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Information means information obtained as a result of data processing, which are signals from which information is extracted. From the point of view of classical information theory, the concept of "information" is defined by the use of indefinite knowledge of an event.
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In connection with the lowering benefits from public pension systems responsibility for financial security in old age should become more individualized. People should take greater responsibility for future benefits and standard of living in old age. The objective of the article is to assess how perception of who should take care of financial security during old age impacts the decision regarding additional retirement saving. The article presents the data of the research conducted by the Social Insurance Institution in 2016 on a representative for the whole population of Poland sample of 1,030 people. The main conclusion which may be drawn from the research is that when individuals think that it is mainly the State's responsibility to care of retirement security, they save less for old age.
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The new Act No. 257/2016 Coll., on consumer credit states obligatory duty for consumer credit providers and intermediaries to ensure and prove the professional qualification level of all employees involved in the provision and intermediation of a consumer credit. Qualification can be proven by the Act No. 257/2016 Coll only at accredited institutions. Such institutions provide a testing based on questions prepared by the market regulator and supervisor – the Czech national bank. No one is allowed to provide or intermediate a consumer credit without a successful test pass at an accredited institution. We analyzed the test results of 287 employees of two medium-sized non-bank financial institutions who took the final qualification test at an accredited institution. The goal is to present the test results so far and to find whether gender and age are factors of the test score. We set four main and three auxiliary hypotheses regarding an effect of gender and age variable on the test performance. We find that neither of the variables is a factor. Although some level of variance is present in a more detailed analysis, it is not statistically significant. Therefore, we claim that regarding the test by the act no. 257/2016 Coll. on Consumer Credit the results are independent of age or gender of an employee. Our result was unexpected concerning the age variable. In a discussion, we explain that results might be biased by “early-takers” employees. Therefore, we expect an increase in test results variance and change in the test result distribution skewness in a future as more regular employees will participate.
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Defining the scope and form of old-age security should be based, among other things, on the principles of social justice and equality. Equality is the manifestation, and the instantiation of social justice and it means the equal treatment of equals. Therefore, distribution, especially the one made in the pension system, does not have to be equal, but it is to serve everyone, so it has to be fair and based on the cooperation system. Unfortunately, many pension privileges in Poland are not implementing the principle of equality. The study analysed, on the basis of a nationwide survey conducted in 2016, public opinions on equality in the pension system. In addition, in the paper, I show expenditures for retirement benefits of privileged persons in the Polish pension system. The aim of the article is to present the equality in the pension system in Poland, both in the theoretical aspect, and in the practical aspect. The logistic regression method was applied while attempting to reach the research aim of this study. In the paper, also, the following research methods were applied: statistical analysis, economic analysis of the law and analysis of documents.
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Does information asymmetry exist in the insurance market? Does it impact the market equilibrium? These are current topics of the research dealing with economic and insurance issues. Many publications have been published over the last century, confirming or refuting the existence of information asymmetry in the non-life insurance market same as in the life insurance market. The aim of this article is to introduce the topic of information asymmetry, including the supply and demand point of view and dividing the asymmetry on adverse selection and moral hazard. The main goal of this paper is to review and compare the results of existing publications and papers dealing with information asymmetry in the insurance market, with focus on differences between life and non-life insurance research results, and open the door for further discussions on this issue.
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The issue of financial exclusion and excessive indebtedness is increasingly the subject of actions taken at the national level. The growing interest in overindebtedness problem is a response to the observed systematic increase in household indebtedness, which in a situation of economic slowdown may lead to lower income of households and threaten timely settlement of liabilities incurred. Awareness of the scale of financial exclusion and excessive indebtedness and the negative consequences of what they involve on a micro-economic scale for households and as well for on a macro-economic for the whole economy, is not reflected in considerations on the basis of identification of interdependencies and concomitance of both phenomena. Currently, there are no studies which, based on the identification of determinants of both phenomena, would indicate the existence of a relationship between them. The aim of the article is to indicate the relationships that occur between the phenomenon of excessive indebtedness and financial exclusion, especially banking. For its implementation, it will be necessary to outline the size of household debt and financial exclusion in Poland, and then to identify the causes and effects of both phenomena, with an indication of the relationship between them. The author accepted the hypothesis that the emergence of debt is the effect of incurring liabilities of households as a natural stage of its development. Loans improve the quality of life and provide better access to the necessary goods and services. By contrast, over-indebtedness means a deterioration in the financial situation that leads to financial exclusion. The analysis of aggregated financial data was used to verify hypotheses.
