We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
With contributions by Dževad Juzbašić, Husnija Kamberović, Vladimir Petrović, Aleš Gabrič,Damir Agičić,Gorgi Čakarjanevski,Boro Bronza,Seka Brkljača,Ivana Dobrivojević,Emily Greble-Balić,Bojan Godeša,Ivo Goldstein,Goran Hutinec,Nikica Barić,Sanja Petrović-Todosijević,Carl Bethke,Azem Kožar,Izet Šabotić,Fedžad Forto,Fikret Midžić,Vera Katz
More...
The principal research question pursued by this work is as follows: How do the Republic of Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine present one another in their history curricula and textbooks? How do the history textbooks of each of these three countries present the relationship between majorities and minorities?This book is thus focused on two main objectives: first, to generate improved understanding of the state of the discipline of history in these countries via discussion of reforms to and debates around history curricula in each country, and second, to shed light on the ways in which history textbooks in each of the three countries represent the other two and their peoples.Curriculum development and textbook production in all three countries still remain centralised. Textbooks are produced by state and private publishing houses. Most textbooks are curriculum-based and developed according to the guidelines issued by the Ministries of Education. Through their textbook publishing policy, these ministries control the content and quality of textbooks. History curricula and textbooks in all three countries have progressed, but we still encounter many problems. Among them are the following:• the content of curricula and history textbooks continues to place too much emphasis on national aspects to the detriment of the world, regional, and local dimensions of history;• it reflects the history of wars and violence instead of giving more space to periods of peaceful coexistence, cooperation and cultural communication, or of mutual enrichment between various social groups as well as between nations;• it neglects regional history and cultural and historical links with neighbouring countries;• as it stands, it causes problems in history education and the development of ethnic identity, as well as the relationship between “Us” and “Others”;• it leads to or accepts poor textbook design.The relationship between national and European history remains a closely debated topic in all three societies. Their shared reality, as evidenced by this study, is that all three countries are currently not presenting one another in any meaningful way in their history textbooks at all educational levels. In all three countries, history education and textbooks are dominated by political history and narratives of victimisation. National histories do not pay attention to their neighbours.History textbooks play an important part in the process of collective identity formation, building a relationship with the past and creating an image of the “other”. The content of textbooks determines, in many cases, students' attitudes to their neighbours. Therefore, in order to improve the situation in history education and to develop a tolerant approach to “others” in history textbooks, there is a great need for joint efforts by politicians, professionals and members of civil society in Moldova, Romania and Ukraine.
More...
The activity of the Federation of Expellees (German: Bund der Ver triebenen, BdV) and its chairperson Erika Steinbach, including efforts aimed at establishing the Centre Against Expulsions1 (ZgV) have been and will continue to be a source of controversy in Germany’s domestic policy, as well as in Polish–German and Czech–German relations. Steinbach has become a central figure in German inter-party conflicts and in disputes with the country’s immediate neighbours. In her efforts to gain more publicity for injustice and suffering in the German past she has resorted to controversial methods and has thus latched onto another stage in the historical debate on the consequences of World War II. This time it is related to and interpreted from the point of view of the German victims.
More...
What is World War II? When does it start? These, seemingly, easy to answer questions have a surprisingly too many diverse answers. Compared to Word War I, the later is subject to much more unpopular views, in both, public and specialized literature.There are too many distortions, subjectivism and deliberate concealment of basic facts. Many are convinced that World War II in Europe started with Germany's attack on Poland, while in reality Poland has been invaded at least 17 days in advance from Germany and then from Russia. For example, few know that the Soviet-Nazi Alliance, signed with the Non-aggression Pact on 23 August 1939, began to act as the closest combat co-operation in the first hours of the invasion of the "Wehrmacht" on September 1.
More...
