The Habsburg Monarchy and Serbs in the Ottoman Empire up until the Congress of Vienna (1739–1815)

Author(s): Slaviša Nedeljković,Miloš Đorđević / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

The principal objective of this article is to demonstrate some key segments in the development of political relations between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Serbian population in the Ottoman Empire up until the Congress of Vienna in 1815. During the 18th century, the Monarchy played an active role in the instigation of Serbs to become involved in Austro–Turkish wars and to form strong liberation movements. The Ottoman feudal system was confronted with the developments that deeply disturbed the entire legal and socio-economic structure of the Empire. Their consequences within the territory of the Belgrade pashaluk struck the subservient Serbian Christian population, so called ‘rayah’, through exposure to ‘chiflik’ system, terror by authorities, forced migrations, epidemics and starvation. The movements which were most prominent in the territory of the Belgrade pashaluk led towards great liberation rebellion of the Serbs known as the Serbian Uprising of 1804.

КОНСТРУЮВАННЯ ОБРАЗУ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ТРАДИЦІЙНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ В ЕТНОГРАФІЧНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ ХІХ ст.

Author(s): Valentyn Dolgochub,Nataliya Petrova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 27/2016

In the late XVIIIth and during the XIXth centuries an active ethnographical discourse about Ukrainian traditional culture was proceeded. As a result of this process we have the strong image of the ethnic specificity of Ukrainians by their culture. The author analyses, how this image grew up during the work of professional and non-professional ethnographers. The main source is fundamental bibliographical edition “The literature of Ukrainian folklore”, compared by B. Hrinchenko in 1901. The author uses the method of content analysis and makes such conclusions: representation of Ukrainian traditional culture in the ethnographical discourse of XIX ct. was incomplete and created according to the researchers` tasks. The representation was incomplete because of priority positioning among sources (some genres of non-functional and ritual folklore were the most “popular”)and because of tendentious approach to their heuristic opportunities(by giving the preference for description in opposite to generalization and explanation), and because of specific political purposes of the Imperia or national movement, first of all – education and socialization of members of the posttraditional, industrial society. Finally created image have begun to perceive as primordial practices of Ukrainian peasants and became the important component of Ukrainian modern nation identity.The dynamics of researchers` attention is also considered: from a romantic interest, even decorated by idyllic motifs from “higher”cultures in the beginning of the XIXth ct., to the more systematically publications in the second part of the century. Such publications were under strong influence of European methodologies, popular at that time (positivism, evolutionism, mythological school etc.).

ПОПУЛЯРИЗАЦІЯ ІСТОРИЧНИХ ЗНАНЬ В ІСТОРІОГРАФІЧНОМУ ПРОЦЕСІ НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ ПІВДЕННОЇ УКРАЇНИ (ДРУГА ПОЛОВИНА ХІХ – ПОЧАТОК ХХ ст.)

Author(s): Olexandr E. Muzychko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 27/2016

The purpose of this article is the research on wide source base of promoting process of history among common people in the territory of the Southern Ukraine in the second half of XIX - the beginning of the 20th century. The main forms of work were association of the intellectuals in educational societies which carried out national readings, opened libraries, published brochures. Activities for distribution of historical knowledge of a number of national societies were noticeable. Acquaintance of the people, most often illiterate, with bases of historical knowledge, expansion of their outlook, formation national, sometimes alternative semi-official, images of stories was positive result of this process. The negative was that the history was mainly used as promotion for the purpose of formation at the population of monarchic outlook. Signs of the times was the emergence in the cities of the south not only education society but national associations, which also concerned the question popularize the history of creation of nation purposes. Most notable were the efforts of Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, Jewish societies. It is important that the activities of educational societies contributed to the fact that there was in the south of Ukraine to study the history of Ukraine. T he southern Ukrainian leading educational center were together in constant contact, as a general historiographic process and for the development of people’s readings on historical themes. for example М. М. Arkas used in the work of Mykolayv “Prosvita” experience of Odesa; lectures in Kherson andMykolayv was historians from Odesa S.P. Shelukhyn and S. L. Avaliani;D. I. Yavornytsky told about the Cossacks in Odesa.

