MODEL SLUČAJA (KONTINGENCIJE) I POJAM SUKLADNOSTI (KOMPLEMENTARNOSTI) U UPRAVLJANJU I RAZRJEŠAVANJU SUKOBA

Author(s): Gavin Beckett / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 15/1995

ln managing and resolving international conflicts there are a great many theoretical approaches. As these conflicts are complex processes with many factors concerned, different approaches are often used in their analyses. One of the more recent theoretical models is Ronald Flsher's and Loraleigh Keashly's contingency and complementarity model. They analyze the conflict and its resolution through its structural and political features, on the one hand, and psychological content, on the other, at the same time also using complementary methodologies. This theoretical model initially analyzes the nature of the conflict itself, differentiates four phases of conflict, each of which has certain characteristics and a time sequence of involvement and mediation of a third party in the conflict. A critical observation of this model would primarily referto its non-flexibility, Le. its prediction of specific types of involvement in specific phases of the conflict, offering thus a rigid recipe for resolving the conflict, which could not stand the test of critical verification in practice. Secondly, the assumption that the conflicting parties are autonomous and unique factors often has no foundation in practice: and finally, this model would be difficult to apply to a regional conflict, such as the conflict in Croatia.

PRAVOSLAVNA DUHOVNOST I RAT

Author(s): Pavle Rak / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 10+11/1994

ln Orthodox creed there is a very strong aspiration to reduce every theological discourse to a spiritual one, so it is reasonable to approach such a demanding topic about the relationship between the Orthodox religion and war with the spiritual discourse which represents an expression of an unique, personal, spiritual experience. In latest "Holy Father" literature, which is the basis of the orthodox spirituality, there is no topic on war and violence because they represent the complete contrast to the spiritual way. However, we can see where the compromises with the political power can lead us if we go back to the example of Origenus and especially Lactantius.

Organizacja Obrony Terytorialnej z perspektywy kultury bezpieczeństwa

Author(s): Mirosław Kwieciński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5.3/2016

The article presents the essence of safety culture, generally understood as totality of creations aimed at creating, maintaining and increasing the level of security of any of the beneficiaries. Considerations regarding safety culture were shown from the perspective of the three spheres of human activity – mental, material and organizational. In particular it analyzes the area of organizational decisions on a new kind of Armed Forces – Territorial Defence. This concerns especially the recruitment of soldiers, future tasks in time of war and peace, the training system and how to store weapons. The area of mentioned subjects were evaluated from the perspective of safety culture, characteristic for the state entity which determines, among other things, a way of thinking about security and feeling of safety, as well as ways of achieving safety.

Ochrona informacji niejawnych w trakcie przygotowania i prowadzenia działań wojennych

Author(s): Michał Siek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5.3/2016

The protection of classified information from unauthorized persons is one of the most important factors that significantly impact national security. The goal of this paper is to present this issue as well as to define relevant Polish legislation drafted to provide adequate protection of classified information (i.e. acts, directives and instructions). The author has analysed this issue in terms of preparation of the war operations as well as their conduct. The paper also highlights the key threats to classified information, and discusses the organization of secret registries at the Ministry of National Defence and at the other organizations.

Terroryzm lotniczy zagrożeniem bezpieczeństwa państwa

Author(s): Jerzy Zawisza / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5.3/2016

The air terrorism peculiarly in Polish literature poorly is described, not less however constitutes the subject of scientific dissertations, since the air terrorism is regarded as one of building blocks of the international terrorism or with one of factors of threats to the safety of the air state. In spite of mentioned above statements one should emphasize that it is an air terrorism is an element of the political influence of fundamentalist-extremist groupings. On account of the rapid course of this occurrence, his interdisciplinary nature singling out the air terrorism from other forms of terrorism is intentional on account of his character and the environment of the influence.

Основные аспекты понимания сектора национальной безопасности Украины: проблемы и пути их решения

Author(s): Valerija Sergeevna Gorbacheva / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 5.3/2016

In the article an author examines a concept national security in two aspects: public sector and private. Basic directions of Strategy of national security of Ukraine are analysed. The important aim of maintenance of national security is name maintenance of national identity and evolution of national idea. The main threats of national safety are adopt cyber-terrorism and hybrid war.

Демократический контроль над сектором безопасности в период борьбы с терроризмом

Author(s): Vasilij Jakovlevich Nastjuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 5.3/2016

An author considers a category „terrorism” on the basis of the comparatively legal understanding of this phenomenon in different countries. Key features and prospects of the phenomenon of terrorism are distinguished, adopted and described in three simultaneous strategic circle of eradication of terrorism. An author marks that the acceptance of adequate measures through democratic procedures can be a legal way narrowing the field for the manoeuvre of terrorist groups. Following today means being of the adequate standards for a democratic way simultaneously for private life and security.

