Емиграција јеврејске деце из Југославије у Израел (1945–1952) – три личне историје

Author(s): Milan Radovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2017

This paper deals with specific aspects of the emigration of Jewish children from post-war Yugoslavia to Palestine and, after 1948, to the newly established state of Israel. The attention is primarily focused on the minors who were left without parental care during the war. Based on the personal histories of three emigrants, one who tried to leave Yugoslavia immediately after the end of the war and two who applied for organized emigration, this paper studies the general framework of the two separate phases of the migration process and their interdependence. General solutions were modified to meet individual needs of emigrants. The paper is written on the basis of the material of the Archive of the Jewish Historical Museum in Belgrade.

„SO ŽIDOM SOM NEVYJEDNÁVAL.“ K ARIZÁCIÁM SPISOVATEĽA ĽUDOVÍTA MISTRÍKA-ONDREJOVA

Author(s): Ján Hlavinka / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2019

The study is devoted to the participation of the notable Slovak writer Ľudovít Mistrík-Ondrejov in the Aryanization of Jewish property in Slovakia in the period 1939 – 1945. The fact that Ľudovít Mistrík-Ondrejov profitedfrom the Aryanization of Jewish firms is relatively well-known and wasalready publicized in connection with the bookshop owning Steiner family, whose business Mistrík-Ondrejov Aryanized. The present study is acomprehensive study of the Aryanizing activities of Ľ. Mistrík-Ondrejov,covering not only the Aryanization of the Steiner bookshop, but also of the Känzler Brothers firm in Bratislava from which Ľ. Mistrík-Ondrejov personally profited. The study provides hitherto unknown fact about bothĽ. Mistrík-Ondrejov’s Aryanizations.

"Palestyna leje wodę…" Sztuki wizualne a pogromy i wystąpienia antyżydowskie w latach 1914–1920

Author(s): Artur Tanikowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2019

Authors of paintings, drawings or graphics on pogrom themes, representing various generations, art schools, stylistic tendencies, political views and social status, have rarely witnessed commented events. They visualized them based on various reports in the press, comments from survivors, their own imagination, and finally iconographic formulas that have been popularized for years. If, based on known works, we were tempted to arrange a narrative coherent scenario of pogroms, it would have to start with „pogrom shouts”, presenting the ominous pre-pogrom atmosphere, justifying the events in the opinion of their author (Pobóg-Rossowski), in terms of politics, religion and society. Such images are extremely rare. The lithograph showing the perspective of would-be victims who are preparing for self-defense (Wachtel) is quite unique in this group.Much more often, the artists presented scenes of the actual pogrom – destruction of the victims’ belongings, burning their homes, hiding, murdering, and much less often rapes. Pogrom by Wojciech Weiss is an outstanding phenomenon in this group of works. Within these episodes there are scenes of escape of would-be victims trying to save themselves (some Pann’s lithographs). They should be clearly distinguished from images of post-fire exiles, because their images are already in the last, perhaps the most numerous group, which can be described as the consequences of pogroms or their effects. This iconography includes views of retinue and cemeteries.In the collection of pogrom and post-pogrom art there is a separate, important episode – Christological discourse. The introduction of the figure of the Nazarene into the pogrom landscape gave artists room for painting or graphic commentaries of the political, social and religious background. They took on a tone of accusation of perpetrators (Christians, Russians, Ukrainians, Poles), but also clear directions include the only way of ending misery for many Jews, i.e. Zionism (Rubin). Jewish Christ, confronted with Ahasver, the Wandering Jew, or even identified with him, instead of being a cause of Jewish misfortunes became a victim of the followers’ bonds, a victim with which it was easier to identify.It is impossible today to fully catalogue the artistic narratives about the Jewish pogroms of the First World War, the October Revolution and the time that followed just after both bloody conflicts, when the Polish-Ukrainian struggle over Lviv and the Polish-Bolshevik war took place. The events commented on by the artists are part of a long string of anti-Jewish repression, including the ones more than a decade earlier, to mention the pogroms in Chisinau and Gomel (1903) as well as those in Żytomierz and Odessa (1905). They found their commentators in the field of visual arts, who at the beginning of the 20th century created compositional and iconographic schemes, later inspiring their younger.