A Jewish Pan-Turkist: Seraya Szapszal (Sapsaloglu) and his Work Qirim Qaray Türkleri(1928)

Author(s): Dan D. Y. Shapira / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2005

The paper examines a highly interesting workQirim Qarai Türkleri,published in Istanbul in 1928 by Seraya Sapsaloglu (Seraja Szapszal in Polish sources), the renowned Karaite communal leader, one of the leading Russian Turkologists of his time, a former Czarist diplomat and a Jewish Pan-Turkist. This popular and quasi-scientific work was typical of the Romantic Period of the “nation-building”stage in the history of many Eastern European minorities. It was, however, essential in the presentation of the Türkic-speaking Eastern European and Crimean Karaite Jews as remnants of some imagined ancient Türkic race, clandestinely preserving Altaic paganism. Written in an appealing style, this work made a deep impression on the Early Republican intellectuals. In the present paper some of Szapszal's assertions made in this work are analysed against their historical and linguistic background. The paper touches on intellectual trends current during the Early Republican period, the state of the European, Russian and Turkish Turkology of the age, and the metamorphoses of the secularised communal consciousness.

Роль української еліти в процесі державотворення

Author(s): Oleg Nelyubov / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2011

The author examines the idea of essence of political governmental elite which is an important lever of state building, analyses factors of influence of Ukrainian elite upon decision of the national state building ideas.

Pravno savladavanje totalitarne prošlosti

Author(s): Aleksandar Molnar / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 65.11/2002

Totalitarni režimi rušili su se usled endogenih ili egzogenih faktora, na vrhuncu svoje moći ili već u poodmakloj fazi (posttotalitarnog) propadanja, stranom intervencijom (porazom u ratu) ili uspešnim tiranicidom (za kojim je sledilo demontiranje aparata nasilja u službi totalitarne partije). No, kako god skončao, totalitarni režim za sobom ostavlja čitav niz pravnih, političkih i socijalnih problema koji otežavaju izgradnju demokratske ustavne države.

Activitatea de bibliotecar a eruditului cărturar Ion a lui Gheorghe Sbiera

Author(s): Elena Pintilei / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 11/2018

The present study brings into attention the outstanding contribution of Ion a lui Gheorghe Sbiera to the history of the Romanian libraries in Bukovina in the second half of the XIXth century. At the same time, as the librarian of the Chernivtsi Gymnazium Library, the custodian at the Country Library and then custodian of the University Library of the University of Chernivtsi he strongly develops the intent of preserving national identity and at the same time outlines the idea of cultural resistance in an occupied Bukovina.

Mélygörög értelmiségiek

Author(s): Anastasia N. Karakasidou / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/1993

A közelmúltban részt vettem a princeton-i egyetem Hellenic Studies programjának egyik fogadásán, amit egy kiváló vendég előadó tiszteletére rendeztek. Éppen két kollégámmal beszélgettem, amikor a szomszédos egyetemen tanító görög természettudós lépett oda hozzám. „Láttam Önt néhány héttel ezelőtt a Columbia Egyetem Makedóniáról tartott konferenciáján” - mondta. „Igazi hírességgé vált, mondhatom. A görög-amerikai közösség úton-útfélen az Ön tanulmányát forgatja.”

A „kisebbség többsége”, avagy nemzetállamok a birodalmak romjain

Author(s): Zsolt Bálint / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2018

Párhuzamos nemzetépítés, konfliktusos együttélés: Birodalmak és nemzetállamok a közép-európai régióban (1848–1938). Szerkesztette Szarka László. Országház Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 2017. 364 oldal

A magyar–német geopolitikai viszony

Author(s): Gusztáv Molnár / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 12/2018

Средњовековни почеци мађаризације

Author(s): Dušan Berić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 18/2018

This work shows that Magyarization dates back to the Middle Ages, and that it was associated with the Magyars’ plan to turn the multinational Hungary into a monoethnic Magyar state, using any means available, even though by the end of the eighteenth century the number of Magyars in the country amounted to less than one third of the population. Even at that time, it was almost a common fact that the Magyars showed awareness that this process is what keeps them unified at all times. In their struggle for survival, the self-preservation instinct made Slavic people on the Hungarian soil as well as the Romanians, develop the power to resist assimilation, whereas the Germans of the region, except for the Transylvanian Saxons, showed no such resistance; in Germans, it wouldn’t start to form until 1848. In its initial stages, the prime purpose of Magyarization was to magyarize the original names of places. Just for how long that was the case will be explained elsewhere. The facts became even clearer when the sources started to reveal more detailed accounts of the initial phases of Magyarization, as well as of its later developments. The Magyars soon turned their policy towards magyarizing personal names of the previously mentioned peoples , especially the Slovaks. The policy of Magyarizing the Slavs was a matter of cooperation with the Vatican, but later it went on to cause misunderstandings between them, although it never led to any conflicts, or separation.