Unia Europejska w kontekście walki z przestępczością zorganizowaną

Author(s): Michał Będźmirowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5.1/2016

The subject of this article are the risks affecting the security of the European Union in the context of the changing problems of the contemporary world as an example of organized crime. The dynamics of change in the twenty-first century in the arena of global forces on members of the Union entirely new perspective on the surrounding reality and move away from previously peeled methods to combat threats. The most important of them include: terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, organized crime, regional conflicts and failed states. The organized crime is estimated in the following article.

Czy Narodowy Front Wyzwolenia Korsyki jest organizacją terrorystyczną?

Author(s): Grzegorz Ignatowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5.2/2016

National Liberation Front of Corsica is an organization that was founded in 1974. Its postulates demand the independence for Corsica called by the French ‘l’Île de Beauté’. By mid-2013 members of the Front repeatedly planted explosives in official government buildings located on the island. They also murdered representatives of the French government. Without accepting their methods of operation, the demands put forward by the members of the Front for the French to appreciate the distinct Corsican culture and language should be regarded as just. The Front never gained greater recognition among the inhabitants of l’Île de Beauté, who are systematically gaining more and more autonomy by peaceful means, while remaining within the structures of the French state. This does not mean that granted autonomy was won independently of military actions undertaken by the Front.

Conflict in Donbas as a Case Study of the Deconstruction of Ukraine’s Statehood. Present State and Prospects for Regulating It.

Author(s): Marcin Orzechowski / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2019

The subject of the article is the analysis of deconstruction of the statehood of Ukraine with special reference to the conflict in Donbas. Activities in the south-eastern part of Ukraine are part of the broader context of the Russian Federation’s strategic activities in the post-Soviet area. Some analysts believe that the Russians consistently implement the strategy of neo-imperial expansionism and their activities in Donbas are the next step to the reintegration of the post-Soviet area. An important role is also played by the policy implemented by the president and government of Ukraine. The author verifies three research hypotheses: (1) that the chief objectives of Russian politics are to destabilize the situation in Ukraine. (2) that Donbas conflict is an example of the use of hybrid war elements such as irregular military operations (guerrilla warfare, sabotage, subversive activities, terrorist acts) and elements of information fight, such as propaganda or disinformation, be it economic or digital. (3) that the non-military methods of propaganda are helping to create a proper propaganda apparatus and the activation of “agitators” who would do “the fieldwork” involving the exposure of the most attractive aspects of “Russianness”.

The Dialectics of Humanism and Pragmatism as a Basis for the Formation of Higher Education Strategy Development

Author(s): Serhiy Terepyshchyi,Hleb Khomenko / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2019

This article is an attempt to analyze the key contradictions between humanistic and pragmatic orientations in the modern space of higher education. The authors use a philosophical approach to understanding the value of knowledge as a powerful tool for social and economic development. It has been proved that politicians and teachers play almost the same role in overcoming global poverty and violence. Instead of theorizing about humanistic ideals, they should direct the ideas of humanism in a practical way - through the training of students and the creation of a favourable climate for the life of citizens. The ideas of democracy and human respect must also go beyond the audience and be implemented in the practical dimensions of society. Science in universities must be subordinated to humanistic values, just as philosophy was subordinated to Theology in the Middle ages. While most universities are trying to mobilize efforts to increase economic performance, it is necessary to work on the development of intellectual capital in society. In addition, it is important for policymakers to understand the difference between the training of a competitive specialist and the education of a harmonious personality in the context of the formation of a higher education strategy. These processes must occur synchronously and not contradict each other. That is why the study of philosophy or cultural studies is no less important than the study of mathematics and physics. In addition, the language of the world is defined not only as a certain lexical set that a person can possess, but also rather as a set of inherent knowledge and values that a person constantly implements in relationships with other people.

POSEBNA VIŠEGRADSKA PORUKA

Author(s): Nermina Mujagić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 4/2019

Essay bearing witness for survivors to war crimes in Višegrad.

