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IS IT DESIRABLE OR USEFUL TO BELIEVE IN A JUST WORLD?

Author(s): Bernard Gangloff,Crisanta-Alina Mazilescu / Language(s): English Issue: 51/2015

Recent studies have lately highlighted the normative character of the belief in a just world. Conferring an object the status of a social norm means assigning value (in terms of desirability and utility) to that object. So we questioned the value assigned to the belief in a just world. 170 employees were therefore interrogated on the desirability and utility they would attribute to a future work colleague (future peer or subordinate) based on the responses the latter was supposed to have given to a questionnaire on the belief in a just world. It turns out that believers in a just world are almost always preferred to non-believers, both in terms of desirability, as well as utility, regardless of their future status (peer vs. subordinate). This result thus confirms the normativity of the belief in a just world.

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BEZDOMNOŚĆ (NIE)OSWOJONA. ADAPTACJA I NIEPRZYSTOSOWANIE DO BEZDOMNOŚCI Z PERSPEKTYWY OSÓB BEZDOMNYCH

Author(s): Marcjanna Nóżka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

As a social, cultural, and legal construct, homelessness is a diverse state with inclusive and exclusive elements. It may be accepted or rejected by the person affected. The way the homeless see the world is conditioned by the multitude of ways in which they experience homelessness. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relationship between the sense of being excluded and the spatial and social mobility of homeless persons. The author points out that whether the homeless see themselves and their life situation as being acceptable or unacceptable has an effect on their mental mapping of space. On the basis of her own research, the author shows the variety of ‘worlds’ through which homeless people move. She then demonstrates the complexity of the experience of homelessness and of growing accustomed to that state—all of which provides a better understanding of the idea of residence.

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Bambo raz jeszcze, czyli krótka refleksja nad nauką tolerancji

Author(s): Paweł Jędrzejko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2/2015

The article presents the problem of tolerance and its significance for social life. In modern culture, tolerance is perceived as one of the most desirable qualities of personality. In his deliberations the author reconciles the ideal of tolerance with a popular childhood poem by Julian Tuwim "Murzynek Bambo", which has lost its charm is and now arising extreme emotions. A detailed analysis of the individual fragments of the poem reveals stereotypes in the consideration of different races.

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PO CO GEJOWI NORMY?

Author(s): Marcin Maria Bogusławski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2014

The text critiques the approach to the norms characteristic of queer theory, developed in Poland by Jacek Kochanowski. In my view, the language of queer too strongly emphasizes the negative aspect of the norms, also unwittingly brings identity to human sexuality. Referring to the work of Michel Foucault's claim that gay people need norms in order to build both its own identity and the space of community life.

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Strategie kontroli i represji Kościoła scjentologicznego wobec Amerykańskiej kinematografii

Author(s): Marcin Pigulak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 27/2016

The aim of this article is to show the strategies of control developed by the Church of Scientology and repressions enforced by the Church on representatives of American cinema, who through their artistic work entered the current of criticism of this organization. By describing the beginnings of this religious movement, which includes indicating the sources of the very first contacts with the world of Hollywood, the article presents the role which celebrities played in promoting Scientology and as a medium of religious values. Similarly, by listing the most important examples of Scientologys oppressiveness towards its opponents, the author points to the close correlation with the fundamental ideas developed by its founder. The author of this article concentrates on selected instances of Church interference and in doing so describes the history of this organizations influence on the American film-making milieu, as well as ascribing selected anti-Scientology films to the trend of broader opposition towards Scientologists’ activities.

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The (Restored) Practice of DEFA Co-productions with the “Normalized” Czechoslovak Film Studio in the 1970's

Author(s): Pavel Skopal / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2013

After four co-productions which the East German and Czech studios made from 1957 to 1965, a five-year hiatus in DEFA-Barrandov co-productions took place. During the Czechoslovak New Wave era, the Czech filmmakers gave DEFA the cold shoulder. But the process of “normalization” that took place after the August 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia put both the regimes and the film industry structures back in sync. While the end of independent production groups at DEFA and Barrandov damaged the creative environment and the quality of productions as a whole, it also had an unforeseeable effect: the revival of DEFA-Barrandov co-productions. On the German side, DEFA was interested in help from experienced practitioners, especially scriptwriters. On the Czech side, Barrandov´s filmmakers—now isolated from previous contact with western partners and under strict ideological control—strove to shape the DEFA projects they were offered according to their own criteria. There was thus a harmonization of goals and tools, which worked especially well in the sphere of children movies. This was not only because this type of production rarely crashed against divergent interpretations of the past by the two partners. There were two more important reasons as well: namely, that the dramaturge group for children’s movies was under looser ideological control by Barrandov management; and that the personal continuity with the pre-normalization era was stronger in this group than was the case for other groups. In the 1970s, both studios were motivated to find an effective mode of co-operation.