Razgovori o hrabrim ženama koje nisu pristajale na slijepu poslušnost i koje su prkosile pravilima okoline u kojoj su živjele i borile se za bolje prilike inspirišu na traganje .... traganje kroz vrijeme za pojedinkama koje su pomjerale granice ustaljenog načina ponašanja u svijetu, nekonformističkim djelovanjem u svojoj okolini, i šire. Upravo je to radila grupa ljudi – razgovarali su i tragali – dijeleći uvjerenje da je feminizam važan i da je važno ponovno čitati historiju. Svjesno su odbacili načelo važnijeg iskustva, koje feminizam svakako i problematizuje, i u pisanju su išli za ličnim osjećajem, jer je lično uvijek i političko. Pred vama je rezultat njihovog rada. U nastavku ćete otkriti koje su to žene pomjerale okvire koje im je društvo nametalo. Nadamo se da će i vas njihove priče inspirisati, a da će vas poster sa likovima nekih od njih, koji ćete naći u knjizi, obradovati. To su naši pokloni vama.
More...
Ignorance towards world history can lead to severe distortions in the national psyche. Even today, Bulgarians either rejoice as the greatest nation, surrounded by enemies, for some reason, or as a hopelessly lagging nation. The book offers the most fateful events and processes from the history of mankind in the twentieth century. During this century, people entered space, found the computer but at the same time faced the threat of nuclear self-destruction and were struck by a new type of plague known as AIDS. The planet became narrow. Clothing, life-style and food are uniform. The globalization, symbolized by both McDonald's fast food and Chinese restaurants, has its furious opponents, but also enthusiastic followers. Current Handbook aims to acquaint students with those historical events and processes in the history of Europe and the world in the twentieth century that directly impact human civilization, and the beginning of the 21st century. Therefore, the approach is not typical for historical science - events and processes are not chronologically but problem-based considered.
More...
In 2015, the world celebrated its 70th anniversary since the end of World War II. On the initiative of Dr Dragan Aleksić, the Institute for Contemporary History of Serbia decided to join the commemoration of this significant date by publishing a collection of scientific papers that would not only be of a suitable character but would also represent a scientific contribution to the anniversary. It was an honor for me to be the editor of this collection, and my idea of what it should look like revolved around 1945 as a turning point: a time when the war was ending and a new era was beginning. The end of World War II, to a much greater extent than the end of World War I, also marked the end of an old, pre-war world. After World War I, three empires disappeared, a series of new states emerged, democracy and the right of peoples to self-determination became generally accepted ... The end of World War I sowed, however, the seeds of the next world slaughter. It was incomparably greater than the previous or any other war in history, and its end created a world that people who lived in 1914 would never recognize. Europe was devastated, effectively divided between the two victorious superpowers, while the old European powers were losers or mere formal victors: soon after World War II, and in large part thanks to it, the colonial empires of Great Britain and France began to crumble rapidly, giving birth mainly during the first two postwar decades the world as we know it today. [...]
More...
Други светски рат је на простору Србије и Југославије оставио трајне последице, које су поред својих глобалних обележја имале и низ локалних особености. У свести низа генерација сачувало се сећање на хиљаде изгубљених људских живота, уништену економију, разорену инфраструктуру, тешке материјалне губитке, трагичне људске судбине, небројене цивилне жртве, изгубљене наде, срушене младости, недочекане старости, недосањану будућност, разбијене и расуте породице, револуционарне промене, војне сукобе, стране интервенције и крваве грађанске сукобе. Као такве, локалне особености Другог светског рата на простору Србије и Југославије током минулих деценија су представљале повод за озбиљне друштвене расправе, идеолошке стереотипе и тумачења. Често употребљаване и злоупотребљаване чињенице о Другом светском рату на тим просторима биле су предмет низа манипулација. [...]
More...
Почетак Другог светског рата у Југославији обележили су брзи војни слом, комадање југословенске територије и грађански рат који је отпочео на простору Србије. Све то било је последица како непријатељске агресије тако и бројних политичких, социјалних и економских противречности нагомиланих у међуратном раздобљу југословенске државе. Југославија је између два светска рата била земља великих социјалних разлике, привредне неинтегрисаности и културолошких различитости, што је, нарочито после Велике економске кризе, избацило на површину радикалне покрете и на левици и на десници који су у својим програмима нудили привлачна социјална мерила. Југословенска државна идеја, идеја националног јединства, у коју се посумњало убрзо по формирању заједничке државе, дефинитивно је званично напуштена стварањем Бановине Хрватске. Међутим, на плану међунационалних односа, стварање Бановине Хрватске не само да није смирило хрватско-српске супротности, нити задовољило национално-политичке тежње Хрвата и учврстило нестабилне државне темеље него је допринело јачању раздора, изазвало незадовољство Срба и подстакло потребу за преиспитивањем југословенске државне идеје. Стога је у овом периоду, из угла национално-политичких потреба српске нације, једно од најтежих питања националне политике чинила дилема за или против Југославије. [...]
