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Dlaczego Arystoteles sprzeciwiał się pobieraniu procentu?

Author(s): Katarzyna Appelt / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

The concept of interest belongs to the most intricate issues in economics. Even though it has been undertaken by the most prominent philosophers there is by far no consensus on its nature and origin. Aristotle proves that money – a medium of exchange – can not be a source of value which justifies charging the interest. St. Thomas Aquinas adds that the money utility comes down to its spending and, as a consequence, collecting interest is a claim for double payment and as such can not be justified. In modern times, along with an expansion of credit institution, the economists started questioning the arguments raised both by Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas. It has been proved that capital is productive and a source of interest on capital is the surplus of value of final goods over the value of commodities which had served to their production. The interest on capital has to be treated as a reward for risk or abstinence undertaken by an entrepreneur.A fundamental change in an approach to the concept of interest took place along with the 19th-century revolution of value. Both Jevons and von Böhm-Bawerk noticed that a source of interest on capital needs to be associated with a difference in value of future and present goods. The interest as such is not a monetary phenomenon. A theory of interest developed by the subjective school of economics seems to be the first one which does not question the Aristotle’s assumptions and it can be interpreted as an evolution of the Aristotle’s concept.

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The Role of Virtual Communities in the Process of Creation of Knowledge Resources in a Company

Author(s): Wiesława Caputa / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Development of the Internet and social media allowed for creating and maintaining of social and business relations in cyberspace which resulted in dynamic growth of virtual communities whose members are very often stakeholders of a company including: customers, employees, suppliers, creditors and investors. These entities are differentiated by their knowledge potential and willingness to share this knowledge with other entities inside and outside the community. In contemporary companies where the foundation of competitive potential is knowledge the usage of diversified knowledge potential is not only a necessity but also a challenge. The main purpose of the paper is highlighting the possibilities to apply virtual communities in the process of goodwill creation. The research presented in the paper aimed at determining the reasons for using virtual communities among the citizens of Poland between 2008 and 2016 and the results of this research confirmed feeble utilisation of knowledge potential of virtual communities in the creation of knowledge resource in a company.

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Intellectual Capital of Socioeconomic Area: Measure and Structure. Part II. Intellectual Capital of a Company and Intellectual Capital Value of a Given Socioeconomic Area

Author(s): Jan Ostoj / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

This paper is the second in the series of three papers devoted to the estimated value of intellectual capital belonging to any socioeconomic area: province, municipality, country, region etc. An idea of the estimated value is based on the assumption that the value of a given socioeconomic area for its residents is determined by income generated due to the presence of a business activity in a given area. The structure of the presented method allows for covering all components of intellectual capital within estimated value regardless whether their existence is realized or not. The paper presents the valuation method of intellectual capital to be found in a given socioeconomic area for the purpose of using this method in the third part of the series in which estimates will be conducted for each individual voivodeship (province) in Poland.

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Analiza danych niemetrycznych w badaniu wyposażenia gospodarstw domowych w dobra trwałe. Wybrane aspekty

Author(s): Józef Dziechciarz,Marta Dziechciarz-Duda / Language(s): English Issue: 330/2017

Measurement of household endowment with durables is crucial in many aspects of assessing the social and economic situation of a country and its citizens. The demand (sales) for durables is regarded as one of the key indicators of economic conditions. Similarly, analysis and evaluation of household durable goods are usually considered in the context of measuring the quality of life. The possession of durables is measured by means of the number and quality of goods in households. Measurement of household endowment is conducted usually by means of weak measurement scales, namely nominal and ordinal. Such data require the use of specialised tools for analysis and modelling. This study discusses the possibilities of statistical analysis of such data. Additionally, modelling and problems of inference on the basis of obtained results are discussed. / Pomiar wyposażenia gospodarstw domowych jest kluczowy w wielu aspektach oceny stanu społeczno ekonomicznego kraju i jego obywateli. Zapotrzebowanie (sprzedaż) jest traktowane jako jeden z kluczowych wskaźników stanu koniunktury w gospodarce. Podobnie analiza i ocena poziomu wyposażenia gospodarstw domowych w dobra trwałe są rozpatrywane w kontekście pomiaru jakości życia. W badaniu wyposażenia gospodarstw domowych mierzy się liczbę i jakość dóbr, w jakie wyposażone są gospodarstwa domowe. Pomiar wyposażenia gospodarstw domowych prowadzony jest najczęściej za pomocą słabych skali pomiarowych, nominalnej i porządkowej. Takie dane wymagają stosowania wyspecjalizowanych narzędzi analizy i modelowania. W opracowaniu zostanie podjęta dyskusja o możliwościach statystycznej analizy takich danych i ich modelowania oraz o problemach wnioskowania na podstawie uzyskanych wyników.

