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Do larger boards improve shareholder value creation? – Effects of the board size on business performance in Eastern Central Europe

Author(s): Zsolt Lakatos / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of board size on a firms' operational and market performance at the largest East Central European listed non-financial, non-public utility firms. The literature debates the effects of the size of the board. While the resource dependency theory supports a positive effect, the agency theory supports a negative impact on firm value. This question is rarely investigated in two-tiered corporate governance models. This paper estimates the effects of management board and supervisory board size, between 2007 and 2016. The results indicate that the effect of management board size depends heavily on the size of the observed company. In both fixed effects and GMM-type dynamic panel regression models, using Tobin's Q, market-to-book ratio, total shareholder value and ROA as firm performance measures, increase in management board size has a significant positive impact on firm performance; however, in the case of larger firms, the effect is significantly negative. Moreover, the increase in the ratio of outside directors has a positive impact on the firm's performance in all dynamic panel regression models and this effect is even more significant in Tobin's Q and market-to-book ratio models. This can indicate the effective monitoring role of the supervisory board.

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Analysing the relationship between unemployment benefits and unemployment duration

Author(s): Laura Južnik Rotar,Sabina Krsnik / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between unemployment benefits and durations of unemployment with respect to different approaches in social policy. The hypothesis of the research is that unemployment benefits negatively affect the duration of unemployment. An analysis of the relationship concerning unemployment benefits and duration of unemployment within the European Union Member States (EU-28) between 2006–2018 using panel data regression approach was conducted. The sample was split into sub-samples in order to get more homogeneous groups of EU-28 countries. Estimation results suggest that the more generous a social policy, the more prevalent the negative relationship between unemployment duration and unemployment benefits. Our results also revealed that the better the economic situation, the less pressure is put on unemployment benefits and on the duration of unemployment.

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What labour market? A critical STEM supply shortage investigation: Lithuanian case

Author(s): Jogaila Vaitekaitis / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Aim. The main objective of this investigation is to explore perceived lack of Lithuanian STEM labour force supply. It is often believed that education systems are the bottleneck of economic growth and that by increasing the supply of STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) graduates we will get more and better payed jobs. But a growing body of evidence suggests that in many STEM fields there is an adequate supply or even oversupply of STEM majors. Still, technologically advanced capitalist countries advocate for more STEM workforce regardless of an overcrowded market. Echoing foreign neoliberal trends, Lithuanian education policy makers are on the same STEM shortage hype-train, and reforms are full steam ahead. Methods. To explore perceived lack of Lithuanian STEM labour force supply an assessment of STEM graduates’ (n=3720) occupational destinations one year after graduation and average salaries in those professions was conducted employing a descriptive statistical analysis. Results. Findings show that there is no general shortage of STEM labour supply; the majority (54% n=2023) of all recent STEM degree holders in Lithuania do not work in STEM jobs. The majority of graduates usually do not reach national average income one year after graduation. Conclusions. Persuasion of students to study STEM degrees based on better labour market outcomes is misleading and possibly unethical. The principal theoretical implication of this paper is the acknowledgment that low STEM graduate employment does not necessarily signify a failing education system. Rather, this is an opportunity to look beyond human capital and labour market discourse which, arguably, prevents STEM education to realize its revolutionary potential.

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Distributed Project Team Key Performance Indicators

Author(s): Natalia Krasnokutska,Tetiana Podoprykhina / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

Distributed projects provide major benefits in terms of tapping team members' competencies around a globe, but still they represent a significant challenge for coordinating and monitoring teams' performance. This paper investigates distributed projects with a specific focus on performance metrics. As the result of the research, the list of suggested Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are given to manage distributed project team as well as described the process to define project KPIs and maintain them.