More...
Der deutsche Feldzug gegen Jugoslawien im April 1941 steht nicht nur in engstem Zusammenhang mit der Invasion in Griechenland, sondern auch mit dem sich anschließenden Angriff auf die Sowjetunion. Mit diesem schlug der NSWahn der Herrschaft über den europäischen Kontinent in einer neuen Qualität eines Krieges durch, der propagandistisch als Kampf zweier Weltanschauungen begründet und mit aller Brutalität eines rassenideologischen Vernichtungskrieges geführt wurde. Damit sitzt der Aprilkrieg zeitlich wie auch bezüglich der Art seiner Durchführung an einer Nahtstelle der Vorgänge des Zweiten Weltkrieges.
More...
Imperijalne težnje Trećeg Reicha i Italije bile su pokretač Drugog svjetskog rata, a ideološku orkestraciju činili su rasna teorija, »evolucijski opravdavana« borba za životni prostor i anti-boljševizam. Emocionalni naboj davali su osvetoljubivost i želja za revanšizmom prema pobjednicima iz Prvog svjetskog rata te tradicionalni kršćanski antisemitizam. Europa se politički trebala vrtiti oko osovine Berlin–Rim, a činile bi je još neutralne i profašističke države te satelitske države ograničenog suvereniteta. Pored Židova i Roma, u Europi su rasno inferiornima smatrani i Slaveni općenito, posebno Česi, Poljaci, Rusi i Slovenci jer su ujedno bili i smetnja realizaciji njemačkog Lebensrauma. Rusi i Poljaci su tako, uz Židove, brojčano najveće žrtve nacističke projekcije Trećeg Reicha. Svima njima sudbinu je određivala nacistička genocidna ideologija superiornog arijevstva kao pogonskog goriva njemačkog imperijalističkog plana koji je u njima vidio samo biološki potencijal za ropsku eksploataciju.
More...
Přechody státních hranic a působení kurýrů a převaděčů po únoru 1948 patří v posledních letech bezesporu k nejfrekventovanějším tématům z dějin protikomunistického odboje a odporu. Hlavní důvody jsou podle mého dva. Téměř kolem každého kurýra, který překročil státní hranice a po určitou dobu se v utajení pohyboval na československém území, se vytvořil okruh osob, někdy i hodně široký a rozvětvený do různých koutů republiky. Po dopadení kurýrů nebo jejich nejbližších spolupracovníků StB většinu těchto osob obvykle pozatýkala. V následujících procesech pak byly stovky kurýrů a tisíce jejich opravdových nebo i jen náhodných spolupracovníků odsouzeny k vysokým trestům odnětí svobody a více než čtyřicet z nich dostalo trest absolutní. Přesná čísla nemáme bohužel dosud k dispozici, faktem však je, že velký počet protistátních skupin, jejichž členové byli pozatýkáni a odsouzeni v letech 1948–1955/56, byl v bližším či vzdálenějším styku s cizinou, a to právě prostřednictvím některého z kurýrů.1 Procesy související s kurýry a převaděčstvím se tedy přímo či nepřímo dotkly velkého množství lidí nejen na úrovni centrální, ale i v regionech.
More...
