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Renesanční přestavba kostela sv. Petra a Pavla v Kralovicích

Author(s): Veronika Lorencová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Kralovice leží asi čtyřicet kilometrů severně od Plzně, nedaleko cisterciáckého kláštera v Plasích. K plaskému klášteru se také primárně vztahují nejstarší písemné prameny, které ves Kralovice zmiňují. Velkým problémem při interpretaci renesanční přestavby kralovického kostela je velmi malé množství dochovaných písemných pramenů. Především z důvodu opakujících se požárů, kterými město ve své historii trpělo velmi často a to až do 19. století. Není doloženo ani přesné zahájení renesanční přestavby. Víme pouze, že objednavatelem přestavby byl Florian Gryspek z Griesbachu, nižší šlechtic pocházející z tyrolské šlechtické rodiny, jejíž původní sídlo leželo v Dolním Bavorsku.

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Relikvie svatých jako nástroj rekatolizace v Čechách 17. století

Author(s): Petr Adámek / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Převážná většina současných studií na poli dějin umění věnuje svou primární pozornost artefaktům hmotného charakteru, které se nám ve větší či menší míře zachovaly do současnosti. Hmotné předměty jsou ze své podstaty schopné částečně promlouvat ke svému okolí prostřednictvím formální charakteristiky fyzické podoby kódující část informací. Ty pak navíc v některých případech sloužily ke zprostředkování vizuální komunikace či reprezentace jednotlivých sociokulturních vrstev napříč společenskou hierarchií. Pokusím se zde ve stručnosti nastínit na základě jakých, konkrétních principů k šíření informací ve veřejných prostorách města docházelo a jak s divákem artefakty komunikují.

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Vztah architektury a scénografie: prostorovost kubismu

Author(s): Ivana Láníková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Mezi českými architekty 20. století existuje poměrně početná skupina těch, kteří zároveň pěstovali scénografickou praxi. Většina z nich se věnovala i teorii architektury. Druhé desetiletí minulého století přineslo několik výrazných osobností osvobozených od potřeby nadále rozvíjet svou tvorbu v duchu historizujícího eklekticismu. Z Vídně přicházely nové podněty uměleckohistorické interpretace architektury, rovněž novátorský pohled na praxi památkové péče. Vybrala jsem tři architekty, jejichž tvorbu spojuje kubistická epizoda v rámci architektonické i scénografické praxe, tak teoretické texty orientované na problematiku prostoru. Jmenovitě si představíme tvorbu Pavla Janáka, Vlastislava Hofmana a Jiřího Krohy. Účelem mého příspěvku je předložení vize nové interpretační metody pro popis a vnímání architektury skrze scénografickou zkušenost na základě pochopení podstaty reprezentace prostoru.

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Poznámky k problému historického užití a povrchového ztvárnění lepenice jako pokryvu dřevěných konstrukcí v Čechách

Author(s): Jiří Škabrada / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The essay sums up the knowledge about historical co-existence of wooden walls and a layer of daub – a substance that served in the past as a kind of physical, thermal and fire protection not only in the countryside. There are mentioned in particular the oldest less-known documents from the Middle Ages, including the interpretation of house constructions as it was captured in medieval iconographic sources. These allow to recognize houses whose wooden construction in undoubtedly covered by daub with illusive decorations on its surface. Sometimes the daub on timbered or half-timbered walls looked like a kind of decoration if finished with patterns that were to fix the finer top coat, which was often not applied.

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Využití hlíny u roubeného malohanáckého domu

Author(s): Jiří Pokorný / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The contribution writes about various utilization of mud at timbered buildings in the ethnographic sub-region of Malá Haná around the town of Boskovice. With particular examples, it documents varied building techniques that have not been researched in such a thorough way so far. It has turned out that the phenomenon includes various techniques in the monitored region and it can still be researched at some buildings, especially residential houses that have survived in their intact form. It can also be compared in wider regional connections with the researches that show similar deep knowledge of constructions. Such researches prove to be even more urgent today because e.g. different types of mud plasters can be documented in the field, which until recently were vaguely indicated as e.g. mud fur-coats or puddle, however, without a more detailed description of their composition and design. The contemporary condition of the survived constructions in the region is most conductive to the research. The oldest buildings are often maintained insufficiently, which enables to know the layers and the structure of a building better. This would not be possible to research with the application of non-destructive methods at well-maintained buildings.

