal is to describe and evaluate particular political parties programs in this sphere, aiming at the possible future scenario concerning dimensions of health policy and public health in Poland. The paper constitutes an attempt of comparative analysis in the sphere described above, showing the frames of national.

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Analiza systemu wyceny usług ambulatoryjnej opieki specjalistycznej w Polsce po 2011 roku na tle rozwiązań zagraniczych i modeli teoretycznych

Author(s): Monika Raulinajtys-Grzybek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

The article attempts to characterize the pricing of specialist outpatient services in Poland. As a point of reference were taken theoretical considerations on the diagnosis-related groups and the impact of the construction of the system on the severity of drawbacks, which are mentioned in the literature. Also the foreign pricing models were presented. Pricing of specialist ambulatory services in Poland was modelled on solutions that exist e.g. in England or the United States. They are based on the system of diagnostic groups. Unfortunately, the analysis indicates that the clinical and cost uniformity of groups, which determine proper functioning of the system, are preserved only to a limited degree. Compared with most foreign models it can also be noted, that Polish system lacks incentives for complex treatment and that the payer takes discretionary approach to setting prices. In most of the analysed countries prices are formulated based on costs of service providers.

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Finansowanie zdrowia publicznego. Źródła funduszy a polska ustawa o zdrowiu publicznym

Author(s): Stanisława Golinowska,Marzena Tambor / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The paper includes considerations on three issues related to the problem of the sources of funds for public health, which are presented in three different parts of the text. In the first part, an overview of the theoretical considerations of the sources of funds for public health activities is provided. In the second part, the authors attempt to identify the sources of funding for public health in Poland, based on the available statistical information. The third part includes the description of proposals and final solutions in the field of public health funding which have been included in the Polish Act on Public Health adopted in autumn 2015. The paper is completed with conclusions on the state responsibilities with regard to indicating the sources of funds for public health and their levels. Despite the diversity in solutions for financing of public health across different countries, they have some common characteristics which have been described in this paper.

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Stosunek społeczeństwa do osób z niepełnosprawnością na podstawie badań z lat 1993–2013. Jak postępuje proces integracji?

Author(s): Antonina Ostrowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2015

The article presents the results of two comparative studies on social attitudes to disabled persons, conducted in Poland on representative national samples in 1993 and 2013. The main purpose of the study was identification of the social barriers restraining the integration process of disabled people into various spheres of social life and social relationships. The twenty years period between studies enables the comparison of changes and their dynamics in the integration v/s separation oriented tendencies of our society towards the disabled, and indicate the areas where the perceived distance is still most visible.

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Systematyczny przegląd metod i narzędzi badania zdrowotnych potrzeb informacyjnych rodzinnych opiekunów osób chorych i niepełnosprawnych

Author(s): Ewa Dobrogowska-Schlebusch,Barbara Niedźwiedzka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2015

Introduction. Assessment of the information needs of patients and their family caregivers is considered as the foundation from which to develop patient- centred services. The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the studies published in a last 5 years on family caregivers’ health information needs in order to find out if there is any standard method to perform information needs assessment in the area of healthcare. Methods. Search of the literature from the last five years was conducted using Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, Academic Search Premier, ERIC, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, LISTA and Polska Bibliografia Lekarska yielding 2869 articles. Of these, 79 studies were included in the review. Results. Most included studies (33 + 4) used a qualitative or mixed design; there were no observational or experimental research included into review. In three studies existing theory was tested and only one study was of methodological character. Only four included studies used a longitudinal design. The sample population in qualitative studies usually is not representative, what does not allow generalization. Conclusion. Systematic review of research into family caregivers’ health information needs confirms that within the field of health information needs research there is neither prevailing method to assess them, nor established theoretical background (concepts, standard terminology, dominating models).

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Konferencja Komitetu Zdrowia Publicznego „Jak poprawić zdrowie Polaków”

Author(s): Elżbieta Ryś / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

A Conference Report

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Ocena ryzyka sercowo- naczyniowego przy pomocy funkcji SCORE w odniesieniu do ryzyka określonego na podstawie umieralności z powodu chorób układu krążenia w Polsce.