Knjiga koja je pred čitaocima obuhvata istoriju slatinske Podravine i Brđanske tokom Drugog svetskog rata. Reč je o teritoriji koje je uoči i tokom rata obuhvatalo područje kotara Podravska Slatina, a nakon rata područje istoimene općine. Granice predratnog i ratnog kotara Podravska Slatina i posleratne općine Podravska Slatina nisu u potpunosti podudarne. Kotar je obuhvatao i pojedina sela koja su nakon rata postala deo općine Orahovica, a pre rata su bila deo seoskih općina Slatinski Drenovac i Nova Bukovica u sastavu kotara Podravska Slatina (Slatinski Drenovac, Prekoračani, Pušina, Krasković, Humljani, Krajna, Četekovac, Čojlug, Mikleuš). S druge strane, nakon rata u sastav općine Podravska Slatina uvršteno je područje nekadašnje seoske općine Čađavica koja je pre rata bila u sastavu kotara Donji Miholjac (Čađavica, Čađavički Lug, Ilmin Dvor). Sva ostala naselja, njih oko 60, koja su pre i tokom rata bila u sastavu kotara, nakon rata našla su se u sastavu općine Podravska Slatina. Knjiga obuhvata događaje koji su se odigrali od 1941. do 1945. na širem području slatinske Podravine i Brđanske, uključujući ne samo delove kotara Podravska Slatina kasnije pripojene općini Orahovica i delove kotara Donji Miholjac kasnije pripojene općini Podravska Slatina, već i rubna područja kotara Virovitica, Daruvar, Našice, Donji Miholjac i Slavonska Požega koja se naslanjaju na slatinsko-voćinski kraj. [...]
More...
Tema pokatoličavanja srpskog pravoslavnog stanovništva u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj predmet je višedecenijskog interesovanja istraživača istorije Jugoslavije tokom Drugog svjetskog rata. Iako su prethodni istraživači svojim istraživanjima obuhvatili mnoge aspekte ove teme, zbornik naučnih radova koji je pred čitaocima predstavlja najobuhvatniji pregled teme na osnovu izvora koje prethodna istoriografija nije konsultovala ili ih nije dovoljno analizirala. Zbornik radova Pokatoličavanje Srba u Nezavisnoj Državi Hrvatskoj sastoji se iz pet naučnih radova. Naučni radovi nastali su kao rezultat istraživanja u osam arhivskih ustanova u Hrvatskoj i Srbiji i pregleda dvadesetak arhivskih fondova. [...]
More...
Pučka pravobraniteljica Lora Vidović objavila je 20. novembra 2018. godine analizu naslovljenu: Relativizacija zločina NDH narušava temeljne vrijednosti Ustava, a izostanak reakcija otvara prostor mržnji. U tom tekstu proziva čitav niz državnih i crkvenih institucija te desnocivilnih organizacija za toleriranje i poticanje rehabilitacije nasljeđa tzv. Nezavisne Države Hrvatske i ustaškog režima. Analiza pučke pravobraniteljice svakim slovom pogađa suštinu onoga što se u 2018. Godini iskristaliziralo kao predominantan trend u javnom prostoru, s posebnim naglaskom na djelovanju Rimokatoličke crkve, Hrvatske radiotelevizije, raznih ratno-veteranskih udruženja, desnih udruga civilnog društva, ali i samih vrhova državne vlasti. Tako, primjerice, kaže: “Unatoč tome, eksplicitni ustaški ili nacistički simboli ili oni koji asociraju na ustaški pokret prisutni su u javnom prostoru u Hrvatskoj. Tako se posljednjih godina tiskaju knjige, pišu i objavljuju članci i intervjui, održavaju tribine, snimaju dokumentarni filmovi i emitiraju televizijske emisije u kojima se negira ili umanjuje zločinački karakter NDH. Osim u huškačkim i nacionalistički obojenim medijima, ovakvi stavovi iznose se i u službenom glasilu Katoličke crkve, a prodrli su i u prevladavajuće medije, uključujući i na javnu televiziju.” [...]
More...
