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Richard Bach’in “Marti Jonathan Livingston” Adli Anlatısının Türkçe Çevirilerinin Eşdeğerlik Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi Üzerine Bir Deneme

Author(s): Sezgin Demir / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 144/2009

Today, in which international communication and interaction are extremely intense, sience of translation appears as an essential principle to be benefited in the field of literature as in many areas. One of problems seen frequently in theoretical studies in this area is equivalence called as mutual relation between source text and target text. This correlation, whether in source or target text-based translatio, directs the study and influences the text and translator. In this study, Richard Bach's narration with the name of “Jonathan Livingston Seagull” and Turkish translations have been evaluated in the context of equivalence. A sample section taken from source text has been evaluated together with the Turkish equivalents; a structural analysis based on text has been aimed. Both the grammatical equivalence occur between source text and target text, and semantical equivalence of texts have been taken into consideration. This examination reflects an empirical study.

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Dilbilgisinden Kullanıma: Bilişsel Yaklaşım Çerçevesinde İşe Dayalı Dil Öğretim Malzemesi Oluşturma Önerisi

Author(s): Murat Özgen / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 141/2008

One of the demanding and time-consuming tasks in foreign language teaching is to prepare and develop class materials. There are various views in the literature regarding the preparation of a class material. This study is an attempt towards the methods of the preparation of a class material. Before the presentation of this material, a summary of the cognitive approaches to grammar instruction has been presented, and a short information regarding the task-based learning model has been given. Afterwards, a class which could be prepared within the framework of those two theoretical bases has been given. In the last section, a material for speaking skills has been developed.

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Avrasya Türkçelerinin Karşılaştırmalı İncelenmesi

Author(s): Mehman Musaoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 124/2004

This article focuses on diachronical descriptive studies of Turkic written languages and dialects, both confrontative and contrastive. These studies, which have commenced in 11th century and increased in number from the 19th century forth, are described and reviewed here. These languages, for which we coin the term 'modern Eurasian Turkic languages', are re-described according to written dialects and sociolinguistic spoken languages.

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SLAVIC LANGUAGES IN CONTACT, 6: HAPAX LEGOMENA, CONSONANT HARMONY AND REFLEXES OF -G- IN TURKISH LOANWORDS IN SOUTH EASTERN BULGARIAN DIALECTS

Author(s): Marek Stachowski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The paper offers a reinterpretation of a few phonetic changes, which mostly have been treated as simple adaptation processes whereas at least some of them reveal phonetic trends either in Bulgarian or in Turkish dialects.

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BULGARIAN EQUIVALENTS OF CULINARY LEXICAL BALKANISMS

Author(s): Ana Kocheva / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Lexical Balkanisms most often keep the form of the language from which they derive and the close semantic meaning they carry. Culinary Balkanisms (predominantly Turkisms) in the dialects of the Bulgarian language share the fate of lexical Balkanisms in general – their usage is restricted or they are replaced by native equivalents.

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Slavic languages in contact, 4: Turkic in Slovak – A short note

Author(s): Marek Stachowski / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

Slovak has never had especially intense contacts with Turkish or any other Turkic language. This author tries to show that loanwords called “Turkisms in Slovak” nevertheless call for more attention and research than one might initially think as well as that, indeed, there possibly exist a few words borrowed directly from Turkish into Slovak. These words may, at least sometimes, reflect an old colloquial pronunciation variant in the speech of Turkish soldiers and are, thus, a Slovak contribution to investigation into Turkish linguistic history.

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Тюркские элементы в топонимии Южной Осетии

Author(s): Yuri Albertovich Dzitstsojty / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

In this paper, the Turkic elements in the toponymy of South Ossetia were analyzed. Most of these elements have never been previously studied. A brief survey of the history of the study of Turkisms in the toponymy of the region was performed. It was revealed that the proportion of South Ossetian Turkisms is very insignificant: they account for less than 1% of the total number of toponyms of South Ossetia. Here, it should be emphasized that the study of South Ossetian toponymy and, in particular, Turkisms is at the early stage and, therefore, other Turkisms may be discovered in the future. In the toponymy of North Ossetia, there are many more Turkisms, which is explained by the direct Ossetian-Turkic contacts in the North Caucasus without the participation of the ancestors of South Ossetians. A total of 20 toponyms, all borrowed from the Turkic languages, were analyzed. These are mainly names associated with livestock life, as well as names reflecting the realities of mountain landscapes and water objects. The identified Turkisms in the toponymy of South Ossetia, with rare exceptions, do not occur in the toponymy or dialects of North Ossetia, thereby indicating their independent appearance due to the partial infiltration of the Turkic ethnic element into the territory of South Ossetia.

