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Ochronna czy partycypacyjna funkcja związków zawodowych i ich wpływ na poziom nierówności dochodowych w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Paweł Miłoszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 51/2017

Taking into account that income inequality has negative impact on societies, this paper tries todiscover factors that may influence reduction of the inequality. It seems reasonable to consider laborunions as social organizations that in their cations should fight for better equality. In 21 countriesboth OECD and EU6 members 3 factors were examined. Two describing labor union protectivefunction (labor market protection and permanent contracts) and one describing participation function exercised in the countries by unions. Correlation has been checked between Gini Index andlabor market protection level, percent permanent contract and EPI 2.0 index. The analyses has beenperformed for all 21 countries and separately for the 16 representing the “old union”7. Presentedresults suggest strong correlation between Gini and EPI 2.0 suggesting that the better, stronger employeeparticipation the lower income inequality. At the same time no correlation has been foundbetween Gini and indexes describing labor union protective function.

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Modernizacja etnicznego kapitału ludzkiego – przypadek Romów

Author(s): Marcin Szewczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 51/2017

Investing in any form of capital will result in his development and modernization. To achievethis effect it is necessary to at least a basic level of capital. Romani human capital is very low. Thisis due to the Roma cultural specificities, which affects their socio-economic situation. Therefore,modernization of Roma human capital will be not performed at the same level as the modernizationof mainstream society human capital. Attempts to modernize implemented under the StructuralFunds do not bring the expected results. Strengthening Roma human capital through various formsof education and acquisition of skills and competences – even in conjunction with increasing theattractiveness of the Roma in the labor market – are inadequate. It is necessary to cover investmentsas their health, and housing. Such actions are carried out within the Roma framework strategy ofthe European Union. Due to the low level of effectiveness of these actions, we must pay attention tothe Roma social capital, which, as in the case of each ethnic minority is much better developed thanhuman capital. Despite its significant level, it remains internal capital without creating ties beyondtheir community. The modernization of social capital should lead to a positive impact on social andeconomic cohesion. The only way to accomplish this is to take the majority society effort to abandondiscrimination. This may result in an increase the radius of social trust. The modernized socialcapital will be the basis for building a true Roma human capital.

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Zróżnicowanie kapitału ludzkiego w Polsce w ujęciu regionalnym – analiza z wykorzystaniem metod wielowymiarowej analizy porównawczej

Author(s): Damian Mowczan / Language(s): Polish Issue: 51/2017

The paper presents the results of analyzes concerning the assessment of disparities in humancapital level in the Polish regions. Methods of multidimensional comparative analysis has beenused such as a Czekanowski diagram and synthetic measure, built on the basis of Euclidean metricsand generalised distance measure (GDM). When selecting indicators, human capital was treated asa multifaceted phenomenon that includes such areas as: quality of workers, entrepreneurship, qualityof education and research, health and structural mismatches. The analysis was performed not onlyfor average values of the period 2004–2014, but also in dynamic way, that includes rankings foreach year.The results indicate the presence of a variation in the level of human capital between regions.Based on the Czekanowski diagram, five groups of regions that are similar in terms of the quality ofhuman can be distinguish. It seems that the greatest diversity is among the most developed regionsin terms of the analyzed phenomenon. In addition, the persistent gap between the capital city regionand the rest of the regions was confirmed. Analysis of order of regions through time showed a relativestability of the rankings. Despite this, it seems that the differences between the regions with thehighest and lowest levels of human capital tend to spread.

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Skala zagrożenia ubóstwem i wykluczeniem społecznym

Author(s): Marta Kawa,Wiesława Kuźniar / Language(s): Polish Issue: 51/2017

This article presents the causes, scale and effects of social exclusion and the importance ofsocial cooperatives in the fight against social exclusion. In addition, it outlines the measures takento reduce social exclusion. Social cooperatives are institutions that are established to reduce socialexclusion, by social and professional reintegration. Foreclosure occurs when a given individualor social group found itself in a situation which significantly impedes the performance of socialroles, the use of public goods and services, social infrastructure and gaining income through decentwork, remunerated. Social exclusion negatively affects quality of life, reduces social activityand employment and increases the costs of the state. Social exclusion inter alia due to inequality,mainly profitable, but also in terms of access to education, work properly rewarded and social security.Social exclusion is multidimensional and dynamic, so it can be defined in different ways.In Poland in 2011, at risk of poverty or social exclusion it was 27.2% of the population.Causes and types of exclusion is very much, so it’s important to recognize that you can take steps tominimize exclusion. The occurrence of social exclusion adversely affects not only the given entityor social group, but also on socio-economic situation, limiting economic growth and development.The fight against social exclusion is of vital importance in EU policy. Combating this phenomenonrequires a comprehensive cooperation of all state institutions, local government units and the community.