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Užití hlíny v lidovém stavitelství v severní části středních Čech na příkladech z dokumentačních fondů Etnologického ústavu Akademie věd v Praze

Author(s): Dana Motyčková,Kateřina Sedlická / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The area of alluvial sediments and loess soils in flat and slightly undulating terrains north of Prague, in a part of the Districts of Mělník and Litoměřice, around the confluence of the Vltava and the Elbe rivers, is a territory in which one can still encounter traditional building material – unburnt mud. The most buildings are painted with lime or cement plasters in modern times, which cover older mud construction. It was flood in 2002 that drew attention to this material, as the residential houses were devastated considerably in the villages of Zálezlice, Zátvor and Kozárovice. This became an inspiration for the study of the type of housing in the villages in question as well as the nearby ones, which the content of the submitted essay presents.

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Hliněné hospodářské stavby a jejich technologie

Author(s): Věra Kovářů / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Mud has accompanied people from the time immemorial. They used it to build their dwellings, religious buildings, and farm buildings necessary for their agricultural activities. They needed these buildings to store corps and foods in them. It was the larder that stood within the shortest distance from the house or was even connected with the house under one common roof. Made of rammed earth or unburnt bricks, it could keep constant temperature. Mud larders or timbered larders coated with mud were widespread all over South and South-East Moravia and often even in the regions of Malá Haná and Vyškovsko. Peasants stored their corn in barns built from unburnt bricks. Barns built from mud cobs shaped as a smaller loaf of bread represent the older form from the 19th and the outset of the 20th century. This technique has rarely survived only in relicts in the ethnographic area of Haná. The same technique was used to enclose gardens and orchards. When studying buildings in vineyards, especially in the region around Znojmo or in South Moravia, one succeeded in discovering wine cellars built with the technique of layered or rammed mud interlayed with grog of small and bigger stones. Kiln-houses for fruit drying, disseminated in orchards, were built from unburnt bricks as well. Wooden kiln-houses coated with mud were found in the environs of Luhačovice. Mud farm buildings, if not damaged by penetrating water, were serving for many decades.

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Stodoly z válků ve Slupi, okr. Znojmo

Author(s): Jitka Matuszková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

In the village of Slup in the region of Znojmo, there are listed four barns built with the mudcob masonry technique. The assessment of archive sources helps determine the period of their origin.

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Poruchy hliněných staveb způsobené vodou

Author(s): Ivana Žabičková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Water content is crucial for the properties of cohesive soils on the foundation surface, as well as for the properties of earthen construction materials at the upper part of a construction. Along with the rising content of water, the load-bearing capacity descends and the deformation power and shrinkage increase. These properties have mostly negative impact on the buildings and they cause a great part of defects on mud constructions. The repairs and reconstructions are possible, however, often costly; therefore high-quality and well-timed maintenance is recommended, which is the best prevention of the defects of mud buildings.

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„Špýcharový“ dům – pokus o definici

Author(s): Jiří Škabrada / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

A short essay with an attempt to define the above term represents a summary of a longer paper that – in the light of contemporary knowledge – tried to assort the opinions relating to a phenomenon introduced into the professional literature by Václav Mencl. He presented this phenomenon in a suggestive and non-historical manner, although it was Lubor Niederle long time ago who had indicated the way leading to the correct understanding of such a structure. Recently, with regards to the above explanation, factual arguments have been given about the influence of fume-hood heating on the layout of a habitable room (height) as well as about the probably colonization origin of the three-part arrangement of a traditional rural house. Because of this, the “granary-style” house becomes indeed a common type of the medieval rural house with its well-understandable function.