Zsidóellenes atrocitások sajtóreprezentációja. Maros-Torda és Udvarhely vármegyei magyar nyelvű újságok összehasonlító vizsgálata (1940– 1944)

Author(s): Boroka Darvas / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2021

I examined anti-Jewish atrocities in ten Hungarian-language newspapers in Maros-Torda and Udvarhely countiesbetween 1940 and 1944. I was looking for the answer on how public opinion was formed, what eff ect did age-specifi c anti-Semitic articles have. In addition, I also tried to present a more nuanced age picture. My central questions were: how much andwhat information did the population have about the political, social, economic, and cultural situation, marginalization, looting,gathering, ghettoisation, and deportation of Jews? could the population manage to put together and deduce the events aheadof it from the fragments of information in the newspapers? I also studied archival documents of KEOKH (National CentralControl Authority of Foreigners) to identify specifi c action taken against the Jews.

Zsidóellenes intézkedések a Szamos napilapban (1940–1944)

Author(s): Zsanett Vákár / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2021

Semitism of Nazi Germany had a fatal consequence: a genocide that claimed nearly six million lives. The German-friendly governmentin Hungary, due to the various anti-Jewish laws, fi nally removed the Jewish population from the country in 1944 with outstandingeffi ciency and speed. 437,000 Hungarian Jews were sent forcedly to the Auschwitz death camp, and the total number of the HungarianHolocaust victims exceeds 565,000. This number also includes the Jews who lived in Northern Transylvania, which territory had beenreturned to Hungary in 1940. This is how Satu Mare County returned to the Motherland. However, this meant not only a new era forthe population of Satu Mare, but also the introduction of the Jewish laws. The present study examines the situation of the local Jewsbetween 1940 and 1944 from the perspective of Szamos, the only local Hungarian-language daily newspaper. The purpose of theresearch was to reveal how journalists wrote about the “Jewish question”, and to identify the mechanisms of political propagandathat leads to the acceptance of the isolation, robbery, and physical destruction of Jews by the Christian population.

Społeczność żydowska i antysemityzm w Królestwie Serbów, Chorwatów i Słoweńców/Jugosławii 1918-1941

Author(s): Milan Koljanin / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2020

The Jews in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia made up about 0.5 percent of the total population. The new national framework provided the ability to accept the new state and national idea, but also gave impetus to strengthening their own identity embodied in Jewish nationalism, Zionism. Jews adapted to the new political circumstances relatively quickly and without major turmoil, at least as a whole. A liberal political foundation enabled the Jews to identify relatively easily with the new state. However, over a shorter or longer period, there were earlier national identifications as well. The spread and acceptance of antisemitism in Yugoslavia was affected by different traditions of the attitude towards the Jews in the political culture, political relations in the country and international circumstances. These factors were cumulative, although international circumstances certainly had a crucial impact, especially the coming to power of National Socialists in Germany. The manifestation of antisemitism in Yugoslavia can be divided into three main periods: 1918-1933, from the establishment of the Yugoslav state to the intensification of antisemitic propaganda, 1934-1938, from the intensification of antisemitic propaganda to the start of Jews’ conditioned loyalty, and 1939-1941, from the start of Jews’ conditioned loyalty to the Axis powers’ invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941. Hostility towards Jews was manifested much more strongly in the Habsburg Monarchy than in the Kingdom of Serbia. Therefore, the new state in the former monarchy territories inherited latent and sometimes open antisemitism. The spread of antisemitic propaganda and legislation in Yugoslavia should be associated with the state leaders’ attempts to find a modus vivendi with the totalitarian revisionist neighbors, primarily Germany. As a result, in early October 1940 the government adopted two anti-Jewish decrees. The destruction of the Yugoslav state in April 1941 heralded the beginning of the Holocaust there.