Ne jednom smo si postavili pitanje zašto bi mladi ljudi trebali imati odnos prema prošlosti!? Većinu vremena tijekom našeg obrazovanja, nemamo velik interes za povijest. Često ju smatramo dosadnom i nepotrebnom. Međutim, dođe vrijeme kada si počnemo postavljati važna pitanja o kojima odgovore tražimo upravo u osobnim rukopisima i stranicama ispisanima povijesnim podacima koje nam mogu pomoći razumjeti uzroke sukoba, ratova i stalnih kršenja ljudskih prava. Uzroke i načine ljudskog stradanja koje nas vode traženju puteva solidarnosti i pozitivne društvene akcije, pamćenja i sjećanja. Zašto bi mlade prošlost trebala zanimati i kako danas dovodimo u vezu prošla zbivanja i život mladih danas? Vjerojatno se nećete iznenaditi, no mladi ljudi imaju odnos prema prošlosti, oni ga stvaraju i on se u njima stvara svakodnevno. Kroz obiteljske priče, iskustva naših susjeda, nastavne sadržaje, medije... Ključno je pitanje kakav je to odnos. Stvaramo li odnos prihvaćanja svega što čujemo ili ipak u tom odnosu spram prošlih zbivanja ima prostora kritičkom razmišljanju, selekciji sadržaja, korištenju kvalitetnih izvora informacija? Kakvom vidimo ulogu osobnih iskustava, kakvu priču o ratu i miru ona pričaju? Jeste li znali da su mladi najčešće korišteni instrument totalitarnih režima 20. stoljeća? Jeste li znali da mladi uglavnom nemaju pristup objektivnim interpretacijama povijesnih zbivanja utemeljenih na činjenicama? Jeste li znali da su mladi ljudi danas aktivni pronositelji isključivih političkih ideja i govora mržnje? Što mislite zašto je tome tako? Kako mladi mogu postati nositelji pozitivnih promjena, poruka solidarnosti i kulture mira? U pogledu na prošlost važnim ističemo suočavanje s istom, s bolnim posljedicama sukoba i ratova, s mnogobrojnim stradanjima nedužnih – djece, mladih, žena, staraca, muškaraca... Ističemo važnost suočavanja s istom jer se pokazuje da se povijest ponavlja. Važno je učiti iz nje. I sami poznajete izreku – povijest je učiteljica života! Čemu nas ona uči? Razmislite o nekim aspektima vašeg života danas, utjecajima koji su vas formirali – stavovima i iskustvima vaših baka i djedova. Kakvu odgovornost mladi ljudi imaju oko toga? Složit ćete se da je naša odgovornost kao mladih pripadnika/ica društva u kojemu živimo upravo način kako ćemo živjeti i graditi naša društva, na vrijednosnim temeljima ravnopravnog i uvažavajućeg odnosa spram svih ljudskih bića i njihovih prava i sloboda. Uz tu odgovornost, važna je i ona kako ćemo pričati povijesne priče i govoriti o prošlim zbivanjima, kako ćemo prenositi iskustva naših predaka. Naposljetku, važan je i naš stav prema teškim posljedicama ratova i svh oblika društvene isključivosti i političkoga nasilja koji nas i danas u modernim društvima okružuju. Upravo zato odlučili smo se na promišljen i sustavan doprinos dijalogu o prošlosti i kulturi sjećanja na stradanja i otpor nasilju kroz obogaćivanje nastave povijesti i nastavnih materijala. Željeli smo da taj dijalog unese kvalitetnije poznavanje i razumijevanje povijesnih zbivanja kod mladih, ali i da ih potakne na aktivno istraživanje povijesti njihova zavičaja – mjesta stradanja, mjesta sjećanja, mjesta otpora... Ove smo godine istražili zavičaje Osijeka, Zagreba i Opatijsko-liburnijskog kraja. U suradnji sa III. Gimnazijom Osijek, zagrebačkom Gimnazijom Lucijana Vranjanina i opatijskom Gimnazijom Eugen Kumičić kao i Volonterskim centrom Osijek i Muzejom Slavonije, Centrom za mirovne studije i Udrugom antifašističkih boraca i antifašista Opatije i Liburnije, u kasnim ljetnim, jesenskim i ranim zimskim mjesecima učili smo, razgovarali i istraživali ‘Moj zavičaj kroz vrijeme’ - kako smo i nazvali zajednički projekt – u vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata i poraća te naslijeđe antifašizma na ovim prostorima. U tijeku istraživanja, suradnju smo ostvarili i sa nizom drugih vjerskih i manjinskih organizacija, koje su s nama podjelile njihova iskustva ovih teških događaja. Željeli bismo da nam se više srednjih škola u Hrvatskoj pridruži u otkrivanju povijesti krajeva koja su obilježila teška stradanja u Drugom svjetskom ratu i poraća, ali i antifašističkog otpora za vrijeme i poslije rata koji je jednako tako ostavio duboke tragove u kulturi hrvatskoga društva.