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Memoratlara Göre Karaca Ahmet Sultan

Author(s): Hüseyin Özcan,C. Sezen Gönenç / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 84/2015

Memorates are one of the concepts contained in oral culture. There are important functions that affect personal and social life of memorates. There are many functions that regulate social life as to be transferred to the next generation of the values like prevention of people from doing the wrong things, stimulation, relief from psychological aspect, directing to the right path, organization of social life, reinforcement of the beliefs and values. Memorates, are educational communication tool between people of the same faith denominator invention and also are texts showing the social subconscious and spiritual perception. Memorates are sometimes took place with the communication forms which is constituted with a religious person by the way of a dream or yakaza (a situation of being between sleeping and awakening). In our study, memorates had been examined that occur around the Karaca Ahmet who is known as a saint of Alewi and folk doctor of his period that shows a lot of miracle and it’s been constructed lots of shrines and ranks for him in Afyonkarahisar, Ankara, Aydın, Bursa, Bolu, Denizli, Isparta, İstanbul, Kütahya, Makedonya, Manisa, Sakarya, Uşak and that lived in different geographies of Anatolia and Rumelia. Memorates are done with the visitors who are coming for Karaca Ahmet Sultan that we compiled in oral culture medium with interview method done by field study in İstanbulÜsküdar Karaca Ahmet Sultan Islamic monastery Memorates were examined under seven heading related with physical structure, clothes and scepter of Karaca Ahmet, expectations from him, requests, his warnings, signs and news to the future from him and his tomb. In our study, memorates texts compiled from seventy-four people took part in summarized form. In memorates that formed on about Karaca Ahmet, how he consists in the world of his people, how it affects people of attention, it’s been made determination and comment that the place of memorates in Alewi belief and contributions to these belief values in this review.

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Hayatın Tadı’nda Kadın-Beden İlişkisi

Author(s): Yasemin Güniz Sertel / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 75/2013

This study illustrates how female experience is shaped and controlled by the formative social norms especially in contemporary western societies by referring to the Body Politics and Eating Disorders in contemporary American writer Sara Paretsky’s story A Taste of Life. While the Body Politics is discussed as a patriarchal social ideology, obesity which is an aspect of Eating Disorders is discussed as a socio-cultural illness. The two female characters of A Taste of Life are epitomized as victims of the ideology of Body Politics and Eating Disorders which is also conditioned by this ideology. Besides these arguments, mass-media and advertisement institutions are mentioned as industries which both nourish the ideology of Body Politics and also shape the social and personal identities of especially women via the images they create. Another subject mentioned within this paper is the concept of motherhood which is discussed from different perspectives. From a feminist perspective, motherhood which is examined both as an institution and an experience is also emphasized with its dimensions of “moral ideal” and “social reality” which in fact contrast with each other. While the mother-daughter relationship of the two woman characters is examined from a psychoanalytical perspective in the story, the confinement of these women within their female-gender roles is studied from a socialist-feminist perspective. At the end of the paper, Eating Disorder of the main character is re-interpreted from an anthropological perspective and she is exemplified as an endocannibal.

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Suhtlusolukordade korraldamine: näide Eestist

Author(s): Anti Randviir / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 11/2014

How to explain the existence of totalitarian communities in the light of quite recently condemned hegemonic ideologies (Nazism, communism, Stalinism, religious radicalism)? How, in the globalising world, there emerge informational islands where people live in isolated semiotic realties? How is it possible to manipulate with masses on the basis of denounced reasoning and policies? Why can people be subject to typologically the same regimes that destroyed their physical and semiotic past? These are quests the article approaches, trying to see logic in the management of semiotic realities through communicative situations, specifically in the aspect how different types of objects in the latter are constructed. Metaneeds used at the construction of semiotic realities indicate the value-based structure of macrosignifieds as elementary units in culture cores. The use of macrosignifieds and skilful manipulation with metaneeds make it possible to create novel semiotic species into closed sociocultural systems that are based on unilateral semiotisation of the surroundings and that function by autocommunicative feedback loops. Examples for reasoning come for one of the most elaborated experiments in the creation of New Man and closed semiotic realities from the territory of the previous Soviet Union and the contemporary Putinised Russia.