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FOSTERING THE MEDIATING ROLE OF THE FEELING OF BELONGING TO AN ORGANIZATION AMONG ROMANIAN MEMBERS OF GENERATION Z

Author(s): Elena Aurelia Botezat,Silvia L. Fotea,Marius Marici,Ioan St. Fotea / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

The addition of Generation Z/Centennials to the workplace landscape will bring about new challenges for the management of any organization. To tackle the changing work environment and workforce, we conducted a survey-based empirical exploratory study among students in economics from two universities located in the western part of Romania. Our study proposes an alternative view of the motivational potential, including the feeling of belonging to an organization in work settings. The aim was to explore the potential for the feeling of belonging to play the role of mediator between four distinct career attitudes and the turnover intention in the specific case of Romanian Generation Z members. Additionally, we investigated which variables are significant predictors for the feeling of belonging to an organization. The results indicate that is efficient to invest in creating belongingness for those Generation Z members inclined towards making moves between jobs and organizations (OMPA), for those who present the mental capacity to be mobile (BMA) and for those who can be adaptive in terms of performance and learning demands (SDA). For those Romanian Generation Z members who use their internal values to provide guidance and measure for success, including the feeling of belonging to an organization in work settings seems to be inefficient.

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Przemiany rynku pracy w Polsce w latach 1918-2018

Author(s): Aneta Klementowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

In the span of 100 years, Poles have experienced a great number of difficult situations and events which have undoubtedly affected their educational lives and, consequently, their careers as well. The labour market has undergone multiple metamorphoses in the years 1918-2018. The article presents both statistical data depicting the situation on the labour market and the key transformations taking place then: the interwar period, the centrally planned (administrative command) economy, the market economy (including the political transformation).

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The activity of the occupational activity institution ‘Pensjonat na Wzgórzach’ (‘Guesthouse on the Hills’) as a proposal for social and vocational rehabilitation of people with disabilities

Author(s): Magdalena Pasteczka-Cholewa / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The purpose of the paper is to present the activity of one of the links in the system of social and vocational rehabilitation of people with disabilities, which is the Occupational Activity Institute, on the example of a particular facility called Pensjonat na Wzgórzach (‘Guesthouse on the Hills’). The paper consists of three parts and a summary. In the first part the system of social and vocational rehabilitation that has been functioning in Poland since the 1990s, is discussed. The second part concerns the formal and legal aspects of the functioning of Occupational Activity Institutes; and in the third one, it is presented on the example of the Pensjonat na Wzgórzach located in Krakow. The conclusion provides a brief summary of the most important achievements as well as difficulties involved in running this type of facility.

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The return to labour market after cancer – challenges, problems and solutions

Author(s): Natalia Ulaniecka,Jan Gruszka / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Cancer patient needs and deserves various forms of support. The more assistance he receives, the better his functioning during and after the illness gets. Both science and practice provide evidence that it is not only medicine that affects the quality of life in a disease. Psychological and social factors also play an important role, including professional activity, which can have not only a financial but also a therapeutic dimension. The article discusses the role of employment and occupational activity on the quality of life of cancer patients.It describes the challenges resulting from combining treatment with work It also contains examples of social activities and projects, that are aimed towards helping post-cancer patients to get back on their feet as well as regain confidence within the labour market.

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Człowiek w obszarze zarządzania ryzykiem w przedsiębiorstwie produkcyjnym

Author(s): Bogusław Pietrulewicz,Marcin Topczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

Risk are exposed to all areas of the organization's activities. Man is an uncertain area, which in the production enterprise affects the continuity of production. In order to minimize the likelihood of adverse events, organizations should effectively manage risk taking into account the management of employee competences, information security and occupational health and safety.

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Możliwości monitorowania bezpieczeństwa środowiska pracy za pomocą dronów

Author(s): Renata Kasperska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

This article focuses on the problem of the possibility of the use and application of remote-controlled aircraft to monitor and control the work environment. The main purpose of using drones is to increase the safety and efficiency of employees. This work was performed as a review of current laws related to the use of drones on the labor market. Benefits resulting from the use of unmanned aerial vehicles have been indicated. The key importance of the drone operator's profession and areas in which innovative technical solutions can support work safety have been pointed out.