ВІДЗНАЧЕННЯ ЮВІЛЕЇВ ІСТОРИЧНИХ ТОВАРИСТВ ПІВДЕННОЇ УКРАЇНИ ЯК ЧИННИК ІСТОРІОГРАФІЧНОГО ПРОЦЕСУ КІНЦЯ ХІХ – НА ПОЧАТКУ ХХ ст.

Author(s): Olexandr E. Muzychko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 29/2018

The purpose of this article is to study the phenomenon of celebratingthe jubilees of historical societies operating on the territory ofSouthern Ukraine in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.In particular, we set ourselves the task of finding out the number ofsuch jubilees, their scale, the form of notes, the range of people involved,the overall significance of these events. We are involved withall possible sources of sources: archived and published. As for the first,it is a question of documents from the 93 State Archives of Odesa region– «Odesa Society of History and Antiquities». Published sourcesare predominantly published in periodicals of societies. Informationof interest to us is mainly contained in the sources of the reports - thereports and reports of the companies. Narrative sources, publicationof analytical articles about societies in the time magazines and newspapersare an essential addition.Thesis. The main idea of this article is that in the territory of SouthernUkraine, for a long time, there were 4 societies that directed theirefforts to study history: the Odesa Society of History and Antiquities(OSHA), the Tavria Scientific Archival Commission, the Historical andPhilological Society at the Odesa Novorossiysky University and theKaterynoslav Scientific Archival Commission. Actually, this durationwas the main prerequisite for celebrating their anniversaries. With theexception of OSHA, all three companies chose the first meeting as thestarting point for their existence. Only OSHA, having the status of theimperial, decided to choose a reference point on November 14, 1839- from the date of the emperor’s permission. In total, 8 anniversarieswere celebrated, four of which were large-scale: 50th anniversary ofthe OSHA in 1889, the 15th anniversary of the Historical and PhilologicalSociety at the Novorossiysk University - in 1904, the 25th anniversaryof the Tauridean Scientific Archival Commission in 1912 andthe 10th anniversary of the Katerynoslav Scientific Archival Commis-66sion in 1913. Of these, 14 generalized brochures and articles on theactivities of these historians’ associations were published, of which 10were devoted to the OSHA.The main thesis of this article is that designed to explore and preservehistory, historical societies of the South of Ukraine themselvescreated a history, became a significant subject of the cultural life of alarge region. Anniversaries of these societies performed several functions:1) historiographic (analysis of the traversed path in order tooutline further ways of development); 2) memorial (honoring respectablemembers); 3) scientific and communicative (strengthening tiesbetween members of associations and similar institutions); 4) public(popularization of history, increasing the social significance of societiesfor the growth of material and moral support). Anniversariescontributed to the revival of the historiographical process, drawingattention to historical societies and, in general, the problems of thedevelopment of historical science from the press, causing the analyticalreflections of historians.

КІПРСЬКЕ ПОВСТАННЯ 1931 р. В ІМПЕРСЬКІЙ ПОЛІТИЦІ ВЕЛИКОЇ БРИТАНІЇ

Author(s): Stanislav Kovalskyi / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 29/2018