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Creativity and the presures of contemporary world

Author(s): Eugenia E. Udangiu / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2014

The close and direct interaction within tribal societies gave rise to a “mechanical” solidarity or, in other words, a solidarity based on similarities (pre-contractual solidarity). Direct and constant supervision of individuals in the small groups determined the internalization of norms, given that the social changes were very slow. With the increasing number of individuals and "dynamic density", a new form of solidarity aroused: the organic solidarity or a solidarity based on diferentiation. The communites became weaker and weaker and the dynamic of social ife has increased so much that people have no longer the necesary time to internalize the changes. Consequently, these changes remain more or les external to our own subjectivity. Under these circumstances, creativity is not only a solution for economic growth but also a reservoir for possible better worlds.

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Tendencies toward Venal Behavior and Social Norms

Author(s): Matus Kubak,Radovan Bačík,Alexandra Antalíková / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2015

We carry out a framed corruption experiment in the Slovak Republic, considering actions and social norms and the relationship between these two. Experiment follows modified experimental design firstly proposed by Cameron et al. (2009). Obtained data set shows that economic agents, thus human beings do not achieve subgame perfect equilibrium. Using logistic regression, we investigate the impact of the social norms on venal behavior of economic agents, who can act as a briber, bribee, or of someone who is negatively affected by corruption and is given an opportunity to report it.

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ПРОЦЕСИ ІНКУЛЬТУРАЦІЇ У ХРИСТИЯНСЬКІЙ КУЛЬТУРІ УКРАЇНИ

Author(s): Ljubov Zelisko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2014

Nowadays the problem of analysis of the inculturation process essence including its religious interpretation is rather interesting and it is the subject of the many scientists researches such as V. Vernadsky, P. Gurevich, A. Kolodnyj, V. Picha, A. Richinskyj, L. Filipovich, A. Flier, P.Yarocky and others. The discovering of inculturation of the christianity in John Paul’s II encyclicals, "Fides of et of Ratio" ("Faith and mind") is the most important and perspective.The inculturation is not only a method of the cultural achievements capture and a process of envolving to the culture but as a result of this process too. In every cultural act a man creates himself through a culture, asserts himself as personality. So the inculturation includes a creative moment. Actually, the attaching to the culture gets the meaningfulness and imperativeness for the personality, helps him/her to harmonise practical and spiritual life, give the personality’s contradictions the measured forms, helps the personality to direct his/her spiritually power potential into the creation, but not into the destructions.It is underlined that a important place in inculturation of the personality belongs to the components of spiritual culture, including the religion. The semiotists makes the analogy between the general structure of culture and a language so we can say that we have the right to make the same analogy between a culture and the religion which is based on a germination normative regular functions in the social cultural sphere of life.If a man dissatisfies a cultureal concepts which accepted in the process of inculturation he/she changes the direction of spiritual searches and turns to the forms of culture, which have an irrational religious spiritual nature. The spiritual freedom, being formed in essence of the cultural consciousness and represents a man’s will to the spiritual improvement, orientated on the higher ideals of human being, declares about itself. The free spiritual "I" actively resists the hard pressure of the mastered social cultural orders. In the process of definiting on the higher stages of inculturation (as the result of own endless spiritual efforts, independent from the world) it understands the prospects of the further spiritual seachers. As we can see, the most important place in the inculturation belongs to the concepts of spiritual culture, including the religion.The processes of inculturation lead to the fact that a theologema becomes the special cultural and historical modification of mithology, in which causally value of the moral spiritual problems enter into the context of transcendent reality and overpeer to the absolute of God. The theologema of God defences the moral ethic norms of society, makes a man understand the own involvement to the harmonious foundations and higher moral senses of life.