Holokaust na Ukrainie Południowej. Reakcje ocalałych Żydów dystryktu Kalinindorf po niemieckiej okupacji

Author(s): Yurii Kaparulin / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2020

Based on archival documents and published and unpublished materials of oral history, the paper offers an overview of the Holocaust in the Kalinindorf district (territories of modern-day Kherson and Mykolaiv Oblast, Ukraine) and the reaction of survived Jews after their return from evacuation and the front. Through particular cases, the paper shows the variants of behaviour and adaptation of Jews to post-war living conditions. The mid-1940s serves as the historical background; it was a period when antisemitic attitudes strengthened in society and in the party leadership. The article indicates how the Jews returned to the pre-war lifestyle in rural areas, but also their rejection of new conditions and changes in the place where they lived. It also investigates the formation of the Jewish community’s tradition of commemorative practices in places of mass executions of Jews.

První transporty evropských Židů v dějinách holocaustu

Author(s): Jan Dvořák,Jan Horník,Adam Hradilek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 04/2014

On 18 October 2014, it was 75 years from the departure of the first transport of European Jews in the history of the Holocaust, a transport heading from Ostrava to Nisko in the eastern part of the General Government where, according to the Nazi plans, an extensive “reservation” was to be established for the Jews displaced from the conquered territories and from Germany. As part of the so-called Nisko Mission, seven transports were organised from Ostrava, Katowice and Vienna in the latter half of October 1939, taking more than five thousand Jews. The journey was not even stopped by the fact that at the time the first transport was about to depart, the whole plan to establish a Jewish reservation between the Wisla and the Bug was shelved by the Nazi leaders. The fates of thousands of deported Jews varied; death or suffering in Nazi and Soviet prisons and camps awaited most of them.

БОРБА ЗА ИСТИНУ У „ЦРНИМ СВЕСКАМА“ МАРТИНА ХАЈДЕГЕРА

Author(s): Danilo N. Basta / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3-4/2020

In this text and the book from which it is an extract – The Black Notebooks and Heidegger’s Anti-Semitism, the author critically analyzes the most recent debate sparked by Heidegger’s anti-Semitism on the pages of his Black Notebooks (Schwarze Hefte), an ‘intimate’ diary of sorts. The debate began in 2014 and gained momentum, becoming a matter of public relevance and consequently spilling over into the channels of the wider cultural public, eliciting impassioned responses from the wider audience. It was not long before the matter came to be referred to as a ‘scandal’, ‘affair’ or the ‘Heidegger case’. The heavy shadow of anti-Semitism fell on Heidegger, not from the outside but rather from the pages of his own manuscript. The author highlights a ‘veritable paradox in the reception of Heidegger’. Heidegger cannot be rejected (due to his unquestionable National Socialism and anti-Semitism) without first familiarizing oneself with his work and reading and studying his thought as a whole. It follows, then, that discussing his work and thought is both necessary and inevitable. Even those who ultimately became firmly convinced that Heidegger introduced National Socialism into philosophy and thereby betrayed and let down the discipline; that he is not a philosopher at all and that his writings should not be kept on the shelves of philosophy libraries – could not have reached such a sweeping view without first exhaustively and meticulously researching Heidegger and his works. Heidegger is impossible to do away with without first getting acquainted with him or even being close to him. Offering a wide panoramic overview of the various quarrels about the Black Notebooks, the author strives to present the elements that set the dominant tone and main direction of the debate and to peel away the conflicting interpretations to uncover the truth about Heidegger’s anti-Semitism. He does not shy away from offering original hermeneutic approaches and critical remarks. He revisits, critiques, asks new questions and proposes novel judgments about Heidegger, his critics and supporters.

HAJDEGER, ANTIJEVREJSTVO I NADA U NACIZAM: ČITANJE „CRNIH SVEZAKA“ NA TRAGU DANILA BASTE

Author(s): Vladimir Dimitrijević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3-4/2020

This paper deals with Danilo Basta’s book „Black notebooks and Heidegger’s antisemitism: Hermeneutical and critical view“. The connections between Heidegger’s opinion and faith in national socialism as a ’new beginning‘ of Germany and Europe, faith in Hitler as a messenger of Being’s authenticity are being explored. This was a consequence of Western apostasy from Christian values and re-paganization.

