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Migrations of senior citizens are an important aspect of the social and economic development of local communities. Especially in the era of ageing populations and increasing life span, they are a challenge for local governments. The social capital constituted by senior citizens is very valuable and should be supported and strengthened. In the places where the pensioners migrate to, new types of services offered specifically to the elderly may be developed. The main aim of the study was to identify the patterns of the migration of the old age pensioners in Poland with regard to the stage of life they are in. It has been assumed that there are certain differences in this respect between old age pensioners within different age ranges. It has been found that they issue from different health status of the senior citizens and the benefits the destination offers. The research findings allowed showing the real scale of the retirees migration at the municipal level, which is around 30,000 annually as to internal migration, and about 2 thousand (migration turnover) as to international migration. The migrations are dominated by females, who migrate about three times more often than males, whereas the main directions of the migrations are municipalities, and they are twice more numerous than to rural communities.Since the phenomenon is a multidimensional process, the paper looks at migration concepts with regard to spatial, motivational, cost and benefit approach, and discusses the dynamic model of the senior citizens migration consisting of three cycles: industrial, post-industrial and informational. In each of the cycles the factors that have influenced migration were indicated, as well as the directions in which migration occurred, and the benefits and costs borne by the migrating pensioners.What should be indicated among the migration factors in the industrial period, are health and familial and financial factors. They played a major role in making a decision about migration by the pensioner. The dominant destination was the city or town, because it is associated with easier life. Unfortunately, during the industrial period, the migrating pensioners lost more than they gained, in terms of housing, economic and social aspects. The most frequently, the migrants were elderly, poorly educated pensioners, who moved within short distances.In the post-industrial period, familial and financial factors were the dominant aspects, whereas health was ofthe secondary (far lesser) importance. The main destination of the migration was the city or town. The costs were outweighed by the benefits, and the most important of the latter were housing and social benefits. The most frequently migrating pensioners were younger, well-educated senior citizens, who moved within short distances.In the information period, health and environmental factors play the most important role among the migrationfactors, while the main directions are: to the city or town and abroad. The benefits (the most important of whichare housing and social benefits) outweigh the costs. The most frequently, the migrants are younger, very well-educated pensioners, who migrate at long distances. In the case of industrial society, pushing out forces play a pivotal role, whereas in the case of post-industrial and informational societies, the forces of attraction are crucial.The conducted survey of migration studies in chronological terms, subdivided into study periods, indicates that the monograph is innovative, and that there is no similar study of such a research scope in the literature on thesubject. The paper shows the regional background of the migration of old age pensioners in other countries. The migration of elderly people in the Mediterranean, North America and selected Asian countries was discussed in detail, therefore it was possible to determine prospects of the migration of old age pensioners in Poland. It has been found that there is a significant impact of tourism on the migration of senior citizens.In the monograph, on the basis of questionnaire surveys, the factors that influenced the pensioner’s decision about migration have been determined. The causes of migration have been further distinguished due to gender, education, age and family status.The main reasons for the migration of the old age pensioners comprise:• building or purchasing a house or a flat,• improving the standard and quality of life,• stopping work and going into retirement,• deterioration of health, the need for treatment and care,• desire to improve the climatic and environmental conditions,• accompanying the family when they move to a different place of living,• intention to reduce the living area and decrease relevant fees,• high tourist and social attractiveness of the destination,• need to take care of grandchildren,• loneliness and longing for the family.The phenomenon of the migration of Polish senior citizens was characterized in terms of their material situation, housing situation