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Закон Мензерата – Альтманна: эксперименты с текстами на татарском языке

Author(s): Alfia Makarimovna Galieva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

The Menzerath–Altmann law on the relationship between the length of linguistic units and the length of their components is one of the important laws of quantitative linguistics. This law is a result of an advanced linguistic structures organization and is of great importance for the modern theory of language aimed at revealing the relations between qualitative features and quantitative parameters of the language. The validity of the Menzerath–Altmann law has been confirmed in a number of works on languages with different morphological structures. The main purpose of this paper is empirical testing of the Menzerath–Altmann law on the Tatar language with the help of various fiction texts (both poetry and prose). The distribution of word forms in the Tatar language by length, observed values of the average syllable length depending on the word length, average values of the syllable length predicted by the model, as well as the model parameters were investigated for the analyzed texts. To assess the goodness of fitting of the model, the coefficient of determination R 2 , which for different texts ranged from 0.676 to 0.999, was used. It was concluded that G. Altman’s formula is in good agreement with the data of the Tatar language. The model predicts not only the decreasing average syllable length with the increasing word length (function monotonicity), but also its subsequent increasing (change in the function monotonicity) for a number of texts.

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История изучения теории знаков в Восточном языкознании и философии

Author(s): Sura Tariel Panakhly / Language(s): Russian Issue: 09/2021

The article considers the history of the development of the sign theory in Oriental linguistics and philosophy. In the course of the research, the author relies on the historical-descriptive method of linguistics to analyse the status of the sign theory in Turkic literary sources.

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YUSUF HAKÎKÎ BABA’NIN MAHABBETNÂMESİ VE DİL ÖZELLİKLERİ

Author(s): Murat ALTUĞ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 22/2021

Language researchers generally name the literary language used primarily on Anatolian geography between the 13th and 15th centuries as Old Anatolian Turkish. Many works were written during this period when the Turkish spoken in Turkey emerged. One of them is the Mahabbetnâme, the religious-mystical work of Yusuf Hakîkî Baba. Yusuf Hakiki is a Sufi poet and writer who lived in Aksaray in the 15th century. Mahabbetnâme is a work that appears with its unique aspects besides the skillful handling of religious-mystical subjects and the features appropriate for the general grammatical structure of the period. In this study, the work was examined in terms of grammar features with a descriptive method and the grammatical rules of the work were tried to be revealed with examples and paid attention to its similarities and differences with the Turkish spoken in Turkey at present. Many works naturally have the characteristics of the period in which they were written. For this reason, although having similarities with other works of the period, each work has its specific characteristics. Mahabbetnâme is a work that has the features of its period and itself as well. This study examined Yusuf Hakîkî Baba's Mahabbetnâme in terms of sound and morphology, and the aspects of the work fit the characteristics of the period, and the different aspects of the work were tried to be revealed.

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YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇENİN ÖĞRETİMİNDE SÖZCÜKLER ARASI ANLAM İLİŞKİLERİ: YENİ HİTİT YABANCILAR İÇİN TÜRKÇE ÖRNEĞİ

Author(s): Müge Şengezer,Zeynep Doyuran / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2021

Vocabulary constitutes an important learning field for teaching foreign languages. Knowing a word means having the knowledge of its phonological, morphological, semantic, grammatical features and it is required to make use of linguistics to comprehend these features. Within this scope, semantics, a micro field of linguistics that explains semantic features of words, is used to understand the interlexical sense relations, the subject of this study. The aim of this study is to explain the interlexical sense relations in teaching Turkish as a foreign language with semantics viewpoint and analyze teaching of these relations with critical viewpoint. For this purpose, basic categories of this study synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, collocation, part-whole relation, componential analysis, and translation equivalence that have been determined based on Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEF) have been explained with semantics viewpoint. Course book and workbook of basic level Yeni Hitit Yabancılar İçin Türkçe, used in classes of Turkish as a foreign language, have been analyzed in terms of teaching of interlexical sense relations with critical viewpoint. Data, obtained by analysis, have been digitized and described. The results indicate that the course book needs to be revised in terms of vocabulary teaching and specifically interlexical sense relations.