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Analiza dynamiki natężenia i kierunków migracji ze słabo rozwiniętych województw Polski na tle kraju w latach 2009–2014

Author(s): Agata Surówka,Mateusz Działo,Sabina Posłuszna / Language(s): Polish Issue: 51/2017

The subject of the article is connected with tmigrations; quantithe phenomenon of migration. It is becoming moreand more popular. It influences the changes regarding employment and spatial arrangement. This phenomenontakes a special meaning in the areas characterized by a low level of social and economicdevelopment. These areas include macro-region - Eastern Poland (provinces: Subcarpathia, PodlasieProvince, Świętokrzyskie Province, Lublin Province and Warmia-Masuria Province). It is commonlynamed an eastern wall, or Poland B. As it is commonly known, this macro-region is a problematicone. One of the problems is the phenomenon of migration which is specially severe in this part of thecountry. What is worth emphasizing is the fact that the substantial part of migrating people are youngpeople. Taking the above into consideration, the analysis of this phenomenon seems to be absolutelynecessary and reasonable. The issues presented in the article allowed us to picture the situation regardinginterprovincial migration; within the provinces of Poland. The text has been divided into twoparts. In the first one, the research method applied has been described (flow net). In the second part,the results of the research have been presented. Considering the fact that migration is a complex phenomenonwhich is characterized by numerous aspects, the issues presented in the article concerningmigration processes in Eastern Poland, do not exhaust the matter entirely. The applied research approachallowed us to work out the answer to the question: What were the tendencies and directions ofpeople’s relocation in the area of Poland between 2009–2014. Conducting this research in the dynamicframe created the opportunity of identification, assessment and analysis of the existing regularities. Theresults can serve as the source of information about demographic and social changes and tendencieswhich took place in the area of Poland in the period concerned

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Determinanty decyzji w zakresie powrotów z zagranicznych wyjazdów zarobkowych mieszkańców obszarów peryferyjnych

Author(s): Piotr Cymanow,Klaudia Cymanow‑Sosin / Language(s): Polish Issue: 51/2017

The paper presents results of the research focused on decisions taken by migrant workers toreturn to Poland from abroad with a special focus on those individuals who come from peripheralareas in Małopolska and Podkarpacie regions. The purpose of the analysis was to define the mostimportant determinants of the return decisions and to estimate potential impact of the same on processesinvolving local activation of the areas in question. As part of the research 15 decision-relatedelements were identified; the achievement of the goal being the accumulation of a specific capitalwas considered by the respondents as the most important factor among economic ones. The returnof the migrants who successfully completed their agenda, may become an important pro-growth stimulusprovided that at least a portion of that capital is invested to create new or develop the existingjobs while, on the other hand, the consumption of the accumulated funds may yield local benefitsdue to multiplier effects. It is also worthwhile to stress that predominant economic factors includedthose related to the improvement of the migrant’s individual position on the local labor, namely,finding a job in Poland and as well as knowledge, experience and skills acquired abroad allowingthem to function on the market in their homeland more effectively.Non-economic stimuli emphasized by the respondents included the importance of the risk oftheir families or relationships breaking down as a result of prolonged separation, migrants’ healthproblems and the necessity of taking care of children and the elderly. Also alternative incomes determiningthe return of the migrants were analyzed and the results of the evaluation of migration fromthe perspective of the respondents were discussed.

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Социально-психологические основы изучения правопорядка как системного общественного феномена

Author(s): Igor Lanovenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 51/2017

The law and order, as a phenomenon system of organization public life, presented as a special socio-psychological reality, which contemplate not only ability, but also needs of its scientific analysis. The concept of law and order similar with concept of state, government, however, has not only institutional and multi-dimensional psychological aspects of its content. Dynamics of law and order is tightly correlates with trends of social development, changing of mental status, cultural terms, humanization or dehumanization of legal policy at definitely historical stage.In the presented article, the author’s vision of socio-psychological content of the individual boundaries of law and order is defined. In particular the attention to the role of the legislator getting the “obligation” for its normative regulation is paid. With protection of position of public safety there is an output that unreasoned, epistemologically unjustified rule-making is often as, if not more than damaging than the evil, which generated “power decree”.In the frame of the socio-psychological discourse and basing on the humanistic paradigm,safety of human is based on the sustainable legal fundament which can make real creation and conditionscompliance for self-actualization. Protection of the individual as a social value, ensuring itsright for development and happiness, in our opinion is the most important condition for the formationnot formal but the true law and order.