and family situation. The study comprises the description of the direction and volume of the migration of the old age pensioners. The scale of the phenomenon occurring between 1990 and 2013 was determined with regard to both national and international migration. The occurrence of migration cycles in five-year periods was shown and a summative analysis of the cycles was carried out. In three time periods (2000, 2006, 2013), a meticulous analysis was performed individually for gender, within five-year intervals, as to influx to and outflow from municipalities of up to 5, 10, 20, 20–100 thousand inhabitants and more than 100 and 200 thousand inhabitants. In the aforesaid time periods, the municipalities where the highest number of pensioners migrated into were indicated, both in absolute values and per 1000 inhabitants. A spatial distribution of the influx of the pensioners was presented. In addition, the influx of the retired people with regard to different age groups was presented cartographically: up to 70 years of age, 70–79, and 80 years of age and above.The volume of the migration influx of the retired people to municipalities in Poland was determined, and thus itproved to be systematically increasing from 1990 until 1998 when it reached the highest level (1025 pensioners). After 1998, it dropped to about 800 immigrants in 2001, and has remained at this level until today. The typology of the migration of the pensioners was developed in three aspects:• spatial classification of the migrants’ age (k-means clustering),• typology of the causes of the migration (cluster analysis method),• typology of the migration directions (character table method).Distinguished types have been presented graphically. On the basis of the proposals of actions of numerous local authorities, recommendations have been made for the other ones. They were presented in 10 groups concerning the following issues: social activity, volunteering, actions preventing loneliness, health promotion, the Silver Economy, transport and infrastructure, meals, housing, senior citizens-friendly places, information for senior citizens. The study of the senior citizens migration counters the myth persisting in Polish society that “you cannot shift an old tree without it dying” – the monograph unequivocally confirms that the migration of Polish pensioners amounts to several tens of thousands each year during the period considered. Such a scale of migration may indeed cause the emergence of retirement towns in the nearest future (so far, senior citizens settlements are growing up in our cities or towns).The migration of old age pensioners plays an important role in the social and economic development of cities and villages. It brings about transfer of income to these places, development of the infrastructure necessary for the retirees, and creation of new jobs associated with the assistance to the elderly people. On the other hand, it may become a burden on municipal social services because of an increasing demand for care services, and it also may reduce the investment of enterprises looking for new employees. Whether the migration of the retirees will facilitate the development or will become a hindrance to our cities and villages, will depend on social policy, especially in terms of developing the social potential of active, creative, experienced and professional senior citizens.
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A critical analysis of the determinants of African refugeeism and an evaluation of the system of protection and humanitarian aid. The author discusses all the aspects of refugeeism and includes a reflection on both its causes and current unsatisfactory attempts at solving this problem.
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“The main function of traditional media is to provide timely information to the public, but today, traditional media cannot fulfill these expectations with regard to the fluid nature of global migration. New digital media technologies such social media have arisen to fill the void, narrating the lives of migrants in artistic terms that bear the traces of the major social issues of migration. In this critical anthology, contributors examine the intersection of migration, art, and media studies in order to critically analyse the impact of their confluence upon migrant and receiving communities.”Vildan Mahmutoğlu is Associate Professor at Galatasaray University, Istanbul. Her research interests include migration, local cultures, gender, and minorities. Her published book chapters include “A Glimmer of Hope for Mass Media in a Liberal democracy: istanbulrumazinligi.com” and “Global media Entertainment: star search.” Her current research is about gender in diaspora. John Morán González is the J. Frank Dobie Regents Professor of American and English Literature at the University of Texas at Austin, where he is also Director of the Center for Mexican American Studies. He is author of two monographs and the edit or or co-editor of three anthologies.”