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Improving the Relationship between Welfare Economics and Ethics

Author(s): Carmen Pagliari,Iacopo Odoardi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

In this essay, the essential aspects of Welfare Economics are summarized in order to analyse the possible links with Ethics, and consequently to provide useful suggestions for Economic Policy. The Introduction contains the principles of neoclassical Welfare Economics, without considering the circumstances in which the so‑called failures of competitive markets occur. The second part of this paper contains a description of two possible solutions to the problem concerning the integration of Welfare Economics and Ethics.The first solution is the determination of the optimal combination of general competitive equilibrium principles and social ethics ones, without removing the theoretical structure of Welfare Economics. This first proposal, while retaining some economic liberalism principles, assigns a central role to the government, which is delegated to superimpose on the Pareto criterion a distributive justice rule. Another solution, which is suggested by Sen, is essentially directed to modify Welfare Economics by ethical criteria aimed at improving every individual deprivation, and it is based on the distinction between the two concepts of ‘utility’ and ‘agency’. We also proposed exploiting the original considerations written by Smith about social aspects as a useful integration and support to Sen’s approach.

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Social and Economic Significance of Moral Capital

Author(s): Marek Wódka / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

In recent years, or even months, Polish scholars have gradually become more and more interested in moral capital. Generally, they have addressed this issue without going intomuch detail. Building on the latest publications which describe moral capital, this paperthoroughly explores the issue of the social and economic significance of moral capital.As a result, moral capital will be presented from two complementary points of view,namely sociological and economic.

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Education agents as competitiveness enhancers of Australian universities by internationalisation facilitation

Author(s): Anirban Sarkar,Áron Perényi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

Objective: The objective of this paper is to explore the role of education agents as drivers of competitiveness of Australian Universities by facilitating internationalisation. Research Design & Methods: The paper presents an analysis of semi structured interviews from two international officers of Universities, an education officer with Victorian Government and an education agent with decades of experience. This set of primary data and a comprehensive literature review served as a stimulus for the investigating the role of education agent in the internationalisation of higher education. Findings: It is evident that the agents play an extremely vital role in the internationalisation process and the four key themes that are identified from the interviews are Market Knowledge, Network Facilitators, Financial Interest and Reliance and Trust factor. This is further supported from the analysis of the extant literature. Implications & Recommendations: The paper proposes several key concepts/themes that could be used to frame future investigations into the role of education agents in the internationalisation of higher education. The higher education providers should not neglect the importance of the knowledge that the education agent may offer for recruiting international students or even to establish an offshore operation. Contribution & Value Added: The originality of this work lies in finding the various themes which are essential to be looked at by the higher education providers in order to further utilise the potential of education agents in the internationalisation process.

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Preferences in Self-Employment and Entrepreneurship in the Republic of Serbia: Gender Analysis

Author(s): Maja Ivanović-Đukić,Vinko Lepojević / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

Participation of women in enterpreneurial activity is lower than in men. The gender gap in entrepreneurial preferences may be affected by a large number of very different factors. This study is focused on examining the impact of a large number of different factors on preferences of women and men towards entrepreneurship. The aim of this study was to identify the factors that have a dominant influence on the preferences of men and women towards entrepreneurship, and to propose measures that may increase entrepreneurial tendencies and entrepreneurship development. The initial assumption of this paper was that the preferences of women towards entrepreneurship is lower than the preferences of men, that the dominant influence on gender gap is the women’s great aversion to risk, as well as a large number of barriers in capital provision women face as compared to men. The analysis was conducted on a sample of 1,000 people in Serbia. The study had two phases. In the first phase, we identified seven factors which have the greatest impact on the preferences of the population towards entrepreneurship. Then, using the methods of logistic regression, we analysed the influence of each of them to entrepreneurial preferences. It was shown that the greatest and statistically significant impact on the gender gap in the entrepreneurial preferences of the population in Serbia are the following factors: different possibilities of women and men in obtaining a startup capital, different opportunities for women and men in finding jobs, different risk appetites of women and men and a greater burden on women's family responsibilities.