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The impact of benchlearning on the value of human capital. Reflections on an airline case study

Author(s): Beata Gierczak-Korzeniowska / Language(s): English Issue: 51/2017

Although learning is not a new phenomenon, the way of acquiring knowledge and time involvedin it is of great importance for the development of each company. Therefore, more and more methodsand practices are sought to satisfy those requirements, at the same time creating organizationalculture that encourages employees to continually expand their knowledge. Benchlearning, which is most often associated with continuous learning from the best ones, is an example of such practice.Therefore, this paper attempts to answer the question whether benchlearning has an impact on the ‘value’ of human capital. The employees and the company which were selected for the study seem to be important and decisive for the outcome, because such a company as PLL LOT should be characterized by the constant search for ways to meet the ever-increasing market competition. It is also worth mentioning that the contents of this paper should be an introduction for two reasons. First, benchlearning does not belong to the most frequently undertaken issues in the literature, both in the theoretical and practical dimensions. Second, the results presented represent only a section of an extended issue which is the utilisation of benchmarking in the selected departments of PLL LOT. Nevertheless, due to the specific nature of the industry such as aviation, and its obstructed access, even because of the safety of airlines and their passengers all these make the results presented significant cognitively.

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Kwantyfikacja ryzyka wypłat katastroficznych dla zdarzeń ubezpieczeniowych z wykorzystaniem teorii wartości ekstremalnych

Author(s): Piotr Dziel,Krzysztof Hrycko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2017

In the paper the authors apply Extreme Value Theory in the field of extremely high values of claims paid out by insurance companies conducting motor third party liability insurance. Extremely high indemnities and compensations were identified using Block Maxima and Excesses Over Threshold methods. The value of payments is modelled using Generalized Extreme Value and Generalized Pareto distributions. The empirical part of the work presents the study on claims data held by Information Centre of Insurance Guaran-tee Fund. The results of analysis can be applied in pricing models used by insurance and reinsurance undertakings as well can be used in the activities of the financial supervisory authority in relation to setting standards for the proper assessment of risk faced by entities of insurance market.

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Lojalność klientów w ubezpieczeniach autocasco

Author(s): Kamil Gala,Michał Bobrowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2017

This paper addresses the issue of statistical modeling of customer loyalty in automobile insurance, primarily voluntary motor own damage (MOD) insurance. The paper presents the results of the research study conducted on the basis of the data from the Polish Insurance Guarantee Fund. The main goal of the study was to identify key factors influencing the customer's decisions regarding MOD insurance − renewing the policy or switching to another insurer. This goal was achieved with the use of descriptive statistics, analysis of correlation and generalized linear models. The results obtained for MOD insurance were compared with those for MTPL to gain a broader picture of customer loyalty in Polish motor insurance market.

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Ekosocjonomia: nauka o gospodarowaniu

Author(s): Walenty Ostasiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2017

Human economy, as one of the most important social institutions, makes a part of the economy of nature. Nonetheless bodies of knowledge about these three systems: economic, social and ecological, are based on drastically different concepts. This article presents a way for reconciliation of all the three sciences by using unified conceptual framework of nature’s economy. It turns out that purely biological concept of metabolism can be extended to encompass human societies and their institutions. The extended concept has been referred to as a social metabolism. This paper contains some basic examples show-ing the way how social metabolism can be quantified in terms of energetic and material flows. This can be used for classifying societies according to their metabolic profiles.

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Statystyczna analiza wydatków żywnościowych gospodarstw domowych 50+

Author(s): Iwona Bąk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2017

The aim of the research conducted in the article is a statistical analysis and modeling of expenditure for food and drinks of households in which the head of house-hold was 50 years old and more. To describe the impact of selected variables on expendi-ture of households, the power-exponential model was used. The study includes the year 2014 and the integrated data set of 20,607 households. The analysis of income and ex-penditure was carried out on the basis of a set of individual non-identifiable data of household budgets, which was made available for consideration by the CSO. The analysis of expenditure for food showed a significant positive impact of total expenditure per capita and a negative impact of number of people in households. Statistically significant was also an impact of the class of place of living, the socio-economic group, subjective assessment of the financial situation of households, education and age of the head of the household.