Author(s): Maciej Polak,Jakub Stokwiszewski,Anna Waśniowska,Walerian Piotrowski,Tomasz Zdrojewski,Wojciech Drygas,Bogdan Wojtyniak,Piotr Jankowski,Andrzej Pająk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

Polish Cardiac Society recommends to use SCORE tables to estimate the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in clinical practice. The aim of the study was (1) to compare the estimates of the risk of death from cardiovascular disease (CVD) obtained by using a SCORE function calibrated for the Polish population in 2007 with the risk calculated from the observed number of CVD deaths in the last decade, and (2) to compare the estimates of the risk of death from CVD obtained by using a SCORE function calibrated for the Polish population in 2015 with the CVD risk estimated from the observed number of deaths in 2012, using data on the prevalence of risk factors from the two studies of the representative samples of Polish adult population (WOBASZ and WOBASZ 2). The risk identified by the SCORE 2007 function was higher than the observed risk by 20– 40% in men and 18– 33% in women. This indicated that the SCORE 2007 function overestimated cardiovascular risk. The risk calculated by using the SCORE 2015 function was more similar to the CVD risk estimated by using the current mortality data. However, SCORE 2015 function may overestimate CVD risk in future if the decreasing mortality trend would persist in Poland.

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Stan zdrowia kobiet – zagrożenia, społeczne uwarunkowania

Author(s): Antonina Ostrowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

The results of several epidemiological and clinical studies document male – female health differences. Apart from biological divergence, they reflect differences in social status of both sexes, their social roles and elements of life styles. The above indicates the necessity of discussing the health problems of men and women also separately. The article presents main characteristic of women’s health in Poland, with special stress put on chronic diseases causing their excess mortality and leading to disability. The text is based on a broader report “Polish Women 2013 – Health and its threats.”

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Implementation of health maps in Poland

Author(s): Krzysztof Gajda,Wojciech Trąbka,Artur Romaszewski,Mariusz Kielar / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

In April 2015 came to force a new regulation of The Ministry of Health regarding healthcare maps and preparation of the General Polish Healthcare Map. During implementation process of this regulation several questions and problems about practical solutions in preparing of healthcare maps were raised. Collection of the required data, their analysis and presentation in current healthcare information system is difficult. Healthcare maps will require further regular current data supply and updates. Without unified system of data collection, required standards of data format and models of analysis and presentation, preparation and use of such maps may not be possible.

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Years of life lost due to deaths in Poland measured with Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL) and Period Expected Years of Life Lost (PEYLL) indicators in years 2000 - 2014

Author(s): Adam Kozierkiewicz,Beata Megas,Monika Natkaniec,Roman Topór- Mądry,Katarzyna Kissimova- Skarbek,Andrzej Śliwczyński,Krzysztof Gajda / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

Use of PYLL and PEYLL to present mortality figures allows for qualitative assessment of the burden on society caused by different causes of death. The figures from Poland, for a 15 year period (2000– 2014), show that the number of PYLL (when the cut- off age is 75 years), decreased by 20%, while both the population and the overall number of deaths increased slightly (by 0.59% and 1.94% respectively). At the same time, the number of PEYLL rose marginally (by 0.24%), which resulted from the formulary nature of the measure. Mortality measured by PYLL reveals that the leading causes of premature death among males are diseases of the circulatory system, neoplasms and external causes (mainly accidents), while in females the leading cause of premature death is neoplasms and the second leading cause are diseases of the circulatory system. When calculating PEYLL, the leading causes of premature death in both sexes is due to circulatory diseases.

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Analysis of costs of diabetes in Poland in 2012 and 2013

Author(s): Paweł Moćko,Paweł Kawalec,Krzysztof Malinowski / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

Diabetes mellitus is now recognized as a societal disease that significantly burden health care systems in highly developed as well as developing countries and constitutes a serious problem of public health world- wide. The aim of this study was to estimate the value of reimbursement of diabetes- related drugs in 2012 and 2013 and to analyze indirect costs generated by diabetes in Poland in 2012. It was revealed that reimbursement of glucose test strips, antidiabetic drugs and insulins covered by the National Health Fund was as high as 1.3 billion PLN in 2012 and 1.5 billion PLN in 2013 and the dominant cost drivers were glucose test strips (49% of costs in 2012 and 52% of costs in 2013) and insulins (40% and 38% of total reimbursement costs due to diabetes, respectively). Total indirect costs of diabetes type 1 and type 2 in 2012 were as high as 59 million PLN and 66.5 million PLN and absenteeism due to sick leave was a main cost driver (61% in diabetes type 1 and 95% in diabetes type 2, respectively). In summary, costs associated with diabetes constitute a serious burden for the National Health Fund as well as for the Social Insurance Institution in Poland.