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Институционализација социјалне контроле и њене злоупотребе

Author(s): Vladan P. Stanković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2016

In Serbia matter of social control is insufficiently researched social area. Much more attention is paid to the utilitarian control and penology ‒ politicological matter governance of others; punishment individual in working process, and disciplining them, and measures mechanical and forced socialization (which covers a range of physical punishment to psychiatric treatment). The profit logic of capitalism requires only a functional approach to social control. In practice, in terms of the institutionalization of social control, little has been done so far. Lack institutional forms of action in this matter seems that instead the institutions of government controls, controls govern institutions. All this only: increases the inefficiency of working exertion, reduces the positive effects of the work, reduces the quality of services and the volume of newly created value, growth and development...

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Правни поредак и слобода појединца

Author(s): Dragiša Drakić,Zoran Lončar,Gordana Drakić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2016

At the opening of this paper the authors offer analysis of the notion of individual freedoms that they will later deal with, and define a thesis we defend in the present paper. The thesis states that the law is a sublime human idea that cannot be substituted by other means of social control nor could issues and relations that are regulated by the law be resolved with unconstrained actions of an individual. Starting from the premise that the law is a ‘kingdom of individual freedoms’, the authors first state objections that may be raised against such premise only to later try to reject such thesis by the strength of arguments offered. In the passages that follow the authors develop the above stated position by examining the relationship between the legal order and the force by which such order is being enforced. Having that in mind, the authors conclude that the ‘power that is associated with the law and that sees that the law is respected’ could be called the ‘power of law’. This power, representing only the potential coercion, guards the law as a system of values that corresponds to socio-ethical norms and that is used for ‘peaceful settlement of disputes’. In the end the authors speculate with what would happen if the law and its inherent power did not exist. They conclude that such state of being would necessarily lead to an absolute absence of freedom. For this reason, in the opinion of the authors, the only way out is to have the law, as a source of the only, although relative, individual freedom. Provided, of course that we speak of the true law. Only than is the law a true source of the authority without which there is no freedom as the ‘freedom is fulfilled and real only if there is the authority to be followed’.

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Applying Genre Theory to Citizen Participation in Public Policy Making: Theoretical Perspectives on Participatory Genres

Author(s): Marie Dufrasne,Geoffroy Patriarche / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2011

This research is aimed at constructing a theoretical framework for the study of citizen participation in public policy making, based on genre theory. Drawing on various approaches to genre (rhetorical analysis, literary analysis, sociolinguistics, media studies, organisational communication, user interface design, and computer mediated communication), this paper suggests a series of theoretical perspectives on participatory genres, a notion freely borrowed from Erickson (1997) and applied to the methods, activities or applications of citizen participation in public policy making (e.g. consultations, petitions, citizens panels, opinion polls). The proposed theoretical framework takes into account the contexts of participation (conceived as both situations and communities) as well as the interrelationships between participatory genres, and focuses on the repertoires of elements (Lacey, 2000) that characterize participatory genres in terms of ‘why’, ‘how’, ‘what’, ‘who/m’, when’ and ‘where’ (Orlikowski & Yates, 1998). It is argued that approaching citizen participation in public policy making through the lens of participatory genres is valuable to both researchers and practitioners.

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Мултиродни систем у етничкој заједници Бугис на Јужном Сулавесију

Author(s): Mario Milaković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2013

What is the thing that we call gender? This essay is an attempt to describe one possible answer, through an example of Bugis ethnic group situated in the Indonesian archipelago. Globally, a majority of societies equate the number of mainstream sexes with the number of gender identities, often limiting it to a standard binary - male and female. This dichotomy both ignores the concept of “third sex” (subject of intersex persons) and neglects the possibility for construction of different models of gender that cross the limits determined by sexual dualism. Yet, there are some societies in the world that either once recognized or today acknowledge the presence of the third “sex/gender” and multi-gender categories. One society in which multi-gender identities matrix everyday life is within the ethnic group Bugis, located in South Sulawesi at Indonesian archipelago. This essay explores the special, autonomous status for five different gender identities within the Bugis community - makkunrai (feminine womyn), oroane (masculine men), calalai (masculine womyn), calabai (feminine men) and bissu (androgynous shamans). Bugis multi-gender system demonstrates a possibility of gender pluralism and diversity that established it’s own gender agency that outlasted many different historical, religious and political settings and continuous to hold on to it in a today’s context that is dominated by tradition and heteronormativity.