The paper is devoted to the Cyprus uprising of 1931. The comprehensivestudy of the rebellion was conducted in the article. The disintegratingprocesses of the British Empire, economical and religiousfactors, domestic and external policy were analyzed as the main reasonsof the uprising. The paper focuses on the similar features of theGreece and Turkish policy towards the Cyprus problem at that period.An attention was paid to the external influence on the home policy inCyprus. The British colonial administration and its policy were in thefocus of view in the paper. The main idea of the article is the systemconnection between the Cyprus uprising of 1931 and imperial andregional processes before and after the mentioned events.The October rebellion, the Greek Cypriots raised in 1931, was anintegrate problem of the British Empire from the one hand and thelocal problem of Greek and Turkish nationalism from another. Thematter requires to take into account both cases. The Cyprus uprisingof 1931 took place against a background of the anti-colonial trends inIreland, India and Canada at that period. This fact allows us to concludethat the Cyprus events have general imperial features.Objective economic reasons also underlay the rebellion in Cyprus.Great Depression of 1929-1933 decreased deeply living standard onthe island by reducing consumption of Cyprus export goods and travelservice all over Europe. The Greek and Turkish home policy causedCyprus negative processes as well. That’s why the beginnings of the 175Cyprus uprising of 1931 was accompanied by Orthodox religious andGreek nationalistic slogans.The political conflict in Cyprus turned into the riot’s preconditions.During the first stage of the riot British colonial authorities showedtheir inability to settle the problem in time. Incoherence of the armyand police activity led the Governor’s residence to be burned down.That accident was called the most shameful humiliation British Empireever obtained at the interwar period. Riot’s scales demonstratedthe general Greek-community orientation. The Turkish-Cypriot’s reactionand their role in the uprising’s suppression provided a basis to thefuture inter-communal conflict.The events of the Cyprus uprising of 1931 were an integral partof the imperial and regional processes. The main causes of the rebelliondemonstrated its general empire character. Political processes inGreece and Turkey influenced the Cyprus problem. That was reflectedat slogans and ideas of the rebels. This accident, in addition, worsenedGreek-Turkish relations. Mentioned facts argued that the Cyprusuprising of 1931 intensified anti-colonial attitudes and interethnic tensionsbetween Greeks and Turks on the island for decades ahead

Memorie și politică la 1874: inaugurarea statuii lui Mihai Viteazul

Author(s): Liviu Brătescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 04/2013

The political regime established on February 11th, 1866, was under the necessity of facing several challenges in a short period of time. Beyond the need for blocking any plans settled within the European diplomacy and meant to loosen the Union of 1859, the new decision-making factors in Bucharest were equally interested in the drawing of a real dynastic sentiment. In order to achieve this goal, it was necessary to establish a direct channel of communication between the sovereign and the Romanians, to refer to classical themes of the Romanian political discourse and, not at least, to place Carol I in the descending line of the great rulers of the nation. During the nineteenth century the commemoration of a historical personality was a common practice with some strength resulting from the interaction of various social categories and which outlined the conduction of a real public spectacle. Despite the Conservative government of 1874’s effort to keep the events occasioned by the inauguration of Michael the Brave’s statue in peaceful surroundings, the political tension was to say its word finally. The inauguration of the statue of Michael the Brave had all the details required for a transmission from one generation to the next one of the memory of a historical figure whose evocation had a strong mobilizing valence. The unveiling of a monument gradually became also in the Romanian society an expression of artistic taste and of the desire to arrange a public space, as well as of the manifestation of a particular vision of how history can reach present times so as to achieve a greater political legitimization.

Ludwig von Thallóczy und die Albanologie: Skizzen eines Experiments zur Nationsbildung

Author(s): Krisztián Csaplár-Degovics / Language(s): German Issue: 40/2010

Der Name Ludwig von Thallóczys ist jedem Historiker geläufig, der sich mit Albanien und den Albanern beschäftigt. Die Bedeutung seiner Person für die historischen Untersuchungen über die modernen Albaner wird von allen gelobt und hervorgehoben – obwohl uns praktisch kaum etwas über seine diesbezügliche Tätigkeit bekannt ist. Der Aufsatz fasst in seiner Einleitung das Wissen kurz zusammen, was für die Historiker bisher über die Beziehungen zwischen Thallóczy und der Albanologie zur Verfügung stand. Anhand archivalischer Quellen von Budapest und Wien, versucht dann der Verfasser die Rolle des Historiker-Politikers, die er in dem Nationswerden der Albaner spielte, und Thallóczys Thesen über die albanische bzw. balkanische Geschichte zu rekonstruieren. Nach Thallóczy spielen die nationalen Symbole eine sehr wichtige Rolle in der Entstehung einer Nation. Der Aufsatz sammelte die Symbole (vor allem Fahnen und Wappen) zusammen, die er für das neue Fürstentum Albanien, in den Jahren 1912–1913 machen ließ.