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Špýcharový dům a řešení jeho problematiky v české etnologii

Author(s): Miroslav Válka / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

In the Middle Ages, the above-ground house with three-part arrangement developed in rural environment in the Czech lands. Its arrangement included residential area (room), communication area (hall) and farm and storage area (cowshed, larder). The researchers explained the genesis of such an arrangement by autochthon development or foreign cultural influences. Pursuant to the function of the houses´ farm area, the ethnographer V. Pražák defined three basic types of Bohemian folk house, which he related to the main settlement waves (Slavic settlement, great medieval colonization, colonization of Walachia and Kopanice in the Carpathian Mountains). The so-called “granary-style house” with two-storeyed storage room (larder) was designated as a larder type variant. The architect V. Mencl enlarged upon the theory of the granary-style house, dating its origin back to the Slavic period. As later shown by the research (J. Škabrada), the two-storeyed storage room of the house could have been connected with the fume-hood operation in the room. The title “granary-style house” is not fully correct because the term granary (špýchar from German Speicher) was used only in a part of the Czech language territory and predominantly for an independent building (granary) situated outside the house in its yard. In Moravia, where the two-storeyed larders as a part of residential houses are documented by recent finds in the regions of Haná and Slovácko (Central and South-East Moravia), the term “granary – špýchar” does not appear at all. Therefore the term “a house with a two-storeyed larder” seems to be a better name for the mentioned variant of village houses.

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Rozšíření špýcharového domu na Doudlebsku

Author(s): Daniel Šnejd / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Singular recent finds of granary-style houses in the District of Český Krumlov have become a motivation to find out to which extent this type of archaic houses has survived in the entire ethnographic area of Doudlebsko, where such finds are located. The occurrence of the granary-style house in this region is mentioned also in older literature. A research task of the National Heritage Institute, financed by the Ministry of Culture programme for institutional support, provided financial funds for an overall research in the years 2013 and 2014. This research mapped 85 village settlements in the ethnographic area of Doudlebsko. From a plethora of discovered houses that featured one of more hallmarks typical for the granarystyle house, several best-preserved and hitherto not published examples are described.

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Roubené sýpky a špýchary na Berounsku a Hořovicku

Author(s): Helena Mevaldová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The contribution includes the results of field researches the author carried out in the last quarter of the 20th century in the district of Beroun. Small one-storey timbered granaries and one-storey two-room granaries have survived rather rarely in the regions of Berounsko and Hořovicko. A higher number of examples substantiate two-storey timbered granaries, which completed the form of farmhouses significantly in the regions of Berounsko and Hořovicko. They featured a wooden staircase and an access gallery placed on the courtyard side and protected by overhanging roof. The ground floor could either be fully opened, carried by columns with doubled straps, or partially or fully closed by timbered or masonry walls. For the region north of the Berounka River, from Plasko to Karlštejn environs, the two-storey granary was typically placed at the entrance gate to the farmhouse. In the region of Berounsko, the two-storey granary often used to stand at the surrounding wall, in the middle or even in the rear part of the courtyard; we can find such types of granaries on both banks of the Berounka River. The wider area of Křivoklát forests and Podbrdsko featured pass-through pillar hovel with a granary under the roof. Such hovels were typically situated in the middle of the courtyard. In the 19th century, timbered granaries were replaced by masonry buildings the examples of which have survived as well.

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Slohové ohlasy v lidové architektuře jako badatelský problém

Author(s): Miroslav Válka / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The relation between the folk and the stylish culture was solved by both ethnography (ethnology) and history of arts. Primarily, these issues were monitored on folk art and in relation of folk and style architecture. At the beginning, the ethnography focused on the timbered house that was considered an expression of autochthon folk architecture. In the inter-war period, it was art historians (Z. Wirth, V. Mencl) who devoted themselves to this theme. They overrated the influence of historical styles and considered the rural house to be an unoriginal rusticated form inspired by high culture. The representatives of Czech functionalism and structuralism (K. Šourek, K. Honzík) took a more complex opinion. After the war, the research was aimed at the documentation of surviving masonry buildings with the terrain echoes of styles as well as at the analysis of decorative elements and their authors (V. Bělík, L. Štěpánek, I. Minář). These issues were extensively monitored in Southern Bohemia, where one speaks even about ”Rustic Baroque”. Based on architectural development, source archives materials and planned documentation, the above issues are solved by M. Ebel and J. Škabrada.