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Моралне норме и грађанско право са освртом на права проналазача

Author(s): Nina Planojević,Siniša Varga / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2011

Subject of the paper is an analysis of methods of civil law - moral adjustment. The emphasis is on the method where legal norm prescribes obligation to act in pursuance of moral. The aim of authors is to point out on problems which may arise in the application of this kind of legal norms, mostly in regard to contents of moral cognition. For example in Patent Act is laid down that inventions are excluded from patentability if their publication or exploitation would be contrary to (order public or) morality. Starting from the fact that biotech inventions are principally exposed to ethical estimation, authors represent a number of reasons against such kind of legal regulation, concluding that it is not usable in every part of law, particularly in patent law. It is especially because immoral invention can be commercially exploited anyway. Because of that, their proposal is to take out ethical estimation of existing invention on the basis of the legal norm that contains assignment onto moral norm, but to introduce the taking moral norms over into legal ones for the purpose of regulation of processes of (scientific) research which precede to origination of inventions.

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Kontrola konstytucyjności prawa przez sądy powszechne – rozwiązania państw nordyckich

Author(s): Anna Rytel-Warzocha / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXXI/2014

The article concerns the constitutional review of law adopted in Nordic countries. It is worth noticing that in any Nordic state the centralized model of constitutional review, recognized as “the European model of constitutional review” was adopted. Generally speaking, in all Nordic states, unlike most European countries, the de-concentrated model of constitutional review of law was adopted, which means the right of any court (regardless of the instance) to assess the constitutionality or legality of the act under which the court has to issue a ruling. Such solution is rooted in American patterns, which mainly influenced the constitutional review in Norway in the eighteenth century.The Author discusses the arrangements for judicial review of law in all Nordic countries, with reference to the legal basis, as well as different aspects of judicial practice. It is worth mentioning that only in Sweden and Finland, the right of courts to review the constitutionality of legal acts has clear basis in the Constitution. In other countries, it arises from the common law. Although the European model of centralized constitutional review of law has not been adopted in any Nordic country, it does not mean that general discussion in this field was not conducted.

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Идеологије: Од социолошке анализе до политичке праксе

Author(s): Vladan P. Stanković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2009

In this work author approached problem of ideology in multidisciplinary way. The author started the analysis from definition of the notion of ideology, continuing to analyze the role, place and significance of ideologies within social system (sociological analysis). Eventually the author analyzed typology of political ideologies, as well as their positioning and meaning within political order of modern Serbia.

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Biorąc Konstytucję poważnie.

Author(s): Oktawian Nawrot / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXXI/2014

The Constitutional Framework for the Regulation of Medically Assisted Procreation (Remarks on the Margins of Assessing the Compliance of Deputies’ Proposals to Amend the Act on Procurement, Storage and Transplantation of Cells, Tissues and Organs, Sejm documents 607 and 608) - The issue of the legal regulation of medically assisted procreation undoubtedly belongs to the group of legal policy issues that cause particularly strong emotions. It is mainly because it touches fundamental values and legal institutions, on which the system of the rights and freedoms of a person is based in a democratic state ruled by law. On the other hand, it enters deeply into the sphere of morality ethics, philosophy, medicine, and in the end, ideological disputes. In addition, possible solutions are often contradictory. These statements seem to be confirmed by the legislative proposals introduced to the parliament in recent years, which in a more or less complex way regulate medically assisted procreation. They contain very different possibilities ranging from almost unlimited procreative liberty and the right to procreate or not to procreate and the total prohibition of in vitro fertilization. A large diversity of proposed legislative solutions is explained by the hypothesis presented in terms of the fact, according to which there is a huge loophole in the Polish legal system concerning most practices refer to medically assisted procreation, which —because of unspecified reasons - can be completed in any way. While the system of values in a state based on the rule of law in abstract actually seems to allow almost any of the proposed solutions, which is proved by the various solutions adopted in other democratic states, in the case of a particular national legal system, including Polish, the solutions must take into account its characteristic features and, in particular, the system of constitutional norms and values. The aim of the article is to reconstruct the norms and values defining the regulatory framework of medically assisted procreation.

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