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Transversal Analysis of Predictors, Moderators and Related Effects of HWI

Author(s): Claudiu George Bocean,Anca Antoaneta Vărzaru,Anca Bandoi,Cătălina Soriana Sitnikov / Language(s): English Issue: SI 14/2020

In recent years, the significant and intensive change of working conditions necessitates employees to modify their work patterns to increase the number of working hours and work intensity by improving the efforts, which leads to the occurrence of the heavy work investment (HWI) phenomenon. Analyzing the models of HWI we can distinguish two types: workaholism (WH), considered being the negative form of the HWI, and working engagement (WE), considered to be the positive form of the HWI. This paper proposes a multidimensional model of HWI that is built on four main elements: HWI (with its two types: WH and WE), potential predictors, work outcomes and mediating factors between HWI and work outcomes. The model is empirically tested on a sample of 298 Romanian employees, using correlational study, confirmatory factorial analysis, and artificial neural networks analysis established between model variables. The results of the research are explained and discussed, recommendations are issued for the improvement of organizational practices and new research directions are proposed.

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Influence of Heavy Work Investment on Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention in Romania

Author(s): Marcela Nemțeanu Sefora,Dan-Cristian Dabija / Language(s): English Issue: SI 14/2020

Studying the phenomenon of heavy work investment in an emergent market (Romania) is necessary due to the frequent practice of employees working overtime, relatively reduced job satisfaction in contrast to their counterparts from developed markets, and comparatively low remuneration for the same work effort. Therefore, the aim of this research is to highlight the influence of heavy work investment forms (workaholism and work engagement) on job satisfaction and turnover intention. Based on the Attribution Theory, the authors conducted quantitative exploratory research among employees with tenured contracts in an emergent market (Romania). The data was gathered with the aid of an online questionnaire, being tested for reliability, validity, and internal consistency in SPSS, while the hypotheses were tested with the help of structural equation modelling (AMOS). The results show that job satisfaction is influenced by both work engagement and excessive working (workaholism). The more a person is engaged in their work activity, the weaker their turnover intention. Turnover intention is intricately linked to excessive working, a component of workaholism. From a managerial standpoint, this paper contributes to a better understanding of the way work engagement and workaholism influence work outcomes, highlighting possible ways of improving human resource management in organizations.

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The Impact of National Culture on Employees' Attitudes Toward Heavy Work Investment: Comparative Approach Romania vs. Japan

Author(s): Ion Popa,Simona Cătălina Ștefan,Cătălina Florentina Albu,Ștefan Cătălin Popa,Cristian Vlad / Language(s): English Issue: SI 14/2020

This paper aims to study the heavy work investment’s association with different forms of motivation, as well as the positive or negative effects of this investment on a personal and professional level, in the context of two very different national cultures: Romania and Japan. A questionnaire-based survey involving 822 employees in both Romania and Japan was carried out for data collection. The main results, obtained through structural equation modeling, suggest that intrinsic motivation could lead Romanian and Japanese employees to increase their investment of time and effort in work. On the other hand, the intensity of work will be positively reflected in their job satisfaction and professional performance and will lead to reduction in work-family conflict and turnover intention, while the massive investment of time will have opposite consequences. All these relationships are statistically different for employees in Romania and Japan, thus supporting the moderating effect of national culture. These results could be useful to both employees and managers in Romania and Japan to decide on the time and effort should be invested in work, considering both their positive and negative effects for employee and organization.