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ORTAOKUL TÜRKÇE DERS KİTAPLARINDAKİ METİN SONU SORULARININ ÇIKARIM TÜRLERİNE GÖRE İNCELENMESİ

Author(s): Ezgi Kaya,Meltem Ayabakan İpek,Yusuf Aydin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2021

The aim of this study is to examine the distribution of reading comprehension questions in secondary school Turkish textbooks by inference types. In the research, 94 texts and 492 questions related to these texts were handled. The reading comprehension questions were evaluated according to the lexical, propositional and pragmatic inference categories suggested by Chikalanga (1992). According to the results of the research, in addition to the questions that require making inference in Turkish textbooks, there are also questions called verbatim questions that can be answered without making an inference. 51% of the questions require making pragmatic inference and 17% require making propositional inference. There are no lexical inference questions in the Turkish textbooks. 32% of the questions are verbatim questions. These results show that the end of text questions in the books are not properly distributed among the inference types. In addition, it can be said that the high rate of verbatim questions will limit the contribution of reading comprehension questions to deep understanding.

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Trends in Studies to Improve Reading Skills for Students with Reading Difficulties

Author(s): Zuhal Çeliktürk Sezgin,Akın Bilgin / Language(s): Turkish,English Issue: 2/2021

Reading difficulty can be defined as the inability of the individual to read in proportion to his/her intelligence level and physical characteristics. There are many studies aimed at addressing the reading difficulties of students with inability to read. This research, which was carried out in accordance with the qualitative research approach, seeks to determine the trends in studies which aimed at improving the reading skills of students with reading difficulties in Turkey. The data of the research were collected through qualitative document review and analyzed by the descriptive analysis. Within the scope of the research, Dergipark Academic, EBSCOhost, Google Academic and National Thesis Center databases were scanned and 53 studies were reached that met the predefined criteria. The studies identified were processed into the data processing template developed based on sub-problems. As a result of the research, it was seen that; the studies increased in 2019 and 2020, the majority of studies consist of articles, action research is preferred more as a research model, studies are concentrated at the 3rd and 4th grades of primary school, the vast majority of applications are performed with a single participant, implementation time in studies is often in the range of 26-50 course hours, repetitive reading and echo reading methods are much more preferred to improve reading skills, “The Informal Reading Inventory” was frequently used in the evaluation of reading skills.

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Analysis of Pedagogical Texts Prepared for Academic Turkish as a Foreign Language in Terms of Academic Vocabulary

Author(s): Burak Tüfekçioğlu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

In this study, the aim was to determine academic words in academic Turkish teaching sets, to describe the numerical and rational distribution of these academic words, and to make a comparison between the vocabulary of engineering/health sciences and social sciences. Vocabulary units classified as social sciences and engineering/health sciences were evaluated in terms of their percentages in their own categories, the most frequently used word types, and conceptual features, and to analyze the differences in use between social and engineering/health sciences, the Mann–Whitney U test was applied. The result of the study indicated that the frequency of academic words’ use (7%-8%) is lower than their use count; however, when the number of single uses was considered in terms of developing comprehension and explanation skills, it is highly important. In this research, it was determined that social science and engineering/health sciences’ vocabulary haven’t a significant difference in term of both total vocabulary frequency and academic words’ frequency. In this case, it can be said that academic vocabulary in academic texts does not contain numerical differences in terms of social sciences and natural-health sciences.

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Fetih Öncesi Müslüman Seyyahlara Göre İstanbul

Author(s): Remzi İğrek / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2021

The subject of pre-conquest Muslim travelers is a less studied subject. Historically corresponding to the Byzantine period of the Middle Ages, some travelers traveled through Istanbul themselves, others benefit from the writings of persons who came here as ambassadors, for commerce or prisoner exchange. Previous travel books were mostly translated into Turkish through western languages. In this study, the chapters of travel books relating to Istanbul of Harun Bin Yahya, Mesudi, Herevi, Idrisi, Ibn Battuta and El Verdi were translated from Arabic to Turkish. Issues as Islamic civilization in its historical process, Byzantine-Islamic political relations, Istanbul in Arab-Islamic literature were also examined. The issues such as the aims of the travelers, the boundaries of their travels, how they funded their travels and the difficulties they encountered during the travel also mentioned in the study. It is natural that travel books, which are the text of the observations of the travelers, contain subjective interpretations. Therefore, the influence of their culture on their descriptions and evaluations is inevitable. In this regard, the impressions on Istanbul before the conquest of the travelers raised in a Muslim culture is the starting point of this study.