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The main purpose of the research is to analyse migration processes of Ukraine and to determine the factors influencing the development of the market of international money transfers in Ukraine as a significant direction of strengthening the financial system of the country. According to the purpose, the dynamics of migration in Ukraine according to the geographical structure was analyzed, factors of influence on migration processes in Ukraine were determined. The impact of migration processes on the development of international money transfers was analyzed. Factors that affect the volumes of money transfers by official channels were determined. The estimation of factors according to the degree of influence and the dynamics of influence on money transfers was carried out. Measures to increase migrant remittances were identified.
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Dealing with strategic maturity transformation and the consequences for balance sheet structures leads to a most relevant question in interest rate risk management and measurement for banks worldwide: Are there any structural breaks in consumer’s behavior to their demand of credits and deposits? According to such structural breaks, the predictability of future balance sheet structure is relevant for the return forecast and the funding plan. Most of the strategic maturity transformation positions are deposits by private consumers or credited to private consumers. Throughout, risk measure methods, financial forecasts and the Asset Liability Management apply the return and risk prediction under constant action of the consumers. Changed maturity preferences cannot take balance sheet structure and interest rate risk measurement into account. This article answers the question if there is a structural break of consumer’s preferences in the maturity of their deposits or the credit term. Therefore, different time series from the Deutsche Bundesbank, concerning the German bank markets, get analyzed with a CUSUM-test. We test if the change of the new business volume has a constant mean or identical coefficients in case of multivariate new business volumes. This research confirms the hypothesis that there are breaks in the change of the new business volume.
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Sufficient funds to start the business, funds for regular operation and further development are the basis for the successful business. Insufficient funds are often the obstacle of starting business. Self-employment contribution is one of the ways of acquiring funds for establishing the business. It is provided by Central Office of Labour, Social Affairs and Family from the funds of European Union and National budget. To analyse the use of this source of funding in the regions of Slovakia, is the goal of the article. We used the data provided by the Central Office of Labour, Social Affairs and Family and The Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. Based on the results, we can say the highest number of contributions during the focused period was provided in Prešov, Žilina and Košice regions. That also means the highest number of created jobs. The smallest number of contributions was provided and the smallest number of jobs created in Bratislava region. The highest success rate of the approval of applications was in the Košice, Nitra and Bratislava regions.
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Shopping has become a part of our daily life but not a part of daily activities in space. Preference and choice of a shopping centre for realisation of shopping is variable in space within the context of preferred shopping types. Similarly, not only location of shopping but also time, frequency and duration vary. This paper is focused on the+ analysis of shopping behaviour of consumers in the urban area of Bratislava (Slovakia). The following research questions were stated: 'Do frequency and time of shopping relate to the distance of a shopping centre from the consumers' place of residence?', 'How often do consumers do their shopping in retails?' and 'How much time do consumers spend shopping?'. The analysis was conducted in the environment of geographical information systems (GIS) by applying an approach of defining concentric zones. To some extent, temporal aspects of consumer shopping behaviour are also shown in space. However, it is impossible to talk about clear dependance on the distance of the shopping centre.
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Strategic development plans of municipalities as the main tool for strategic development management are often correct in the sense of methodology, however, they work poorly with values of local communities, despite a certain element of the participatory approach. If these values are not reflected, residents do not perceive growth of the quality of life, even though development activities are assessed to be successful. Thus, the aim of the paper is to point out the necessity to change the approach to the strategic planning, based on a synthesis of approaches of various disciplines like philosophy, sociology or regional sciences. Desk research and subsequent synthesis of the knowledge of various fields of science were used in the article. Summary of arguments, as a starting point for setting a new methodical approach to drawing up strategic development plans, where the community and identification of its values would be a clue to increase the effectiveness of regional policy instruments, are main results of the paper.