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Aspiring to a better life, or surviving on the minimum? Explaining the discrepancies between Hungarians’ declared and real financial situation

Author(s): Csongor Hajdu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Recent comparison of the consumer confidence of Hungarians with their spending reveals numerous cases when individuals became less confident about their financial situation (expecting it to get worse), yet continued – and even increased – spending, rather contradicting initial expectations. This discrepancy cannot be explained by general, national financial indicators, as income and inflation only provide a partial understanding of the difference between confidence and spending. A review of further determinants highlights the similarities between trends in confidence, poverty, and the social gap, suggesting that the revision and consideration of social benchmarks and previous income trends are significant determinants of consumer confidence and spending.

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Intellectual Capital of Socioeconomic Area: Measureand Structure Part III. Intellectual Capital of a Region - Estimate on The Example Of Polish Voivodships

Author(s): Jan Ostoj / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

This paper is the last in the series of three papers devoted to the estimated value ofintellectual capital belonging to any socioeconomic area: voivodship (province),municipality, country, region etc. An idea of the estimated value is based on theassumption that the value of a given socioeconomic area for its residents is determinedby income generated due to the presence of a business activity in a given area. Thestructure of the presented method allows for covering all components of intellectualcapital within estimated value regardless whether their existence is realized or not. Thepaper, the third in the series, makes an approximate estimate of intellectual capital inindividual voivodships in Poland for the year 2013. Therefore, it is possible to disclosesignificant quantitative and qualitative relationships , inter alia between intellectualcapital and population of individual provinces.

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Dilemmas of financial consumer security

Author(s): Ewa Wierzbicka / Language(s): English Issue: 26/2017

The prevalence of the financial sphere over the real economy is on the increase in the contemporary economy. The financial market’s significance and impact on non-financial entities’ operation is growing. Financial markets affect the economic policies adopted by governments and households. Is it possible for consumers to make rational choices and satisfy their needs in this era of a growing dominance of the financial system over the real economy, constantly changing the economic reality, tangle of innovative financial products offered to them by financial intermediation institutions and novel technologies? Can consumers feel safe and can their economic interests be safeguarded and financial security be ensured now and in the future? This paper identifies the financial security determinants (pillars) for buyers of financial services. The Author proves that financial education and an increased volume of information provided to consumers is not sufficient to protect them as the recipients of financial services.

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Evaluation of the benefits costs to cover the needs arising from personal injury

Author(s): Anna Jędrzychowska / Language(s): English Issue: 26/2017

The source of a personal injury can be e.g. a road traffic accident, a work accident, medical malpractice, etc. This article will focus on determining the financial impact of personal injury. In particular, the cost of victim treatment will be estimated and also the capital to cover increased needs after accident. Such calculations are essential for the proper management of the financial effects of personal injury in the victim's household. Grounds for such a claim are civil law, which is applicable in European countries to a similar extent. If an accident victim has suffered bodily injury, the person who has caused the accident should provide the injured person with funds to cover their increased needs. The increased needs, which might arise for an accident victim, include for instance: additional costs of medical appointments, travel to health facilities, medicines and medical equipment, physical therapy, special diet, care and also: loved ones’ travels to the hospital and employment of a housekeeper. The aim of this paper is to present a possible methodology for capital valuation, corresponding to the impact of personal injury on the basis of an actuarial account. Knowledge of the current value of such capital (annuity) is important for the person who is to pay it (e.g. an insurer). The victim may also want to know the present value of the annuity, because it can be change in the case of a one-off payment. The article includes a proposal to use an actuarial pension to assess the costs that arise as a result of personal injury. The article focuses solely on the costs of treatment and rehabilitation. The examples contained in this article show what high costs are generated by personal injury. In addition, the article mentions a number of significant differences in treatment costs in the EU. Being aware of these differences is important because the damage to a person can be related to the citizens of EU countries (especially if one considers motor vehicle liability insurance).