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Cost of dementia in Romania: a cross- sectional Cost- of- Illness study undertaken in Bucharest

Author(s): Sorina Maria Aurelian,Ana Capisizu,Florina Cristescu,Ileana Codruta Zus,Katarzyna Kissimova- Skarbek,Vlad Onetiu / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

Objective. The main aim of the research was to investigate the costs of dementia in Romania based on the estimated average cost of each person with dementia in Bucharest. Method. This was a cross- sectional, non- population based study, with a mix of “bottom- up” and “top- down” data collection methods, which adopted the Cost- of- Illness approach from a broad societal perspective. The study involved 31 carers of patients with dementia in two Bucharest clinics in 2013 and 2014: the PROMEMORIA Private Clinic and the “Sf. Luca” chronic disease hospital. Face- to- face individual interviews were conducted using a modified version of the Resource Utilisation in Dementia (RUD) questionnaire. The average direct and indirect costs of dementia per person in the study were estimated for the year 2013 and are presented for the three levels of disease severity – mild, moderate and severe. Results. The mean carer age was 59.3 (SD = 13.3), with 77.4% of the participants being females. The average cost (direct and indirect) of dementia per person in the study ranged from 53,787 RON to 67,554 RON (depending on the hourly wage used for valuation of the caregivers’ time). Converted to the international dollar (I$) currency, using the purchasing power parity (PPP) of the US dollar in Romania in 2013, the average annual cost of dementia in the study accounted for between I$32,301 and I$40,583. The estimated total annual cost of dementia in Romania in 2013 was between I$9 bln and I$11 bln.

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The heavy burden of protein and energy malnutrition on the society of Ghana: urging the implementation of an easily enacted backyard poultry intervention

Author(s): Sandra Paola Pedroza Velandia,Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

Background: Stunting hinders the development of children around the world. Objectives: We have calculated the burden of disease attributable to protein and energy malnutrition (PEM) in Ghana and evaluated the impact of the modeled intervention to prevent stunting in Ghana. Methods: A literature review was conducted to better understand the economic implications of stunting. The burden of PEM was measured in Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and income lost. A culturally sensitive nutritional intervention was designed to prevent stunting in the target population. The comparator was no intervention. We performed cost-effectiveness, cost-utility, and cost-benefit analyses. Results: The estimated income lost due to PEM in Ghana was over 70 bln2014 international dollars (I$). In 2014 the Ghana GDP per capita was I$4,548.00. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per stunting case averted was I$2,573.72. The ICER per DALY averted was I$896.18. The cost-benefit ratio was 0.03. Conclusion: Stunting causes a high burden to society in Ghana. The modeled backyard poultry intervention is very cost-effective in reducing stunting and it effects.

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Serwisy informacyjne a autopromocja środków przekazu – na przykładzie „Faktów” TVN

Author(s): Anna Jupowicz-Ginalska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 (223)/2015

In her article, the author examines the relationship between self-promotion and news (the analysis is based on “Fakty” newsreel in TVN). The author attempts to prove that news contain certain amounts of the self- promotional content; the self- promotion elements are abundant and take many varied forms. The most frequently occurring methods of self- promotion have the convergent character – they do not operate separately, but are intertwined in a common impact on consumers.

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Zeszyty Prasoznawcze w latach 1991– 2012

Author(s): Tomasz Mielczarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4 (224)/2015

The subject of this article is the content of a quarterly Zeszyty Prasoznawcze issued by the Press Research Centre of Jagiellonian University. The author analyzed 42 publications covering approximately 8,500 pages of print. He paid attention to the editorial staff lineup, team of authors and, above all, subject matter of the articles. Altogether, 1068 pieces (389 scientific articles, 114 scientific materials, 413 reviews and 152 reports) were subjected to the analysis. The content of Zeszyty Prasoznawcze was dominated by authors from Cracow, mostly connected to the Press Research Centre of Jagiellonian University. The periodical, not avoiding international subject matter, mainly focused on researching classic printed press in Poland. It played a beneficial role in initiating, registering and evaluating press studies research, relatively widely informed about most important publications in media studies. Editor in chief, who proved to be an unusually prolific author in Zeszyty Prasoznawcze, had a significant influence on its content.

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Serial „Gra o tron” i jego literacki pierwowzór – „Pieśń lodu i ognia” jako filary opowiadania ransmedialnego

Author(s): Agnieszka Całek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1 (225)/2016

“Game of Thrones” is a TV series made by HBO TV. Since 2011 this production has been watched by billions of people all around the world. The series and its literary prototype, “A Song of Ice and Fire” saga written by George R.R. Martin are the basic parts of transmedia story of the land called Westeros. “Game of Thrones” is being analyzed here as the cultural product facilitating the creation of the mature transmedia narrative. Furthermore the article includes analysis of relationship between Martin’s saga and its tv adaptation.

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„Most”, „The Killing”, „Wallander”: nordycka criminal fiction

Author(s): Dorota Piontek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1 (225)/2016

How to explain the fact that in the societies with the lowest criminality rate in the world so many stories are written, relating the cruelest crimes? Why do Scandinavian crime dramas provoke so much interest among the viewers all over the world? The article is devoted to the analysis of the reception and cultural contexts of the global success of the so- called Nordic noir.

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