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Social innovation serves to eliminate differences in society, so their goal is to influence and correct social change. They include new methods, services or approaches to problem solving than those currently introduced and serve to improve and improve the social environment. Social innovation is crucial for the economic and social development of society. Advocacy is an activity that seeks to influence political, economic or sociual decisions with to a positive change in policy, practice or attitude and involves direct access to decision makers at different levels. In the Czech Republic, the introduction of social innovation is supported by projects from the European Social Fund. The aim of the paper is to find out the possibilities of advocacy tools supporting social innovation possibilities of functioning and implementation into public policies in the Czech Republic. The research was based on a questionnaire survey on the implementation of advocacy work for selected implementers and applicants for support from the European Social Fund, focusing on the project of the City of Brno. The survey showed that advocacy has its place in innovation projects and further support and development of this tool is desirable. The limits currently being addressed by the entities are mainly related to the limited capacities, financial demands and relatively low knowledge of the tools they can use in the advocacy.
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This article is dealing with the economic value of volunteering in a non profit organization Junak - Czech Scout, centre Moravska Trebova. The aim is a critical evaluation of application options methods to value voluntary work in a selected non profit organisation and a subsequent application of chosen method with obtained data. The theory part of work is dealing with analysing and describing available methods to value voluntary work. The data used for the practical part were obtained by the way of a questionnaire. Once the selected method is applied the obtained data are critically evaluated in order to value the volunteering in particular organization and the most accurate method is chosen to provide value. The most accurate method chosen by experts was by calculating salary based on previous analysis. The resulting average value of one hour volunteering for organization was established 161.11 CZK/hour and the overall organization value of all volunteering exceeded 3 million CZK. This valuation can help the organization to point out the overall real value of volunteering for example when applying for financial support, grants or to broaden overall awareness about the value of the activity provided by the Scout volunteers.
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The paper provides an overview of linguistic features of business discourse (sourcing and employment), in which a communicative center is presented as an interview of a recruiter with a job candidate. Terms, professional vocabulary and barbarisms from various institutional spheres serve as discourse markers of speech strategies of the recruiter (interviewer) and the job candidate (interviewee), which is determined by extralinguistic features and interprofessional nature of the discourse. Recruiters use the terms primarily to assess professional competence of job candidates while job candidates demonstrate a command of professional vocabulary for self-presentation with hidden self-promotion. The paper presents examples of four job interviews with job candidates from different career fields; the ratio of the number of terms is given. A distinguishing characteristics of the discourse under study is the active use of such a group of special vocabulary as professional terms including barbarisms mainly borrowed from other languages (predominantly, from English) and not yet fully assimilated in the Russian language. It is noted that the boundaries between terms and professional vocabulary, professional vocabulary and barbarisms are relatively flexible. The study reveals the reasons why communicants frequently gain advantage of such vocabulary; the fundamental role of extralinguistic factors is displayed.
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Finans, iş piyasasında olduğu kadar günlük hayatta da bireylerin ihtiyaçlarını karşılamaktan yaşamları boyunca geleceğe yönelik ekonomik rahatlığı sağlamaya kadar farklı amaçlar için kullanılan bir bilim dalıdır. Bireylerin bu konularda daha uygun karar verebilmeleri daha iyi finans bilgisine sahip olmakla gerçekleşmektedir. Bu durum finans alanının kurumlar için olduğu kadar bireyler için de etkili olduğunu göstermektedir (Bayram, 2014; 106).