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The Importance of Mentorship in Diminishing Workaholism and Increasing Heavy Work Investment: Evidence from the United States

Author(s): David Sloan,Alan C. Mikkelson,Sebastian A Vaduva / Language(s): English Issue: SI 14/2020

To examine if mentorship can be utilized to alleviate workaholic tendencies and encourage heavy work investment, our paper explored the links between mentorship functions, mentorship quality, and employee outcomes. Hypotheses were tested among 271 full-time employees living in the United States from various organizations using path analysis. Our research's novelty is the analysis of how mentorship functions of career support, psychosocial support and role modeling have a direct effect on mentorship quality and an indirect effect on employee flourishing, job satisfaction, and job stress. The mentoring function of career support also directly affected the mentorship quality and indirectly affected job stress. A direct effect was found between career support and employee flourishing and job satisfaction. Practical implications, such as the easing of workaholic tendencies and encouragement of heavy work investment, along with limitations, and directions for future research, are analyzed.

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Modelling the Impact of Heavy Work Investments on Employee’s Satisfaction

Author(s): Mihail Buşu,Attila György / Language(s): English Issue: SI 14/2020

In this article, the authors develop an econometric model to determine the impact of the heavy work investment on employee’s satisfaction. The data was collected using a questionnaire addressed to employees with higher level of education and at least one year of experience, within the specialized departments of multinational companies that offer consultancy and audit services in Romania and analyzed using Smart-Pls statistical software 3.3.2. Based on the literature in the field, the article identifies the determinants of the heavy work investment. These indicators are the independent variables that shape the impact of the heavy work investment on employee’s performance and satisfaction. The findings confirm the theoretical aspects presented in the article, emphasizing that employee’s satisfaction is the direct result of the collaboration of several factors, such as personal needs, workload, time spent at work, attitude to work and physical and mental condition. Identifying the drivers that contribute to increasing organizational performance is essential in the human resources management process, to shed light on positive aspects, such as employee satisfaction, rewarded for their work and, at the same time, to prevent the risk of overwork. The article contributes to the research theory by modelling the investment in work according to elements specific to human typologies, bringing a unique contribution in the form of practical inferences for the management of human resources.

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The Impact of Heavy Work Investment on the Economy and the Individual

Author(s): Simona Roxana Pătărlăgeanu,Carmen Valentina Radulescu,Mihai Dinu,Marius Constantin / Language(s): English Issue: SI 14/2020

Heavy work investment represents a research area which has been intensively debated in the specialised literature, especially since 2013. On the one hand, heavy work investment can be made in the means of production, in order to increase work productivity. On the other hand, it is correlated with numerous other factors related to the quality of life and the quality of work conditions, among which: the relationship between work – living standard – personal life; workaholism and technology; the decision to retire and so on.The objectives of this research are to identify the correlations between the quality of life and heavy work investment, as well as to assess the social and economic progress from the view point of the need for heavy work investment.The research methods used in the study were mainly of a quantitative nature: bibliometric and econometric analysis (linear regression with cross-section data). The data used in the econometric models constructed were taken over from two sources: Eurostat and the World Bank.The research findings highlight the fact that in the analysed European states, making work investments by increasing the work volume is not a justified measure, because its effects do not reflect directly on the social and economic progress, quantified as the nominal gross domestic product.

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The Impact of Work Investment on Performance

Author(s): Cătălina Radu,Alexandrina Deaconu,Sorina Ioana Mișu,Monica Triculescu / Language(s): English Issue: SI 14/2020

The paper’s main objective is to analyse the impact of work investment on performance. The research involved administering an online questionnaire, which collected information on work effort, perceived performance, burnout and job satisfaction. The study was conducted on a group of 313 participants, all active on the labour market - employees (with or without management position) and entrepreneurs in various fields of activity. Sampling was unlikely, based on the availability criterion. The results obtained claim that the perception of performance mediates the relationship between effort at work and satisfaction obtained through work itself, and burnout is moderate both in the relationship between effort and perception of performance, and in that between perception of performance and satisfaction through the work itself. Consistent with the literature and within the limits of the methodology used, it has been found that management functions are associated with a lower level of burnout than others, a greater power in decision-making means an increased ability to detach from problems, even if the investment in labour is appreciable.