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The economic base of social insurance

Author(s): Radosław Pacud / Language(s): English Issue: 26/2017

This article takes up the question of establishing what the basis of the model of distribution through social insurance is. Referring to the concepts of the base and superstructure and their meaning in Marxian economics, it was accepted that these are suitable for resolving the question posed. The theoretical research method applied was the result of the search for such concepts and tools which would facilitate an interdisciplinary approach to identification of diverse factors which comprehensively determine the economic efficiency and viability of social insurance. The labour and capital in the economy are included among the economic base factors of social insurance, as well as the primary monetary and material resources which are mobilized by insurance institutions in a first stage of its development. Labour has direct impact on base of social insurance, while the capital plays indirect role. It is finally proposed to discuss in the social insurance superstructure with few kinds of factors: finance (monetary resources and social insurance financial assets and monetary resources from state subsidies), politics (activity of the state and the law it applies, as well as customary) and eventually law and social norms (religious or cultural norms which require compliance with the law determining obligatory contributions). The base and superstructure of social insurance remain mutually dependent, providing a wide basis for understanding the economic system of social insurance.

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Labor-capital relations in the construction sector in Poland

Author(s): Krzysztof Drachal / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The aim of this paper is to estimate the Cobb-Douglas production function and the CES (constant elasticity of substitution) function for the construction sector in Poland. The period since 2002 is analyzed. Moreover, the Solow decomposition of the economic growth is estimated. Most of the models are linearized in order to apply the ordinary least squares for linear regression models. The CES function is estimated both with a help of Kmenta approximation and the nonlinear least squares (NLS) using a variant of the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. In a short literature review some recent findings for Polish economy are briefly reminded in the context of the current research. Finally, it is concluded that the technological progress (both in the national economy and in the construction sector) is approximately 3%. The Cobb-Douglas function is preferred over the CES function, both in the national economy and in the construction sector. Elasticities of the labor are greater than elasticities of the capital.

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FACTOR MODELING OF REUSEABLE GOODS MARKET IN THE CONTEXT OF DEMATERIALIZATION OF CONSUMPTION

Author(s): Iryna Sontyk,Oleksii Goncharenko,Oksana Hrynevych / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

The necessity of dematerialization of consumption through the development of reusable goods market is presented in this article in the context of achieving sustainable development. On the example of consumer goods, a model of the reusable goods market was formed, based on material balance of socio-economic systems. The factors of influence on the demand of reusable goods market were determined. The recommendations for using ecological and economic instruments to manage dematerialization shifts in the economy within each factor were developed.

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E-Gov and Sustainability: a Literature Review

Author(s): François Pougel,Soline Bonnel,Grischa Beier / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

E-governance (e-gov) might provide the missing tools in order to move closer to the good governance ideal, often depicted as a key element for a sustainable future. But how is sustainability considered in the scientific debate around e-gov? The main objective of this paper is to review the current research at the intersection of e-gov and sustainability in order to provide insights on the identified challenges and opportunities arising from e-gov as well as the preconditions for sustainable e-gov. A systematic review of the existing body of scientific literature published since 2012 has been performed, and after several screenings - from the 180 documents initially identified - 30 articles were selected and analysed in-depth. The results of the analysis are structured based on the sustainability perspective and governance perspective respectively, with authors from developing countries rather looking into development opportunities while authors from developed countries focus on efficiency gains.

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Policies and Instruments for Social Development

Author(s): Margarita Bogdanova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Current paper presents a book review made by Prof. Dr. Margarita Bogdanova on the monograph “Policies and instruments for social development” – an edition of Innovations and Sustainability Academy – Bulgaria authored by Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Natural History Prof. Dr. Eng. Venelin Terziev.