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Doing good takes part in the foundation of Islam. In Islamic states, charities were done by the state at one side and were done by trust institutions that have power nearly equal to government budget at the other side. When looked from a wider perspective, trust institutions affected and developed the society in many ways. The income from the operation of these institutions were used for the benefit of the public directed to psychology-religion and economy. Administrative mechanism of the institutions that were inspected by the government was expressed in details with the endowment letters that have the characteristics of internal regulation. The foundations’ being long-lasting and trustworthy was deeply affected by the government. The foundations that undertook important missions in many fields in the Islamic states reached their peak in parallel with the development of the governments, especially with the Ottoman Empire. Correspondingly, there were changes also in their activities and management methods. In Islamic law where interest is not taken kindly, using the montes pietatis as a means of trade and charity for the good of the people was one of the changes mentioned. In spite of the arguments and criticism about the montes pietatis, most of the ulama of that period mentioned that this process was a kind of trade that could be briefly described as buying for cash and selling on trust, and they issued fatwa on that it was in accordance with Islamic Sharia. With this structuring that is ratified, banking business in Islamic states was founded, and the people fulfilled their need of cash from these foundations instead of usurers.
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Geçmişten günümüze perakende sektörü; tek kanallı yapıdan çok kanallı ve kanallar arası / çapraz kanallı bir yapıya, son olarak da bütünleşik kanallı bir yapıya evrilmiştir (Shi vd., 2020: 326). Bilgi-iletişim teknolojilerindeki baş döndürücü gelişmeler ve buna bağlı tüketici beklentilerindeki değişimler (Rivero-Gutierrez ve Samino-Garcia, 2020: 1), perakende çevresini yeniden sekillendirerek rekabet koşullarını ve mağazacılığı dramatik şekilde farklılaştırmış (Riaz vd., 2022: 2), çok kanal uygulamalarından bütünleşik kanal perakendeciliğine geçişi teşvik ederek kesintisiz müşteri deneyimi yaşatabilme açısından mevcuttaki birden fazla kanalın entegrasyonuna dayanan bu yeni bütünleşik yapıyı (Kopot, 2020: 1; Shi vd., 2020: 325) yükselen bir değer olarak öne çıkarmaya başlamıştır.
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06.02.2023 tarihi 04.17’de Kahramanmaraş ili Pazarcık ilçesinde 7.7 büyüklüğünde, ayrıca Elbistan merkezli saat 13.24’te 7.6 büyüklüğünde bir deprem daha meydana gelmiştir. Deprem; Kahramanmaraş, Adıyaman, Hatay, Osmaniye, Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır, Malatya, Adana ve Kilis başta olmak üzere çevre illerde yoğun şekilde hissedilmiştir. Türkiye Afet Müdahale Planı kapsamında depremin seviyesi. Seviye olarak ilan edilmiş, kentsel arama ve kurtarma alanında uluslararası yardım çağrısında bulunulmuştur (Afet ve Acil Durum Başkanlığı [AFAD], 2023).
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As the world moves towards a digitally driven economy, startup companies are becoming more and more important. Startups are companies that can rapidly innovate and develop new products, services and solutions to meet current and future needs. It is thought that the obstacles to be examined in the study and the factors that are effective in overcoming obstacles will provide valuable information about various aspects of starting and running a business. In addition, studying startups is expected to offer entrepreneurs the opportunity to learn from the mistakes of others and better understand the steps and processes involved in starting a business.
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Crowdfunding, which has gained a lot of attention in recent years, is seen as a popular way to finance modern, creative, and innovative projects. Crowdfunding is a practice that allows raising funds from a large number of people through an online platform to fund an idea or venture. In crowdfunding, there are three parties backers, project owners, and the crowdfunding platform. In terms of the contribution of the project owners to the fund supporters, crowdfunding is divided into two non-financial and financial. Charitable and reward-based crowdfunding has no financial returns, while debt- and equity-based crowdfunding is financially returns. This study, it is aimed to present a general perspective on the concept of crowdfunding. This way, readers will better understand the types of crowdfunding, their advantages and disadvantages, and how these affect crowdfunding projects. As a result of the study, it has been seen that crowdfunding can be a powerful tool to finance ideas or projects. It is thought that project owners should carefully plan and implement crowdfunding activities to achieve their projects' financing targets and increase their chances of realizing their ideas.
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