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La pandemia ocasionada por el COVID-19 causó mucho estrés y cambió nuestro trabajo y vida privada para siempre. Dado el volumen de casos infectados y el número de muertos desde marzo de 2020, la pandemia afectó prácticamente la vida de todos de una forma u otra. Hemos visto a amigos y familiares enfermarse y ser hospitalizados, así como a algunos que han visto lo peor. Las universidades y la profesión docente e investigadora en general cambiaron para siempre y ya está claro que no hay vuelta atrás. La “nueva normalidad” difícilmente se parecerá a lo que recordamos haber hecho hace un año. Las Conferencias sobre Migración comenzaron en el año 2011 y este año (2020), se suponía que íbamos a reunirnos en Tetovo, Macedonia para disfrutar de la investigación de los demás y celebrar con excelentes bebidas en las faldas de la montaña Šar y sobre el río Pena. Sin embargo, tuvimos que conformarnos con el árido espacio virtual ofrecido por MS Teams. Es probable que a partir de ahora utilicemos más de estos espacios virtuales pero la sensación generalizada es que lo virtual está lejos de reemplazar los encuentros e intercambios presenciales que solíamos disfrutar durante los últimos 9 años. Ojalá podamos encontrarnos en un lugar agradable para continuar con nuestra tradición de una “buena conferencia para gente agradable y por gente agradable”. Esperamos que los participantes del TMC2020 hayan disfrutado del evento a pesar de las deficiencias tecnológicas y las dificultades causadas por las diferencias horarias.
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The authors describe the situation of Polish immigrant organisations in selected European countries (Germany, France, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, Italy and Spain) on the basis of field research. Their aim is to explore and explain the conditions under which they operate. This seminal publication presents the first cross-disciplinary research on Polish immigrant organisations. It allows to compare and generalise, enabling the authors to formulate new theoretical proposals, which aim to build a model explaining the situation of immigrant organisations.
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This six-volume book series titled “Refugee Crisis in International Politics” are prepared with the aim of clarifying the above-mentioned issues and enriching the content, context, and depth to the field of science. “States must protect all migrants against violence based on racism and xenophobia, exploitation, and forced labor. Migrants should not be detained without legitimate reasons or forcefully send back to their home country. States must take responsibility for and fulfill these responsibilities meticulously for refugees, asylum seekers and immigrants to be able to rebuild their lives safely against serious dangers. Sharing responsibility for global problems is fair in the 21st century”.
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The fourth volume in this series contains insightful analyses on a variety of international problems within the context of refugee issue. Contributions in this volume are as follows: Ahmet Sapmaz “Refugees and Security”; Saadat Demirci “Refugees, Migration and Security Threats”; Hüsmen Akdeniz “The Impact of Irregular Migration on Security in the Framework of Changing Security Context”; Mehmet Emin Erendor “Refugees and Terrorism”; Burak Şakir Şeker and Hasret Çomak “Mena Versus Europe: Arising Dimensions of Mediterranean Maritime Security”; Cem Oğultürk “The Impact of Food Insecurity on Migration and Conflict in the Horn of Africa”; Burak Şakir Şeker and Hasret Çomak “Migration by Sea: Libyan Case and EU Approach”; Neziha Musaoğlu “Demografic, Economic, Political and Legal Dimensions of the Russian Federation’s Migration Policy”; Ainur Nogayeva “Central Asian Fighters and their Families in Syria: Refugees or Terrorists?”; Murat Pinar and Soyalp Tamçelik “Determining the Socio-Economic and Security Impacts of Rohingya Refugees on Neighbouring Countries: Bangladesh and India”; Ferdi Güçyetmez “Immigration and Belonging Issue on the American – Mexico Border”; Zekeriya Alperen Bedirhan “The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (Daca)”; Akın Sağıroğlu and İlhan Aras “The Issue of Immigration in the United States Elections: A Look at Trump-Era”; Saadet Çalişkan Ciğer “An Alternative Solution to Problems Arising in Refugee Crises: Humanitarian Space and Humanitarian System”; Murat Koray “Developing Effective Resilience Based Strategies for Refugees”; Tarık Demir “Enclavity and Refugees”; and Sezin İba Gürsoy “Refugee and Climate Change”.