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The role of "deprivation" in the conceptualization of social tension in the Ukrainian society

Author(s): Yevhen Siryi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

This article attempts to expand interpretational ability of the deprivational paradigm for social tensions (ST). This is due to the conceptual uncertainty, weak presentability and possible underestimation of gnoseological resource of the deprivation theory. This article attempts to construct a semantic core concept of ST using components of T. Gurr’s and J. Davis’ deprivation theory, theory of frustration by J. Dollard, stress theory by R.K. Merton, and the related theories and concepts that complement and extend the gnoseological potential of deprivation theory. We have performed explicative analysis of deprivation regarding social context, justified and evaluated gnoseological potential of deprivation as a semantic core of conceptualization of social tension. We have analyzed social characteristics of typicality of today's Ukrainian society. We have accentuated the significance and potential of the deprivational paradigm regarding the explanation of social tension, in modern Ukrainian realities that have developed over the past decades.

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Analiza danych niemetrycznych w badaniu wyposażenia gospodarstw domowych w dobra trwałe. Wybrane aspekty

Author(s): Józef Dziechciarz,Marta Dziechciarz-Duda / Language(s): English Issue: 330/2017

Measurement of household endowment with durables is crucial in many aspects of assessing the social and economic situation of a country and its citizens. The demand (sales) for durables is regarded as one of the key indicators of economic conditions. Similarly, analysis and evaluation of household durable goods are usually considered in the context of measuring the quality of life. The possession of durables is measured by means of the number and quality of goods in households. Measurement of household endowment is conducted usually by means of weak measurement scales, namely nominal and ordinal. Such data require the use of specialised tools for analysis and modelling. This study discusses the possibilities of statistical analysis of such data. Additionally, modelling and problems of inference on the basis of obtained results are discussed. / Pomiar wyposażenia gospodarstw domowych jest kluczowy w wielu aspektach oceny stanu społeczno ekonomicznego kraju i jego obywateli. Zapotrzebowanie (sprzedaż) jest traktowane jako jeden z kluczowych wskaźników stanu koniunktury w gospodarce. Podobnie analiza i ocena poziomu wyposażenia gospodarstw domowych w dobra trwałe są rozpatrywane w kontekście pomiaru jakości życia. W badaniu wyposażenia gospodarstw domowych mierzy się liczbę i jakość dóbr, w jakie wyposażone są gospodarstwa domowe. Pomiar wyposażenia gospodarstw domowych prowadzony jest najczęściej za pomocą słabych skali pomiarowych, nominalnej i porządkowej. Takie dane wymagają stosowania wyspecjalizowanych narzędzi analizy i modelowania. W opracowaniu zostanie podjęta dyskusja o możliwościach statystycznej analizy takich danych i ich modelowania oraz o problemach wnioskowania na podstawie uzyskanych wyników.

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Aksjonormatywne postawy przedsiębiorców na świecie Analiza porównawcza

Author(s): Robert Rogowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2017

The paper presents the results of research on ethical attitudes of entrepreneurs based on a global survey (World Values Survey, six waves of research conducted in 2010–2014). More than ninety thousand interviews were analyzed. The most important values of the investigated entrepreneurs are family, work and religion.Less important are friends, leisure time and politics. Achieving material wellbeing in life is an essential goal, especially for people living in less developed continents. The respondents most often declared central political views. The great importance of God in their lives was pointed out by the inhabitants of both Americas and Africa. Research has shown that acts such as theft, tax fraud, corruption and non-payment for public transport are generally negatively assessed, but there are some differences in attitudes.

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Przyszłość wolontariatu pracowniczego – e-wolontariat?

Author(s): Urszula Gołaszewska-Kaczan / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2017

The development of the Internet has created new opportunities in every field of social responsibility, including volunteering. An interesting new trend has been born – e-volunteering, which enables people to help others without leaving the house. E-volunteering is primarily based upon employee competences. It enables the sharing of knowledge and skills.In the essay, the author ponders whether e-volunteering is a thriving phenomenon.She tries to describe the new trend, pointing out its benefits and possible related issues. In the thesis, it is stated that e-volunteering is in fact prosperous. It saves volunteers’ time, reduces associated costs, and isn’t only limited to the volunteers’ neighborhood. However, this form of volunteering won’t replace the traditional volunteering activities, especially those based upon direct contact with trainees.