The analysis of the Crimean Tatars since 2014 Crimean hybrid conflict

Author(s): Sezai Özçelik / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The occupation of Crimea determined the Crimean Tatars to react with obvious and clear-cut response: condemning the Russian aggression against the Ukrainian territorial integrity. This paper aims to analyze the post-2014 Crimean hybrid conflict situation of the Crimean Tatars, by investigating how the Crimean Tatars conditions have evolved under the Russian invasion forces for the last five years. In order to understand the post-2014 situation, the paper also focuses and examines the forced deportation (Sürgün or the Soviet Genocide), as well as Turkey's foreign policy reactions toward this regional conflict. Civil disobedience and nonviolent strategy of the Crimean Tatars have been used to pressure the Russian public opinion and political elites regarding the unlawful and unfair act toward the Ukrainian and Crimean sovereignty. In addition, the Crimean Tatars have voiced their concerns and demands in the international political arenas. Overall, the paper focuses on the repercussions of the Crimean crisis from political, psycho-social and international perspectives.

НОВИ ОДНОСИ ЕВРОПСКЕ УНИЈЕ И КИНЕ: ПРИЈАТЕЉИ ИЛИ НЕ(ПРИЈАТЕЉИ)?

Author(s): Sanja Arežina / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 173/2020

Ширење тезе из Сједињених Америчких Држава о „кинеској претњи” на европски континент поклопило се с јачањем незадовољства код држава чланица Европске уније по питању третмана које европске компаније имају на кинеском тржишту. Резултат тога била је промена позитивне перцепције које су државе ЕУ имале према НР Кини, захваљујући издашним кинеским новчаним средствима пласираним кроз инвестиције и помоћ у оквиру иницијативе „Један појас, један пут”, у негативну перцепцију која је свој излаз нашла у промени европских политика и увођењу различитих врста заштитних мера када је у питању улазак кинеских директних инвестиција на европско тржиште. У овом чланку аутор се бави истраживањем различитих перцепција које су се формирале о НР Кини унутар ЕУ, факторима који су утицали на промену перцепције држава ЕУ према НР Кини и последицама које су оне имале на динамику развоја различитих политика на нивоу ЕУ. Да би доказала основну хипотезу да Брисел, за разлику од САД, ипак показује одређену прагматичност тиме што ће измене политика бити довољно умерене да ЕУ може да остане верна принципима отвореног тржишта, док спречава да се ти исти принципи претворе у стратешку рањивост, аутор ће током истраживања користити структурно-функционалну анализу, индукцију и дедукцију.

A Study of the De-Mining Process in the Former War Zones in Sri Lanka (2009–2015)

Author(s): Osantha Nayanapriya Thalpawila / Language(s): English Issue: 48/2019

The 26 years of civil war in Sri Lanka had left destructive outcomes in the spheres of physical, economic as well as the social sectors of the country. Among them millions of land mines buried in former war zones is one of the biggest issue, because it could cause land mine accidents to the civilians. Therefore, it is an urgent task to implement a proper de-mining programme before resettling the Internally Displaced Persons (IDP). The aim of this paper is to look for the government initiatives on demining in the areas affected by the wars waged in the years 2009-2015. The pri- mary data was collected from the interviews of resettled people in de-mining areas and other related officers who involved in resettling displaced persons. The secondary data was collected from the published reports by the related authorities. The government could successfully implement the demining programme with help of the Sri Lankan Army and other non-governmental organizations by covering 95% of the hazardous areas. A successful de-mining programme had facilitated the resettling of displaced persons while other economic initiatives had been set in motion in the former war zones.

ПРИЧИНИ; МЕТОДИ І РЕЗУЛЬТАТИ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ СТРАТЕГІЇ ВИСНАЖЕННЯ В АСИМЕТРИЧНИХ ВІЙНАХ

Author(s): Olena Mykolaivna Kindratets / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2020

Problem setting. Countries participating in wars usually differ in their potential. Interest in the question of the possibility of those countries, which are inferior to other countries in their potentials, to defeat a stronger adversary, increases in periods of exacerbation of interstate relations and in times of war. One of the types of asymmetric wars is hybrid warfare. In hybrid wars, they use an exhaustion strategy. This strategy involves not only the exhaustion of economic, military, but also psychological - the loss of the will to win.Recent research and publications analysis. The subject of studies of asymmetric wars now is the study of their essence and features, an increase in the number of participants in such wars. Scientists distinguish asymmetries in war as different legal status, opportunities, different strategies. Much attention is paid to the study of asymmetric hybrid warfare. It is believed that the strategy in this war is the strategy of exhaustion. Ways to avoid war exhaustion and the technologies that contribute to it are also a subject of study.Paper objective. The objectives of the research is to study the features of asymmetric hybrid wars, the possibility of applying a depletion strategy by countries that are inferior to the enemy in potential, determination of the possibility of using the strategy of exhaustion of Ukraine in a hybrid war against the aggressor country.Paper main body. An indication of asymmetric wars is the difference in the potential of warring countries. Countries participating in asymmetric wars can choose the depletion strategy regardless of their potential. The choice of a depletion strategy by a country can depend on both the desire to achieve the desired result without significant human loss and the understanding that forces are unequal, that it is impossible to defeat the enemy by military means. The methods of exhaustion can be applied differently. The aggressor country can achieve its goals by combining military operations with actions to destabilize the situation in the country, which is a victim of aggression.Conclusions of the research. Hybrid war is a kind of asymmetric war. In such wars, the strategy of exhaustion is often used. To win an asymmetric hybrid war, a country that is a victim of aggression, which has less potential and adheres to international standards, can, firstly, provided that the sanctions against the aggressor country are so effective that they force it to end the war, secondly, due to the preservation of society’s desire to defend the independence of the state.