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This is a collection of self-selected papers presented at The Migration Conference 2021 London. COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing restrictions and difficulties in international travel forced us to run the TMC online for a second time. It is a new and improving experience for most of us and there is strong hints that the conference will continue in hybrid form in the near future. As usual, we have invited participants to submit 2000 words papers for the proceedings book and this volume brings you these papers. Topics covered in the volume include gender, education, mass movements, refugees, religion, identity, migration policy, culture, diplomacy, remittances, climate, water, environment and pretty much everything about migration. Most of the papers are in English, but there are some in French, Spanish and Turkish too. This is a great book for those who want short accounts on all aspects of migration and refugees. TMC 2021 was hosted by Ming-Ai (London) Institute and The International British Business School, UK. Looking forward to continuing the debates on human mobility after the Pandemic at the next TMC in Morocco. | www.migrationconference.net | @migrationevent | fb.me/MigrationConference | Email: migrationscholar@gmail.com
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This book aims to portray migratory experiences, documented in the form of biographical narratives. We are interested in the dynamic aspect of migration, which effectively becomes a complex trajectory, made up of stages, returns, and circulations and no longer simply, as in the industrial era, a bipolar exile (there and here). In these complex and dynamic movements, many trajectories become bifurcations, by which we mean shifting fates. In these stories we found paths, events, and bifurcations, all combined together, in terms of biographical construction based on accumulated experiences. These narratives are both very banal and very unusual journeys, portraying a new international human globalization. They are simultaneously stories of barriers to be crossed in chaotic situations interspersed with peaceful events in quiet contexts. These journeys reveal not only the weight of migration policies, but also the certification policies implemented and developed by various countries.This book presents itineraries, social logics of mobility; the routes become the analysts. If statistics record regularities, the personal approach captures specificities that produce meaning and contribute to a reinterpretation of current forms of mobility.
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Rural to urban migration has become an integral character of developing economies. Sources of livelihoods and earnings in rural households are no longer confined to agriculture and are increasingly being diversified through migration of family one or more member within and beyond national boundaries. Migration is not a new phenomenon in India rather country has a long history of migration, which has played an important role in its social history, development and growth and culture. This study of the nature and determinants of male out-migration from rural UP focusing on six villages in Jaunpur District started with an observation that despite high male out-migration from rural UP, little attention has been given to understand the dynamics and process of migration in rural UP. Although migration has become the most opted strategy of diversification of livelihoods for rural households in UP, literature on it remains scarce. Literature on migration and its link with social groups are also scarce for UP. The work started with the proposition that migration is a risk and income diversification strategy (NELM approach) by rural households in UP. Along with linkages between migration and social group there is also a dearth of literature on migration as a risk diversification strategy in UP. Using primary data from the case study district of Jaunpur in eastern UP, India, firstly, a survey in the origin was carried out, and then migrants from the same households were tracked and interviewed at their respective destinations.
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The book is a result of several years of studies on the life and work of Mikhail Heller – a historian of Jewish origin born in the Soviet Union, an emigrant who is particularly closely related to Poland, Polish emigration institutions and Poles in this country and abroad. Mikhail Heller, through his personal, formal and scientific relations, was one of the few Russians for whom Poland – both contemporary to him and the one from pages of history – was not one of the potential Russian territories but a great centre of Latin civilization, rich in culture and history, the only country Russia was so closely connected with. Heller used to say that “the only history of Russia that we are able to write about is the Russian-Polish history” and believed that the normalization of relations between Poles and Russians should be one of the most important goals of both emigrations after the World War II.It was the idea of reconciling of Poland and Russia that has been the main object of interest for Heller, next to the critique of communism, for the thirty years that he spent in exile in France. He was associated with two Polish emigration centres: Jerzy Giedroyc Literary Institute and Andrzej Stypułkowski Overseas Publications Interchange. He found close friends in the Polish environment, especially Józef Czapski, whom he considered to be the most outstanding representative of the “silver age”, combining the ideal features of a Russian, a Pole and a European.Mikhail Heller, a relentless anti-communist, a dedicated critic of perestroika and Mikhail Gorbachev, a researcher on the subject of “homo sovieticus”, a talented historian, a literary scholar and chronicler-journalist, documenting the reality of the Soviet Union with his pen sharpness, was a great friend of Poland and this book’s aim is to tell the story of this friendship.