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СТИХИ И ПИСЬМА ЯКОВА ЕМЕЛЬЯНОВА КАК ИСТОЧНИК ДЛЯ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ НОРМЫ ТАТАР-КРЯШЕН XIX ВЕКА

Author(s): Fanuza Sh. Nurieva,Gulnaz N. Fakhretdinova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (43)/2021

The article analyzes the language features of Yakov Emelyanov’s collection of “Poems in the Christianized-Tatar language”, published in 1879 for Baptized Tatars. Written manuscripts are one of the main sources for studying the history of the language, however, this collection has not yet been considered. The article analyzes the phonetic, morphological, and lexical features in the text. The language of the poems is compared with the linguistic material of the translated liturgical Cyrillic books, the Tatar literary language and its modem dialects. The results suggest that there are a number of graphic and phonetic features, including rounded vowels, the use of diphthongs and certain vowels and consonants in accordance with the literary variants, and the vowel deletion. The morphological features include the affix -ym, -em instead of the literary first person singular of the future tense with -r, the infinitive -maga affix instead of the literary -rga, as well as lexical peculiarities that distinguish the poems language from the modem Tatar literary language and some of its dialects. Moreover, all of them are recorded in the Mamadysh and Laishev dialects of the Tatar language, the regions where the poet was bom and lived. Thus, we can assume that forms of real colloquial words of that time are presented in Yakov Yemelyanov’s poems, and in translated liturgical books, these features were leveled. Analysis of the poems allows observing the history of the Tatar language and its dialects.

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Понятие «тюркские диалекты» в средние века

Author(s): Aysel Nizami Garibli / Language(s): Russian Issue: 05/2022

The paper studies the concept of “Turkic dialects” in the historical language monuments of the Turkic people. The purpose of the study is to determine the history of the existence and formation of the concept “Turkic dialects” as the primary term in Turkic studies. The definition of this concept is a topical issue for Turkology in general. To observe the concept “Turkic dialects” in the XII-XIV centuries, there existed several dictionaries, in the XV-XVII centuries, there were neither dictionaries nor written sources that would allow presenting the concept “Turkic dialects” in all detail. The article notes that this period covers the times when the process of formation of modern Turkic languages was going on. In the study, comparative and historical-comparative methods of linguistics were used. The source of the research is ancient Turkic dictionaries. In conclusion, it should be noted that the dialect-speaking complex that formed the Turkic languages was formed precisely at the end of the Middle Ages. Therefore, it is possible to “restore” the picture of the dialect-speaking complex representing the dialects of the Turkic language of the 15-17th centuries, especially the “sketches” of the modern Turkic languages based on the dialectological panorama of today’s Turkic languages.

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“İNSAN BİR SÖZLE ÜŞÜR”: SÖZÜN VE SÖZ SÖYLEMENİN TÜRK DÜNYASI ATASÖZLERİNE YANSIYAN TÜRK HALK DÜŞÜNCESİ

Author(s): Fatma Tekin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 38/2022

The aim of this study is to determine and interpret the knowledge of the nature of the word, its semantic features and how it should be used, that is, how it should be spoken in the traditional worldview of Turks, with the help of sample texts, based on the samples of proverbs. The material of this study consists of 200 proverbs obtained from the transferring and examining studies about the proverbs of Turkish communities. In the examinations carried out, it has been observed that the "word" in proverbs involves philosophical, rhetorical and social dimensions. In this respect, on the basis of two sources, which are heart (emotion) and mind (knowledge), and according to its meaning, content and effect on the addressee, words are divided into six as precious words, true/right words, nice/sweet words, bad/vulgar words, lies and empty/meaningless words. The effect of the word on the life of the individual and society is quite high, positive or negative. Suggestion of proverbs to the individual and society about how the sayings should be expressed is that they should be worded concisely, on the spot and on time. As it can be understood from the determinations and comments made in the study, proverbs are important language assets that form the essence of the traditional world view and folk philosophy of the Turks. It reflects the socio-cultural values and the system of norms in relation to the word in folk thought. Proverbs have an instructive and guiding function in terms of explaining the nature of the word and teaching the individual and society how to speak. The prominent place of the word in proverbs shows the importance given to human relations and communication in the view of individual-individual, individual-society in the thought systems of Turks since the ancient times.

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What is ‘whore barley’ in Croatian?

Author(s): Marek Stachowski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

‘Whore barley’ is an English translation of a Croatian syntagm adduced in Evliya Çelebi’s itinerary. This author, intrigued by the apparently senseless expression, tries to explain its meaning.

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Typology of fractional numerals in Turkic languages

Author(s): Jakub Łukasik / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

This paper analyzes fractional numerals in Turkic languages and classifies them into seven types based on morphological criteria. These types are then divided into three paradigms, the Paradigm of Origin (PO), the Paradigm of being Inside (PI) and the Paradigm of Belonging (PB), according to the underlying logic of the constructions. The emergence of each paradigm is also discussed, the conclusion being that they are of different origin.

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