„IN DEN LÜFTEN LIEGT MAN NICHT ENG“. ANMERKUNGEN ZUR UNAUFLÖSBAREN TRAGIK DES DICHTERS PAUL CELAN

Author(s): Horst Samson / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2021

“In the Air Where You Won’t Lie Too Cramped.” Notes on the Irresolvable Tragedy of the Poet Paul Celan. Paul Celan's work is characterized by reflections on the power and possibilities of language and poetry in general in processing personal tragedy and painful borderline experiences, especially the experience of the Holocaust. These experiences range from the persecution of Jews, the deportation and murder of his parents, to the "Goll Plagiarism Affair" or to mental illness in the last years of his life. These experiences of persecution and extermination of the Jews and Celan's involvement in the tragedy of his people are reflected in many of his poems, especially in Todesfuge.

Widzieć historię w teraźniejszości. Refleksje nad pojęciem „skażonych krajobrazów”

Author(s): Alexandra Klei / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2020

The essay takes the 2014 book Kontaminierte Landschaften [Contaminated Landscapes] by the Austrian journalist and writer Martin Pollack as an opportunity to explore relationships between landscapes, (marked) places, and memory. In considering the relationship between the metaphorical (literary) image of contaminated landscapes and the actual crime scenes, I focus on the mass shootings of Jews by the German Nazis and their local supporters in the former Soviet Union. These specific crime scenes are used to explore the limits of Pollack’s metaphor and the problems it causes. The central arguments are presented using concrete examples provided by seven photographs.

‘Jews to Madagascar’: Poland in the face of ethnical problems in the 1930s

Author(s): Zofia Trębacz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The idea of deporting the Jewish population of Europe was part of a modern anti-Semitism. Poland was no exception in this regard. Under the influence of other countries implementing anti-Jewish laws, also Polish anti-Semitism became more radical. After 1935, such postulates were openly expressed as the policy of the Polish government has changed its character – from state to national. Additionally, due to the global economic crisis the idea began to be taken far more seriously not just in national Catholic circles. The resettlement of Jews was seen as the way to reduce unemployment and to ‘Polonise’ Polish cities, as masses of poor peasants could replaced the Jewish workers as far as trade and craftsmanship were concerned. The authors of immigration plans for European Jews suggested evacuating them most willingly to uncivilised countries – including Madagascar (a French colony) – due to the fact that their lands were either not used at all or only used to an insufficient and inadequate extent. In Poland, the idea was first adopted in 1926 as a solution to the problem of overpopulation in rural areas. However, the conditions on the island did not allow settlement and soon the idea fell through. Yet it came back a decade later as a proposal of deporting exclusively Polish Jews. At the time, the project was taken much more seriously and in 1937 the Polish government commissioned a task force to examine the possibility of settling in Madagascar and to evaluate the island’s potential, in particular its climate and labour conditions. But the reports of the commission members were full of contradictions and the French were showing growing caution on the matter.

The Victory Day Celebrations in Israel in the Light of Articles in Russian-Language Israeli Web Portals

Author(s): Krystian Propola / Language(s): English Issue: 46/2020

The main aim of the article is to present a picture of contemporary celebrations of the Victory Day in Israel from the perspective of reports from Russian-language Israeli web portals. Although the tradition of celebrations dates back to 1950, the Victory Day did not become an official public holiday until 2017. Established on 9 May as the day of remembrance for the veterans of World War II, it resulted from the actions of the Russian-speaking population in Israel on two levels. The first was the political sphere and the activity of immigrant parties, especially Yisrael Beiteinu, in the work of the Knesset. The other was the social activity of local activists. However, both of these factors would not have been so effective if it were not for the reports of Russian-language Israeli media, in particular web portals. Although the arguments of the journalists associated with the portals were not always fully justified, their work contributed to the increased interest in the issue of veterans in Israel and Victory Day celebrations.