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En los siguientes tres años crecerá el debate nacional sobre el futuro de México, sobre la urgencia del cambio en todas sus instituciones, la clase política, la normatividad y los mecanismos de participación democrática que garanticen que la mayoría de la población recupere el control de la soberanía nacional, de su territorio, de su política económica, de su moneda, de las políticas sectoriales y regionales, capaces de la generación masiva de millones de empleos, de bienestar y seguridad humana para toda la población, erradicando la economía de la muerte y las violencias estructurales del sistema y las organizaciones criminales que hoy ahogan a todo el país y subordinan a buena parte de sus instituciones. Sólo la organización independiente y comprometida de la mayoría de los 130 millones de mexicanos, recuperando los cientos de propuestas de planes de desarrollo, de políticas públicas y programas económicos, sociales y ambientales alternativos hechos durante veinte años por la sociedad civil transnacional podrán concitar la construcción de un verdadero Nuevo Proyecto de Nación, con cambios fiscales, institucionales y en la clase política que lo hagan viable y erradiquen la situación de neocolonialismo y mayor dependencia del Imperio hasta hoy vigente.
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The book “Returning migrants” makes an attempt to compensate to some extent for the deficit of information in regard to migrants, returning permanently or temporarily to Bulgaria. Its main goal is to present three key aspects of the range of issues, related to the return: firstly, the theoretical ideas and the methodological principles of the research and conceptualization of remigration; secondly, the methodology and the findings of the quantitative and qualitative empirical studies of returning migrants in Bulgaria, conducted by the authoring team; thirdly, the principles, contents and challenges before international and national policies on return and reintegration. The first chapter of the monograph presents different theoretical paradigms and methodological approaches to conceptualising migration and remigration. The theoretical interpretation of an intensifying international mobility is a serious challenge before researchers. The theoretical paradigms and the methodological approaches to understanding and explaining migratory processes vary within a very broad range. Most of the attempts to theorise return migration make references to the more general theories of international migration. The explication of theoretical and methodological prerequisites of the monographic study is a mandatory condition for the conduct of a controlled self-reflective research process. This is the reason for making in the first chapter of the monograph a summarized review of the theoretical orientations, in the context of which both the phenomena of international migrations as a whole and of the return ones in particular are being interpreted.The second chapter of the monograph presents both the methodology of the quantitative and qualitative empirical studies of remigration to Bulgaria, conducted by the authoring team, as well as their findings. A comprehensive analytical framework and a methodology for examination of the phenomenon of „returning migrants“ is developed, based on the achievements of contemporary sociological and economic thought with a focus on the Bulgarian specifics of the issues. The heterogeneity, complexity and mutual intertwining of migratory processes and in particular of remigration, are conceptualized using the summary terms „segmentation“ and „stratification“ of returning migrants. The following issues are being analysed: various spatial and temporal migratory trajectories; diverse causes and motives for the migratory movements and return; success and sustainability of the return; segmentation and structural characteristics of returning migrants depending on their employment sphere, profession, education, qualifications, income levels, property etc.; vertical social stratification of returning migrants from the perspective of their socio-economic status and mobility; socio-economic effects of the return on the labour market, economic activity, quality of life. In the third chapter of the monograph, the international and national legal frameworks and the policies implemented on migration and return are presented and critically analysed. Problems are identified, which the policies encouraging the remigration of Bulgarian citizens are facing, their effectiveness and the possibility of successful reintegration of those returning temporarily or permanently are discussed. A number of good practices are shared, which stimulate successful return and support the adaptation of the returnees (the case study of Poland is reviewed in a special annex). Ideas are being proposed for optimization of the policies on return and reintegration with the view of accomplishment of their economic, social and demographic goals.
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The author describes the circumstances surrounding intermarriages, the adaptive strategies devised by Ukrainian migrants in Warsaw metropolitan area and the interdependencies between their spatial and socio-economic mobility. She also presents the issues related to the functioning of mixed marriages in Poland in a broad context, joining in a discussion about tolerance, reducing socio-cultural, ethnic and racial distances as well as the emergence of new differences and identities.