Srečanje dr. Antona Korošca in ing. Dragotina Gustinčiča novembra 1918 v Ženevi

Author(s): Jurij Perovšek / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2010

O jugoslovanski državni združitvi 1. decembra 1918 in političnem ter državnopravnem procesu, ki je po koncu prve svetovne vojne vodil k njej, je bilo v slovenskem in (nekdanjem) jugoslovanskem zgodovinopisju objavljeno precej tehtnih obravnav. Ključne značilnosti oblikovanja prve jugoslovanske države so dobro poznane, zato je gotovo dobrodošlo, če se ponudi priložnost dodatno osvetliti posamezne vidike iz jugoslovanskega združitvenega procesa leta 1918. Eno od njih je tudi dejstvo, da je med bivanjem v Švici, kjer je od 6. do 9. novembra 1918 v Ženevi potekala konferenca o jugoslovanski združitvi, predsednik Narodnega Vijeća Slovencev, Hrvatov in Srbov v Zagrebu (Narodno Vijeće), vrhovnega organa oblasti v Državi Slovencev, Hrvatov in Srbov (Država SHS), dr. Anton Korošec, zagovarjal združitev v novo državo na enakopravni podlagi, to je na podlagi načela narodnosti in pravice narodov do samoodločbe.2 Pri tem doslej nismo vedeli, da je kot enega od enakopravnih dejavnikov jugoslovanske združitve posebej upošteval tudi Kraljevino Črno goro in si (neuspešno) prizadeval, da bi njeni predstavniki sodelovali na Ženevski konferenci. [...]

"Izjava enega zanesljivega Slovenca zadostuje" Denunciacije pronemških elementov po razpadu habsburške monarhije v dokumentih okrajnega sodišča Slovenske Konjice

Author(s): Andrej Studen / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2009

After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the establishment of the new Yugoslav state, Germans in the Lower Styria were not ready to accept new political circumstances. They explicitly disapproved of the new "Southern Slavic" state and strove for their inclusion into the "German Austria". This spurred the Slovenian authorities to become even more severe and determined in the implementation of the systematic policy of "nationalisation". Slovenians hastened to "rectify" the old injustices. Slovenian newspapers demanded "unscrupulous cleansing" of anything that was German or in any way reminiscent of the old Austria and the former German dominion. In the initial post-war years the "ethos of vengeance" absolutely prevailed over the sense of justice. After the overturn "different elements which sow the seeds of discontent with Yugoslavia" also appear and "deliberately disseminate horrible fabricated news". The authorities called upon the people to denounce the anti-state elements. Practically that was supposed to be the duty of each reliable Slovenian. The following discussion focuses on the denunciations based on the speech against the state, preserved in the documents of the District Court in Slovenske Konjice, and on the incidents which reflected national intolerance in the everyday life in the new state after the World War I.

Finis Austriae et Hungariae (Razpad Habsburške monarhije in oblikovanje nasledstvenih držav - Republike Češkoslovaške in Kraljevine SHS)

Author(s): Jure Gašparič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 3/2002

In the paper, the author deals comparatively with the fate of two central European peoples - the Slovenes and the Slovaks - which, after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, were faced with similar problems under their new states. Their integration, in 1918, into new political and economic realities, although these were more promising than the one in Austria-Hungary, gave rise to many difficulties. Using both the Slovene and the Slovak sources, the author focuses on the political separation of both nations from the Danube monarchy as well as their situation in their new states: the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and the first Czechoslovak Republic.

Nekaj doneskov k problematiki zbora odposlancev slovenskega naroda v Kočevju

Author(s): Tone Ferenc / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1-2/1966

O zboru odposlancev slovenskega naroda v Kočevju je bilo do sedaj napisanih mnogo člankov in tudi nekaj razprav. Vsi ti članki in razprave prikazujejo zbor odposlancev slovenskega naroda kot uspeh razvoja in položaja, ki je nastal po kapitulaciji Italije, to se pravi, da začno s prikazom kapitulacije Italije, z nastankom velikega osvobojenega ozemlja, prevzemom oblasti po Osvobodilni fronti in razpisom volitev za zbor odposlancev slovenskega naroda. Njihova temeljna pomanjkljivost je v tem, da ne prikažejo obsežnih in temeljitih priprav vodstva narodnoosvobodilnega gibanja ,v Sloveniji ne samo na kapitulacijo Italije, temveč tudi na nekatere pomembne politične manifestacije, ki so bile sicer po kapitulaciji Italije. [...]

Tautų istoriškumas ir savikura

Author(s): Bronislovas Kuzmickas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 38/2004

Considering the process of the formation of nations, the question arises as to what extent nations are determined historically and to what extent created or even “invented”. The nation in the article is treated as ethnicity acquiring the level of creative self-awareness. There are two ways for the historical formation of nations - the Western way, when the nation is formed by the state, and the Eastern one, when, on the contrary, the state is built up by the nation. A new problem now arises: how the decline of the nation state influences the self-awareness of nations.