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Niepewność jako nieodzowna cecha współczesnych sieci logistycznych

Author(s): Tomasz Jałowiec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 110/2016

Sednem działalności logistycznej jest nieustanna optymalizacja przepływów fizycznych towarów wraz z towarzyszącymi im strumieniami informacyjnymi. Na przestrzeni lat doszło do integracji podmiotów zaangażowanych w dany przepływ, co przełożyło się na upowszechnienie teorii i praktyki łańcuchów oraz sieci logistycznych. Prawidłowe ich funkcjonowanie bazuje na zasadzie partnerstwa, która stanowi niejako klucz do sukcesu współczesnych, globalnych sieci logistycznych. Jednak pomimo podejmowanych działań zmierzających do wyeliminowania zakłóceń, wciąż w działalności logistycznej podmiotów gospodarczych występuje znaczna niepewność. W dużej mierze odnosi się ona do trzech kluczowych płaszczyzn. Po pierwsze poszczególne ogniwa łańcucha/sieci nie są w wielu przypadkach pewne, czy przesyłane przez inny podmiot informacje są wiarygodne i aktualne. Po drugie, jest konsekwencją szerokiego spektrum zakłóceń, które mogą pojawić się w trakcie transportu czy magazynowania poszczególnych towarów. Ponadto kluczową kwestią, wpływającą bezpośrednio na zjawisko niepewności w działalności logistycznej podmiotów gospodarczych jest duża zmienność oczekiwań klientów. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja głównych czynników generujących niepewność we współczesnych sieciach logistycznych.(abstrakt oryginalny) The essence of logistics activities is the continuous optimization of the physical flow of goods with accompanying information. Over the years there has been integration of the entities involved in the flow, which resulted in the dissemination of the theory and practice of chains and logistics networks. Their proper functioning is based on the principle of partnership, which is a type of key to the success of the modern, global logistics network. However, despite the efforts undertaken to eliminate interference, considerable uncertainty still exists in logistics activities of economic entities. To a large extent it relates to three key planes. Firstly, the elements of supply chain/networks are in many cases not sure if some information sent by another element is reliable. Secondly, it is the consequence of a broad spectrum of interference that may occur during transport or storage of individual goods. In addition, a key issue directly affecting the phenomenon of uncertainty in logistics activities of economic entities is the large variability in customer expectations. The aim of this article is to identify the main factors generating uncertainty in modern logistics networks.(original abstract)

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Kształtowanie przewag konkurencyjnych obszarów wiejskich: branding i marketing

Author(s): Inna Kulish / Language(s): Polish Issue: 111/2016

Zbadano zasady teoretyczne i metodologiczne powstawania brandingu i marketingu obszarów wiejskich. Udowodniono ważną rolę brandingu i marketingu obszarów wiejskich w zwiększaniu konkurencyjności regionu i kraju. Określono podstawowe kierunki rozwoju brandingu i marketingu obszarów wiejskich w nowoczesnych warunkach. Zaproponowano środki dla wdrożenia mechanizmów marketingowych w działalności samorządów wiejskich społeczności terytorialnych w celu poprawy ich konkurencyjności.(abstrakt oryginalny) Theoretical and methodological foundations of the formation of the marketing of rural areas have been researched. The significant role of marketing rural territories in enhancing the competitiveness of the region have been proved. The main directions of marketing development of rural territories have been outlined, according to modern conditions. The activities for implementation of marketing mechanisms in the activities of local government of rural territorial communities have been proposed. The aim of the activities is to increase the competitiveness of their economies.(original abstract)

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Osoba niepełnosprawna ruchowo jako konsument 3.0

Author(s): Magdalena Maciaszczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 112/2017

W niniejszej publikacji przybliżono zagadnienia związane z pojęciem konsumenta 3.0 oraz przedstawiono zestaw cech charakterystycznych dla współczesnego konsumenta. Artykuł ma charakter koncepcyjny. Podstawą do napisania opracowania były jakościowe badania przeprowadzone na celowo dobranej próbie konsumentów niepełnosprawnych ruchowo, zamieszkujących na terenie Lubelszczyzny. Uzyskane wyniki upoważniają do postawienia tezy, iż względnie młodzi konsumenci niepełnosprawni ruchowo legitymują się cechami wspólnymi oraz przejawiają szereg zachowań, które spełniają założenia bycia konsumentem 3.0.(abstrakt oryginalny) The author of the publication presents issues connected to consumer 3.0 and presents a set of characteristics peculiar to the modern consumer. The article has a conceptual character. The basis for the research part of the paper are qualitative examinations conducted on a research group of suitably selected physically disabled consumers living in the Lubelskie Region. The achieved results authorize to express the thesis that comparatively younger physically disabled consumers share common features, as well as display the sequence of behaviours that allow to categorize them as consumers 3.0.(original abstract)

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