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The aim of the book is to look closely at writings of contemporary Francophone African authors from Sub-Saharan Africa by providing their critical analysis in an appropriate historical, social, cultural and literary context. More specifically, on a well-delimited and logically justified corpus of texts it tries to shed some light on crucial contemporary issues of this writing such as postmodern hybridity, métissage, migrations and exiles on the background of contemporary globalized and increasingly interconnected world.
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This book presents a theoretical study of possibilities how to develop the spirituality of movement activities from the philosophical point of view. The main aim of it was to describe the sphere of spirituality of motion in the context of secularizing society. The first part is devoted to the necessity of looking for the spiritual approach in the modern world. The second part examines spirituality in its broadest meaning including applications of its religious and non-religious concepts to the sphere of movement activities. The third part introduces the archetypes of pilgrim, messenger and runner. Their spirituality is related to long-term aiming. The topic of the spirituality of movement activities should become a more frequent topic of the serious studies in kinanthropology.
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En los siguientes tres años crecerá el debate nacional sobre el futuro de México, sobre la urgencia del cambio en todas sus instituciones, la clase política, la normatividad y los mecanismos de participación democrática que garanticen que la mayoría de la población recupere el control de la soberanía nacional, de su territorio, de su política económica, de su moneda, de las políticas sectoriales y regionales, capaces de la generación masiva de millones de empleos, de bienestar y seguridad humana para toda la población, erradicando la economía de la muerte y las violencias estructurales del sistema y las organizaciones criminales que hoy ahogan a todo el país y subordinan a buena parte de sus instituciones. Sólo la organización independiente y comprometida de la mayoría de los 130 millones de mexicanos, recuperando los cientos de propuestas de planes de desarrollo, de políticas públicas y programas económicos, sociales y ambientales alternativos hechos durante veinte años por la sociedad civil transnacional podrán concitar la construcción de un verdadero Nuevo Proyecto de Nación, con cambios fiscales, institucionales y en la clase política que lo hagan viable y erradiquen la situación de neocolonialismo y mayor dependencia del Imperio hasta hoy vigente.
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The authors address the societal, economic and political dimensions of the Poles’ emigration to Ireland, their settlement in the country and the subsequent integration process. Based on original, diverse and up-to-date sources (statistical data, original survey and interviews), they present the formation and life of the Polish community in Ireland, which has been among the most popular destinations of emigrants from Poland after the 2004 European Union accession. They also show how the migrants who return to Poland or function in a transnational space influence the social and political life of the country.
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In the year 2024, presidential elections in the United States and Mexico coincide, with migration emerging as a central issue. While in the United States, proposals for stricter border control, refusal to regularize 12 million undocumented migrants, dismantling of the asylum system, and mass deportations are being debated, Mexico continues to exclude migrants from its national agenda. Over the past four decades, migrants in Mexico and the region have been marginalized, with migration policies primarily focused on containment and deportation.This book delves into the asymmetry between the importance of migration in Mexico, Central America, and the Southern Cone, and the lack of institutional foresight in Mexico to address comprehensive migration policies. It examines the economic, social, political, and migratory impacts of the past five years, revealing how these dynamics shape regional and global migration corridors. From the challenges of economic and social crises exacerbated by COVID-19 to the emergence of transnational migration movements such as caravans, this text explores the complex realities and urgent need for transformative policies. Drawing on decades of research, the authors provide insights into the intersections of migration, economic development, and human rights, advocating for collective engagement with inclusive policies that prioritize employment, income, human security, and sustainability.Faced with unprecedented migration pressures in the region, this book serves as a call to action for policymakers, academics, and civil society to rethink migration governance and address the root causes driving global migration flows. With detailed analysis and forward-looking recommendations, it provides a roadmap for building a more equitable and humane approach to migration in Mexico and beyond.
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