Andrew Lambert, 2018, Seapower States. Maritime Culture, Continental Empires, and the Conflict that Made the Modern World, Yale University Press, UK, 427 pages, ISBN: 9780300240900

Author(s): Mihai Murariu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Kıyı ve İç Hat Savunması: Çakmak Hattı (Büyükçekmece-Çatalca) Koruganları

Author(s): Salim Aydin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 34/2020

Blockhouses are defensive structures that are built to protect the region thereof particularly against the bombardments of tanks and planes during a raid. The blockhouses were actually a result of the war strategy and technology that had been ongoing for centuries. The basic components of these durable strongholds were iron and concrete. Following the Industrial Revolution, the remarkable development in technology and the extensive use of warplanes and tanks prior to World War II had noticeably increased the significance of blockhouses. These structures were first used in the world in 1904 by Russians during the Russian-Japanese War. The blockhouses are known as pillboxes, bunkers, etc. in Europe and Korugans in Turkey. In Europe, especially in France, blockhouses began to be constructed as part of the defense strategy before World War II, which mentioned defense strategy of Europe was implemented, particularly, by Turkey. With the instructions of the then Chief of General Staff, Fevzi Çakmak, blockhouses were erected on those points of strategic importance in the Region of Marmara as well as on certain coastal spots of the Western Anatolia. The place where the blockhouses, known as Çakmak Line, were most intensively built was in the same region with the Çatalca Line, which was formed during the last period of the Ottoman State in order to protect Istanbul. The “Çakmak Line” covers the area on the east of Büyükçekmece Lake and Terkos (Durusu) Lake and the area between the mentioned two places. About ten different types of blockhouses have been determined along the Çakmak Line by the sizes and intended uses thereof. Upon the termination of the peril of World War II in Turkey, the blockhouses were left to their fate. To summarize, this article deals with the mentioned blockhouses that have been left to their fate and suggests what could be done to conserve this historical heritage.

A Moral Assessment of the Polish Israeli Declaration Following the 2018 Polish Anti-Defamation Law

Author(s): Eyal Lewin,Orit Miller-Katav / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Aim: This paper focuses on the question to what extent the Netanyahu-Morawiecki joint declaration of June 27, 2018 was indeed a moral one. Ignoring the realpolitik versus ideal politics discourse, our goal is to find out whether solely on an ethical level one can judge the moral qualities of the political concession. Concept: To conduct an ethical judgement process, we took the following steps: (I) A review of the Israeli narrative. (II) A review of the Polish narrative. (III) An account of some moral shortcomings in both the Israeli as well as the Polish narratives. Eventually, these steps enabled us to reach a certain moral conclusion regarding the Polish Israeli declaration. Cognitive Value: We conclude that the Polish Israeli joint declaration was indeed a moderate compromise that could enable positive forces on both sides to strengthen their national narratives – not necessarily on account of each other. Furthermore, it could also serve as a mechanism that can elevate Holocaust research as well as universal understandings of lessons that can be learnt from the darkest age of human history.

Diplomatic negotiations and the Iran Nuclear Deal - between the realistic and liberal paradigms

Author(s): Antonia POP / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action or the Iranian Nuclear Deal was a real success of multilateral diplomacy. A transaction in the global request to stop the Iranian nuclear proliferation. The paper focuses on the United States withdraw from JCPOA and the difficulty of European Union to maintain the agreement. The research paper also proposes to answer at two key questions, which will provide as much analysis as possible on the Comprehensive Joint Action Plan. Which theory of international relations best explains the current situation of the Iranian Nuclear Agreement? What is the role of diplomacy in ratifying the agreement? The results have shown that the relationship between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America seemed to have every chance of escalating into a war, but the diplomacy is effective, while the European Union uses economic instruments to save the deal.