Rachela Fajgenberg

Author(s): Joanna Nalewajko-Kulikov / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2020

The project “Canon of the Memoir Literature of Polish Jews”is currently being prepared at the Taube Department of Jewish Studies at the University of Wrocław in cooperation with the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews and Polish Scientific Publishers PWN in Warsaw. Its purpose is to introduce 27 volumes of Jewish memoirs that make up the Jews. Poland. Autobiography series into Polish academic and literary circulation, and to integrate this corpus into the current scholarly discourse on Polish history and culture. This section presents excerpts from the autobiographies of two Jewish writers translated from Yiddish: Rachel (Rokhl) Feygenberg (1885–1972) and Kadia Molodowsky (1894–1975). Rachel Feygenberg depicts her childhood in the shtetl of Lubańin Minsk province, reminiscing about her education, her family’s religiosity, her work in a shop, and the first signs of her writing talent. Molodowsky describes her work teaching homeless children during World War I and the beginnings of her poetic career. She also portrays the Jewish literary milieu in Kiev centered around the Eygns almanac, and her meeting with the patron of Yiddish literature and publisher Boris Kletskin that resulted in the publication of her first volume of poetry Kheshvendike nekht [Nights of Cheshvan].

Kadia Mołodowska

Author(s): Bella Szwarcman-Czarnota / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2020

The project “Canon of the Memoir Literature of Polish Jews”is currently being prepared at the Taube Department of Jewish Studies at the University of Wrocław in cooperation with the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews and Polish Scientific Publishers PWN in Warsaw. Its purpose is to introduce 27 volumes of Jewish memoirs that make up the Jews. Poland. Autobiography series into Polish academic and literary circulation, and to integrate this corpus into the current scholarly discourse on Polish history and culture. This section presents excerpts from the autobiographies of two Jewish writers translated from Yiddish: Rachel (Rokhl) Feygenberg (1885–1972) and Kadia Molodowsky (1894–1975). Rachel Feygenberg depicts her childhood in the shtetl of Lubańin Minsk province, reminiscing about her education, her family’s religiosity, her work in a shop, and the first signs of her writing talent. Molodowsky describes her work teaching homeless children during World War I and the beginnings of her poetic career. She also portrays the Jewish literary milieu in Kiev centered around the Eygns almanac, and her meeting with the patron of Yiddish literature and publisher Boris Kletskin that resulted in the publication of her first volume of poetry Kheshvendike nekht [Nights of Cheshvan].

Kilka słów na marginesie Dziennika z getta Miriam Korber-Bercovici

Author(s): Monika Borzęcka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2020

The purpose of the article is to present fragments of the diary of Miriam Korber-Bercovici, a young Jewish woman deported with her whole family from Southern Bukovina to the Transnistria Governorate under the Antonescu regime. The excerpts translated from the original Romanian into Polish mainly concern the author’s experiences of deportation and everyday life in the Djurin ghetto. They were selected in order to acquaint Polish readers with the situation of the Jews of Bukovina and Bessarabia displaced to the Transnistria Governorate during World War II. The diary was first published in Romania in 1995 as Jurnal de ghetou. The presented translation is based on the second edition of the diary published in 2017 by Curtea Veche Publishing House and Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania.

Between Resistance and Collaboration. The Ambiguity of the Protectorate Gendarmes’ Service in the Theresienstadt Ghetto (1941-1945)

Author(s): Jan Láníček / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The article analyses the role members of the Czech Protectorate gendarmerie played in the persecution of the Jews during the Second World War. A Special gendarmerie unit guarded Theresienstadt, the only major Jewish ghetto created during the war in the occupied Bohemian lands. Whilst some of the gendarmes supported Jewish prisoners and tried to alleviate their plight, others collaborated with the SS unit – in charge of the ghetto, behaved brutally or denounced prisoners for any transgressions of the ghetto laws. Most of the gendarmerie unit vacillated between both extremes and remained passive observers to the events. The article centres on both extremes of support and betrayal, and asks what they can reveal about the wartime service of the gendarmes in the ghetto and their role in the persecution of the Protectorate Jews, as well as those deported to the ghetto from Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and other territories.

Wizja lokalna

Author(s): Andrzej Turkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 109/2021

The American commission investigates in 1919the state of observance of minority rights

Ijesztő napunk. Emlékezés Erdély Lajosra (1929–2020)

Author(s): Attila Vári / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2020