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Heavy Work Investment for the Accounting Profession in Romania at Time of Coronavirus Pandemic

Author(s): Florin Mihai,Mirela Stan,Gabriel Radu,Valentin Florentin Dumitru / Language(s): English Issue: SI 14/2020

Heavy work investment in various domains of activity has not been sufficiently explored. This paper investigates how accounting professionals in Romania perceived different aspects related to the heavy work investment during the coronavirus pandemic. Professional accountants devote, by the nature of their job, many hours of work. In March 2020, unprecedented measures were taken in Romania in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. These include the obligation to work remotely where possible. The study’ objective is to establish the socio-economic implications generated by the COVID-19 pandemic vis-à-vis accounting professionals and the activities of the financial-accounting department within the organizations during the affected period. The data were collected between April and June 2020 by distributing a questionnaire online and were processed using the SPSS software. The research results show that professional accountants have adapted quite quickly to distance work. Work during the pandemic generated additional stress and fatigue, but had positive influence on the work-family relationship and productivity. The research results show that the respondents’ perception of work was influenced by the following variables: the age of the respondents, the city where they work, the way of carrying out the profession (employee or freelancer), and the size of the company where they work. The results obtained can be used by managers and regulatory bodies.

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The Impact of Workaholism on Consumer Food Waste

Author(s): Ramona Cantaragiu,Valentina Mihaela Ghinea / Language(s): English Issue: SI 14/2020

The present study explores the influence of workaholism on consumer food waste using an extended version of the theory of planned behaviour and the BWAS workaholism scale. The study is quantitative in nature and data collection was done through a web-based survey filled in by 194 Romanian employees recruited through convenience sampling. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS and the results showed that the influence of workaholism on consumer food waste is multifaceted. Workaholism has no influence on the predictors of intention to reduce food waste such as food waste attitudes, perceived behavioural control, with the exception of subjective norms, which are predicted by only one facet of workaholism (i.e., problems). However, workaholism has a small influence on food waste behaviours (e.g., food reusing, food storage etc.) and particularly on the estimated amount of food wasted. The two most salient facets of workaholism were conflict and problems and the analysis revealed that problematic workaholics (high conflict, high problems) tend to waste more food than functional workaholics (high conflict, low problems). Overall, the study proves the need to further explore the connections between different types of workaholism and consumer food waste.

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Heavy Work Investment and Psychopathology: Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders as Antecedents and Outcomes

Author(s): Yura Loscalzo,Marco Giannini / Language(s): English Issue: SI 14/2020

Workaholism and work engagement are two types of Heavy Work Investment (HWI) that have been widely studied. However, the literature on the role of internalizing and externalizing disorders as antecedents and outcomes of these two types of HWI is scant. This study aims to analyze, through two path models, if workaholism and work engagement predict the main forms of psychopathology as evaluated through the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R). Also, it analyzes if psychopathology and sensation seeking predict workaholism and work engagement to shed light on the internalizing and/or externalizing nature of workaholism. Besides the two path models, we also performed MANOVAs and Mann-Whitney tests to analyze differences in psychopathology and sensation seeking between workers with high and low levels of workaholism and work engagement, as well as between disengaged and engaged workaholics. The participants are 690 Italian workers (44.8% males) with a mean age of 38.99±12.45. The results showed that workaholism predicts higher psychopathology, while work engagement predicts lower psychological symptoms. Though, even if depression and boredom susceptibility negatively predict work engagement, it is also positively predicted by somatization. Moreover, workaholism is positively predicted by psychoticism only. Therefore, this study suggests that workaholism might be defined as the declination at work of a personality disorder, and that work engagement might be a coping strategy for workers experiencing somatic symptoms. Finally, preventive interventions should target both workaholism and work engagement, as high work engagement does not seem to protect engaged workaholics from psychological impairment.

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