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Education agents as competitiveness enhancers of Australian universities by internationalisation facilitation

Author(s): Anirban Sarkar,Áron Perényi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

Objective: The objective of this paper is to explore the role of education agents as drivers of competitiveness of Australian Universities by facilitating internationalisation. Research Design & Methods: The paper presents an analysis of semi structured interviews from two international officers of Universities, an education officer with Victorian Government and an education agent with decades of experience. This set of primary data and a comprehensive literature review served as a stimulus for the investigating the role of education agent in the internationalisation of higher education. Findings: It is evident that the agents play an extremely vital role in the internationalisation process and the four key themes that are identified from the interviews are Market Knowledge, Network Facilitators, Financial Interest and Reliance and Trust factor. This is further supported from the analysis of the extant literature. Implications & Recommendations: The paper proposes several key concepts/themes that could be used to frame future investigations into the role of education agents in the internationalisation of higher education. The higher education providers should not neglect the importance of the knowledge that the education agent may offer for recruiting international students or even to establish an offshore operation. Contribution & Value Added: The originality of this work lies in finding the various themes which are essential to be looked at by the higher education providers in order to further utilise the potential of education agents in the internationalisation process.

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Preferences in Self-Employment and Entrepreneurship in the Republic of Serbia: Gender Analysis

Author(s): Maja Ivanović-Đukić,Vinko Lepojević / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

Participation of women in enterpreneurial activity is lower than in men. The gender gap in entrepreneurial preferences may be affected by a large number of very different factors. This study is focused on examining the impact of a large number of different factors on preferences of women and men towards entrepreneurship. The aim of this study was to identify the factors that have a dominant influence on the preferences of men and women towards entrepreneurship, and to propose measures that may increase entrepreneurial tendencies and entrepreneurship development. The initial assumption of this paper was that the preferences of women towards entrepreneurship is lower than the preferences of men, that the dominant influence on gender gap is the women’s great aversion to risk, as well as a large number of barriers in capital provision women face as compared to men. The analysis was conducted on a sample of 1,000 people in Serbia. The study had two phases. In the first phase, we identified seven factors which have the greatest impact on the preferences of the population towards entrepreneurship. Then, using the methods of logistic regression, we analysed the influence of each of them to entrepreneurial preferences. It was shown that the greatest and statistically significant impact on the gender gap in the entrepreneurial preferences of the population in Serbia are the following factors: different possibilities of women and men in obtaining a startup capital, different opportunities for women and men in finding jobs, different risk appetites of women and men and a greater burden on women's family responsibilities.

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Aspiring to a better life, or surviving on the minimum? Explaining the discrepancies between Hungarians’ declared and real financial situation

Author(s): Csongor Hajdu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Recent comparison of the consumer confidence of Hungarians with their spending reveals numerous cases when individuals became less confident about their financial situation (expecting it to get worse), yet continued – and even increased – spending, rather contradicting initial expectations. This discrepancy cannot be explained by general, national financial indicators, as income and inflation only provide a partial understanding of the difference between confidence and spending. A review of further determinants highlights the similarities between trends in confidence, poverty, and the social gap, suggesting that the revision and consideration of social benchmarks and previous income trends are significant determinants of consumer confidence and spending.

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The economic base of social insurance

Author(s): Radosław Pacud / Language(s): English Issue: 26/2017

This article takes up the question of establishing what the basis of the model of distribution through social insurance is. Referring to the concepts of the base and superstructure and their meaning in Marxian economics, it was accepted that these are suitable for resolving the question posed. The theoretical research method applied was the result of the search for such concepts and tools which would facilitate an interdisciplinary approach to identification of diverse factors which comprehensively determine the economic efficiency and viability of social insurance. The labour and capital in the economy are included among the economic base factors of social insurance, as well as the primary monetary and material resources which are mobilized by insurance institutions in a first stage of its development. Labour has direct impact on base of social insurance, while the capital plays indirect role. It is finally proposed to discuss in the social insurance superstructure with few kinds of factors: finance (monetary resources and social insurance financial assets and monetary resources from state subsidies), politics (activity of the state and the law it applies, as well as customary) and eventually law and social norms (religious or cultural norms which require compliance with the law determining obligatory contributions). The base and superstructure of social insurance remain mutually dependent, providing a wide basis for understanding the economic system of social insurance.

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