More...
In the free territories of occupied Yugoslavia, during antifascist liberation front led by Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ) under the leadership of Tito (1941–1945) there were the first bodies of civil people’s government in the form of people’s liberation boards. By strengthening antifascist People’s Liberation Movement (NOP), People’s Liberation Boards (NOOs) will become an important instrument for combating occupation forces and creation of living conditions for people in the liberated territories. Together with army struggle of People’s Liberation Movement (NOP), this movement, by forming new structures of people’s government on free territories, firstly People’s Liberation Boards (NOOs), later on an antifascist councils of people’s liberation, has established foundations of future state constitution. In the first years of People’s Liberation War (NOR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina there were several hundreds of established People’s Liberation Boards (NOOs). Broadening these specific networks, as temporary structures of people’s government, they were especially intensified after conveying Foča’s and Krajina’s directives in 1942. All people’s liberation boards as government authorities raised from people and those boards in war conditions were developing in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in other parts of Yugoslavia. By solidification of People’s Liberation Movement (NOP) they have persistently improved their scope of work and activities. Out of people’s liberation boards’ nucleus a strong network of people’s liberation boards was founded what finally shaped ZAVNOBIH (Antifascist Council of People’s Liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina) as the highest political representative body. After the Second Assembly of AVNOJ (Antifascist Council of People’s Liberation of Yugoslavia) in Jajce on November 29th and 30th in 1943, people’s liberation boards (NOOs) have achieved their full legal affirmation and they have been confirmed as significant and efficient instrument for the organization of people’s liberation war and socialist revolution, until the declaration of Law on People’s Boards in 1946. Linked together, people’s liberation boards and antifascist councils of people’s liberation were actually an integrative process of revolutionary governmental change and formation of new social and political order. Constitutional Law of Federative People’s Republic of Yugoslavia has confirmed and proclaimed that people’s liberation boards are fundamental bodies of state government and they gained constitutional and legal guaranty and protection. During the development in after war period, their character and role as the government bodies were gradually changed – from local authorities of state government in administrative – territorial units – to the position of general representative body of local communities, municipalities and cantons in this particular historical context, when they have converted into the new representative organs – municipals, cantonal assemblies. Throughout postwar evolution people’s boards were the highest government authorities on their territories and apart them, there were no other authorities of state government within local communities. Therefore, there was no dualism of local government authorities and local state government. Developed in the streak of social contradictories, by their transformation from local state authorities, people’s boards were becoming more and more democratic local government authorities.
More...
Author starts with a claim that three decades long domination of ethnic nationalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH) is based on a process of mobilization of internal ethnicities resulting in production of distinctive social realities, which eventually might lead to distinctive territorial-political entities, nuclei of would-be single-nation states. Contrary to this process, based on experience of political solidarity, as a counter-principle, author identifies the principles of ZAVNOBIH (Anti-Fascist Council of People’s Liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina). Author suggests that ZAVNOBIH represents a unique autochthonous compact of social and political unity in all its complexity and plurality of values. Being as such, it represents an authentic answer to the eternal political question: “What holds us together?” This compact is, according to author, based on three important principles: value pluralism (I. Berlin), social justice, and Anti-Fascist principle.
More...
The aim of the paper is to present a horror caused by the Second World War, and in particular the reality of the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. The whole paper i divided into two main parts. In the first one i would like to present briefly the profiles of two men Rudolf Vrba and Tadeusz Borowski and their lives before they were sent to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. In the second part i want to present their literary works, which are testimonies of the few who survived the hell of the concentration camp and were able to tell about this reality. In my deliberations, i focus on comparing what each of these men felt, experienced, what he learned, what attitude he presented to himself and other inmates and supervisors. On the basis of this information, i am able to create a picture of the reality of a concentration camp, not only its rules and principles, but above all a world in which there is no human identity, only a tattooed number and where any moral choice brings physical or mental suffering, and later death.
More...
The publication serves as a support for secondary school teachers for the development of activation teaching in history.
More...