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Selské baroko ve světle stavebních plánů

Author(s): Jiří Škabrada / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Until the second half of the 19th century, buildings in the Bohemian countryside featured – among others – surviving of architectural Baroque motifs – especially typical shaped gables with stuccoes. Thanks to survived projects, which could be found recently, we can follow how the popularity of those motifs developed – beginning with the outskirts of bigger cities at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries through small towns to rural house owners in the country around the mid–19th century. However, it was possible to document as early as in the twenties and thirties that these decorative shapes were rejected during building permit proceedings. Especially in Southern Bohemia, such embellished gables were so popular that they were made by local artisans even if the project assumed a different and simpler solution. Looking at the more general development of historicizing architecture in the second half of the 19th century, it is undoubtedly interesting that the end of the popularity of Baroque-style elements in the Bohemian village in the 1860s in principle gets ahead of the following popularity of Baroque shapes in official architecture (so-called second Rococo since the 3rd quarter of the 19th century- and Neo-Baroque at the turn of the 19th and 20th century).

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Slohové ohlasy v architektuře hanáckých statků v 2. polovině 19. století

Author(s): Jiří Kaláb / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The application of “high architecture” in folk architecture in the ethnographic area of Haná is not so known and remarkable as it is in the more famous and popular Southern-Bohemian version. Yet a plenty of high-decorative elements have survived so far. We can identify echoes of the styles in three forms. The first one includes the application of eclectic styles on the facades of habitable parts in the farmsteads – this concerns especially the Neo-Baroque or Classicistic set of architectural elements. The second form includes the arcade rain porch – a phenomenon in Central Haná that not only applies elements from castle courtyards in rural environment but also solves the static problem of roof framing extension over the doorstep. The third form features exposed burnt bricks on street-facing bare façades.

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Obnova dreveného kostela sv. Juraja v Trnovom

Author(s): Miloš Dudáš / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Church of St. George in Trnovo near the town of Žilina belongs to the group of Slovakian oldest wooden churches built at the turn of the Middle Ages and modern times. We do not know the exact year of construction of this simple building with a rectangular cribbed nave, a sanctuary, and a tower with pillar-and-beam construction, annexed later on. As to the tree-ring dating, the church was built in about 1615. When the believers built a new masonry church nearby in 1995, the old wooden one remained unused and without corresponding care. Its constructional and technical condition became significantly worse and the church was in the danger of ruining. After a long-time preparation and with ample governmental support, restoration of the church, unique and extraordinary as to its extent, was running from 2010 until 2012. The complex restoration was to preserve as many original elements and details as possible. The church was thoroughly surveyed, marked, and dismantled. After that, it was transferred to Eastern Slovakia and there it was restored by experienced master carpenters and other artisans. They cleaned and conserved the original wooden elements in particular, supplementing the missing or damaged ones with prostheses and fillings.

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Dřevěné zvoničky na západní Moravě a jejich stavební vývoj

Author(s): Miroslav Válka / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

As to sacral building, ethnography (ethnology) devoted itself especially to timbered churches and small sacral buildings that were an integral part of rural countryside and country seats since the 18th century. In the Czech professional literature, devoted to the above issue, a terminology problem appears which is connected with confusing the terms “zvonice – bell tower” and “zvonička – small bell tower”. Independent tower-like buildings to hold bells, which have been a part of church areas from the Middle Ages, should by called “zvonice- bell tower”, but small structures and constructions in villages, built especially in connection with the so-called “Fire Patent” of Maria Theresa (1751), should be called “zvonička – small bell tower”. Because of the importance and occurrence, many researchers devoted themselves to the above cultural phenomenon in the Czech lands. In our contribution, we deal with small bell towers in Western Moravia based on field researches made about 2005.

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Dřevěné zvonice a zvoničky na východě Moravy

Author(s): Věra Kovářů / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

In the East of Moravia, we encounter wooden bell towers and small bell towers. The objectives of their origin are both religious and utilitarian, that means that the bell hung in the belfry informed the local inhabitants about the times during the day, intended for prayer, as well as about unforeseeable and tragic events, deaths, fire. The most bell towers are of timbered construction made by local carpenters, and a shingled roof. It is the local authority that takes care of the condition and maintenance of the bell towers as well as of their surroundings, verdure, and flowers.

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Příběhy dřevěných sakrálních památek na Podluží

Author(s): Jitka Matuszková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The author describes some wooden sacral buildings in the ethnographic area of Podluží – popular wooden pillars with a picture of a saint, and explains the history thereof. The focus of the work is on cultural connotation of three wooden-carved crosses by František Vymyslický from the village of Dolní Bojanovice.

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