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Na základě reprezentativní databáze 7000 mužů a žen počítáme výnosnost penzijního systému u mužů a žen a její změny v důsledku „malé“ a „velké“ reformy. Výnosnost měříme pomocí ukazatele penzijního bohatství jako rozdíl mezi současnou hodnotou budoucích důchodů a budoucích příspěvků do penzijního systému. Výnosnost se u jednotlivců liší dle pohlaví, věku, velikosti příjmu a dalších faktorů. Před reformami byl penzijní systém výrazně výhodnější pro ženy. I ve věkové kategorii 53letých penzijní systém sliboval ženám o 503 000 Kč více než mužům, u 21letých to pak bylo dokonce 1 152 000 Kč. Tzv. „malá“ reforma, která upravila věk odchodu do důchodu, výrazně snížila výnosnost penzijního systému pro muže i ženy, citelněji ale dopadá na ženy. Tzv. „velká“ reforma, jež umožňuje vyvedení části pojistného do penzijních fondů, má řádově menší, zato však pozitivní nebo nulový dopad na výhodnost penzijního systému pro muže a ženy. Obě reformy jsou výhodnější pro muže, i po všech reformách zůstává penzijní systém stále výnosnější pro ženy. Ve věkové kategorii 45letých penzijní systém slibuje ženám o 499 000 Kč více než mužům, pro 21leté to je 978 000 Kč. Studie rovně ž prezentuje dopady reforem i pro různé úrovně příjmů.
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COVID-19 has introduced many amendments to the traditional public perceptions. This reflects in a certain way on the domestic law. For the purposes of the current paper, some significant tax law issues regarding the “employer-employee” relationship will be observed. More specifically, some key concepts that are vital for the Bulgarian tax law will be analysed.
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Europe is facing a migration crisis after 2015. The next strong pressure of migrants is in 2021 after the start of the war between Russia and Ukraine. The European Union has adopted a social policy for migrants, which must be implemented by each member state. At the national level, the State must ensure the security of the population, provide suitable living conditions for migrants and gradually work for their integration. In Bulgaria, negative attitudes of the population towards migrants are observed, which contributes to the emergence of civil resentment and additional conflicts . Bulgaria is still far from the receipts for the integration of migrants into the society and social life of Bulgaria. The aim of this report is to present the impact on labor market trends, to highlight the positive and negative sides and to propose solutions. The developed policy for the integration of migrants and realization in the labor market will help to improve the perceptions of Bulgarians about migration.
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Neuromanagement is a new field of management that has developed as a result of the application to human resource management of knowledge generated in the fields of cognitive neuroscience and psychology. The goal of neuromanagement is, through the study of brain activity during the course of mental processes at the moment when people are faced with an economic or managerial problem, to acquire knowledge that will help to develop and use the intellectual potential of all workers in the organization in order to achieve higher production efficiency of each worker and more effective management of the organization. There are a number of differences between classical management and neuromanagement concerning: the orientation of management functions; the principles on which the management process is based; the means of influencing the personnel; the system of motivating the personnel. The new economic reality turns intellectual capital into the most important production factor. A cluster of professional competencies was defined at the 2015 World Economic Forum in Davos that will be sought in organizations using the principles of neuromanagement. All these irreversible processes of change are also placing new demands on schools and universities, both in terms of learning technologies and in terms of the formation of new skills and competences in future professionals that are vital for the business of the future.
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In a number of regions of the Republic of Bulgaria, especially in rural areas, agribusiness is the main area of employment for the local population. All ethnic groups, without exception, have free, constitutional access to the labor market in this industry. The qualification of the Roma ethnic group to the vulnerable groups also puts on the agenda the issue of use, application and broad awareness of the legislative opportunities that are provided to all ethnic groups for employment in agribusiness, in various forms, which is also a right of choice. At this stage, the legal toolkit enabling the persons from the Roma ethnic group to participate in active employment in agribusiness, which would also increase their quality of life, has not been sufficiently evaluated.
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In the context of refugee crises, which have become the leading topic of political as well as scientific debates in past decade, the impact of migrants and asylum seekers on the labour market of the receiving country has attracted remarkable attention. Empirical research in this area indicates that migration has an insignificant effect on the change of the average wage, but it negatively affects the low-skilled labour force on the one hand and positively affects the high-skilled labour force on the other. The purpose of this article is to analyse the influx of refugees and asylum seekers to Germany with an emphasis on the genesis of the crisis in 2015-2016. We try to illustrate the integration of refugees in the local labour market. In accordance with the purpose of the paper we suggest two hypotheses reflecting refugees’ economic burden for hosted country and spatial distribution relevance for integration. To reach the purpose, we apply qualitative research methods such as semi-structured interviews. Our results suggest the limited refugees’ economic burden for German economy and significant effect of geographical allocation on integration process.
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The report analyzes the structure and convergent processes of employment in the Bulgarian and Romanian economies for the period 2000-2020, and examines the dynamics of relative shares and rates of change for the respective period. In order to quantitatively measure the degree of convergence/divergence, a divergence index and a difference index were calculated, comparisons with other EU countries with similar characteristics were used, and some possible explanations and consequences of the structural changes that took place were also derived. Overall, the results show a slow process of convergence of the sectoral structure of employment of the Bulgarian and Romanian economies with that of the Eurozone, which continues throughout the period, regardless of some specifics before and after the global recession.
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The global climatic changes and the reindustrialization of the European economy in the technological XXI century construct a cause-effect chain which starts and ends with education and science: digitalization and robotization – structural economic reforms -imbalance in the labour market – professional qualification and competence – transfer of science and innovations in the applied economy – lifelong learning. The ambitious aim of the ecologically-oriented European Union is to achieve a carbonneutral economy by the year 2050. In the process of Green and Digital Transformation innovative industrial productions will be opened with the integration of digital and ecological technologies. The segments of the labour market change. The professional realization in the education, science and information and communication technologies increases, and the one in the industrial and agricultural decreases. The deficit of engineering human capital (educated and competent workforce) reaches record levels on the labour market. The focus of the study is on the education and science in the context of the Green and Digital Transformation of the European Economy. The long term aim of the research is the sustainable professional balance on the labour market. The topic concerning the European labour market is developed on the base of the modern multidisciplinary method of scientific research. The educational policies in the Victorian industrialization of the economy and the analogous present day reindustrialization are compared in the analysis and interpretation of the results of the study.
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The digitization of activities became a constant sign of social evolution in recent decades. More and more professions allow the option to work remotely through information technology, resulting in exceptional flexibility in the way work is carried out for professionals in multiple fields. What seems like a flexible work schedule can turn into a permanent work schedule, and the assessment of its impact on employees can be determined by quantifying the high number of people who have complained of professional burnout in the last period. The purpose of this paper is to identify a viable legal mechanism for protecting workers against the possibility of carrying out a long activity, exceeding the maximum working time regulated by law. Finally, the author formulates a de lege ferenda proposal regarding the need to regulate the right to disconnect in Romanian legislation.
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This chapter by Victor Manolachi and Veaceslav Manolachi delves into the significance of carbohydrate metabolism for high-performance athletes. It examines how carbohydrate energy stores serve as crucial recovery factors after training and competitive efforts. The chapter discusses the bioenergetic processes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, highlighting the differences between anaerobic and aerobic efforts and their impact on physical performance. It also explores the mechanisms of energy substrate utilization, including glycogen and lipid reserves, and the physiological adaptations resulting from systematic training. The authors provide detailed insights into dietary strategies for optimizing carbohydrate intake, enhancing muscle glycogen stores, and improving overall athletic performance.
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