Дехуманизация и антихуманизъм в съвременната култура

Author(s): Momchil Shivachev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2014

Human – this is the most complicated and unique creation of the immense universe! In one way or another, Homo sapiens has always been a main topic of the various scientific branches, even not only of the humanitarian ones. In attempts to study itself, humanity has always, in each separate era, shaped its original and specific cultural horizon. During the Renaissance ages, writers, poets, artists, musicians and creators as a whole, viewed and perceived the perfect human as a ”wreath of nature”. But unfortunately today this “pedestal” has been brutally destroyed. We can blame this kind of negative state mostly on the American type of culture which is very widely spread and copied by the rest of the nations. In this sense, the cultural messages of the USA have long been provoking humanity’s value consciousness and also suggesting a large number of dehumanization and anti-humanism examples. In this way, the above specified negative issues could be summarized in at least five cultural trends:

Границите на Кантовия категориален синтез

Author(s): Dimitar Tsatsov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2012

The article offers a discussion of the (im)possibility to apply the categories of transcendental analytics to objects beyond the possible experience as things in themselves, God and freedom.

La mosaique des traits culturels

Author(s): Georges CHAPOUTHIER / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2018

La complexité en mosaïque se définit par l’application de deux grands principes: juxtaposition d’éléments semblables, puis intégration de ces éléments dans un ensemble plus vaste dont ils constituent alors des parties. Comme dans une mosaïque au sens artistique du terme, les parties intégrées conservent alors une autonomie par rapport à l’ensemble. Cette conception, directement inspirée de l’anatomie des êtres vivants, peut aussi s’appliquer à divers traits culturels. Ainsi on peut montrer que sont des structures en mosaïques: le langage humain, la fabrication d’artefacts comme les objets techniques, la construction des villes, divers aspect du comportement animal etles bases de la morale. La dialectique philosophique elle-même est construite selon un schéma en mosaïque de juxtaposition, puis intégration. L’ensemble des exemples donnés dans cet article montre qu’au-delà de son adéquation à l’anatomie des êtres vivants, le modèle de la complexité en mosaïque peut aussi s’appliquer aux phénomènes d’ordre culturel.

Jihad Propaganda During the Military Intervention in Mali

Author(s): Marcin Styszyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2013

Culture informationnelle et pensée critique, vers une approche créative

Author(s): DESFRICHES DORIA Orélie / Language(s): French Issue: 22 (2)/2018

This article proposes an articulation between the conceptions of information literacy and a cultural and social approach of critical thinking, implemented through an original methodological approach of analysis and cartography of controversies. We begin by discussing some dimensions of the digital environment that affect the definition and consideration of the fields of Information Literacy (IL) and Critical Thinking (CI) and their articulation. We go on to present a state of the literature on critical thinking that reflects divergent visions. We extend this reflection by proposing a synthesis of the convergences between the concepts of information literacy and critical thinking and a form of articulation between the two fields. Subsequently, we present a reflexive analysis of our teachings on controversies at university since 2014, and which constitute an adequate support for teaching our cultural, social and creative approach of critical thinking.

O stylu (stylach) komentarzy internetowych

Author(s): Elżbieta Laskowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

Przyjmując za punkt wyjścia istnienie stylów i gatunków tekstu, opisanych przez A. Awdiejewai G. Habrajską (2006), autorka próbuje określić, jakie cechy stylistyczne (ewentualnie teżgatunkowe) mają komentarze internetowe na przykładzie komentarzy zamieszczanych naportalu Onet.pl. Obserwacja wykazuje, że badane teksty mają przede wszystkim potocznewykładniki językowe, ale nie brak im też wykładników publicystycznych. Można zatem mówićo stylu mieszanym. // Assuming text styles and genres as described in Awdiejew and Habrajska (2006), in this paperI try to determine which stylistic (genre) features can be proposed for internet commentaries,basing on those placed in Onet.pl. The study shows that the analyzed texts have mostlytypological indicators of colloquial style, but they also possess typological indicators ofjournalistic genres. We can thus propose the existence of mixed style.

Obscure loqui. Zagadki i ich definicje w łacińskich traktatach i podręcznikach poetyki XVI–XVIII wieku wobec tradycji antycznej

Author(s): Barbara Milewska-Waźbińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2 (55)/2020

Julian Krzyżanowski’s statement that a riddle is a literary genre standing on the border between literature and language is the best inspiration for the philologist to undertake research on this issue. The article contains considerations on definitions and theory of this popular genre in old literature. It has been mentioned that the most complete theoretical and literary reflection on riddles in the early modern era was conducted by the Italian humanist Lilio Giraldi in his Latin work Libellus, in quo aenigmata pleraque antiquorum explicantur, first published in 1539 in Basel and then again in 1551. Giraldi directed his thoughts first to the Latin definition of the riddle noted by Aulus Gellius. The author of the article points out that scholars do not report the ambiguity of the riddle genre in their research, and in particular they ignore the fact that Gellius caused trouble to humanists when he used the word “scirpus” in his definition. Although in ancient times theoretical reflection on the riddle was not too abundant, the author’s attempt to go through ancient sources in Greek (Aristotle, Plutarch, Athenaeus) allows us to penetrate deeper into the definitions, terminology and semantics of the riddle genre and to consider its function in modern literary theory and practice terms derived from the Greek language, such as: aenigma, griphus, logogriphus. The author of this article emphasises that in contrast to the theoretical ancient reflection, in the treatises on poetics and rhetoric created in the Renaissance, and above all in the Baroque, including the works of the Jesuits, one can find numerous extensive remarks about riddles which were eagerly practised at that time. An example of the vivid interest in this subject matter is the Latin manuscript discussed briefly in the article. The text was written in the first half of the 18th century and contains, inter alia, notes on the theory of poetry. Among the issues enclosed in this manuscript textbook, much space is devoted to riddles. Despite the terminological ambiguity of the riddle genre and the equivocality of definitions, which were carefully noted by the authors of the theoretical treatises, in the conclusion of this article the author emphasises the extraordinary popularity that various forms of riddles enjoyed in literary practice in the 16th–18th centuries.

Found in Narration: Nonhuman Voices in Jessica Grant’s "Come, Thou Tortoise" and Colin McAdam’s "A Beautiful Truth"

Author(s): Magdalena Jagodzka / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This article delves into the problem of nonhuman subjectivity in two literary texts: Jessica Grant’s Come, Thou Tortoise with the first-person tortoise narration, and Colin McAdam’s A Beautiful Truth that employs the collective primate narrator. While nonhumans cannot actively participate in the act of creation of the text, their presence in the story, arranged by the author, conveys multiple meanings. Considerations of the narrative techniques are critical for negotiating the relevance of nonhuman actors. I argue that although each author finds different methods of giving voice to nonhumans and both ensure practical significance of animal particularity, nonhuman subjectivity should not be perceived as a fixed value of the presented literary texts.

Three Ways of Looking at a Tiger: Animal Minds in Yann Martel’s "Life of Pi"

Author(s): Xinyi Cao / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Engagement with animals is a central theme in Yann Martel’s novel Life of Pi, reflected and shaped by the character-narrator Pi’s reading of animal minds. The article examines attributions of minds to animals in three types of encounters with them: observation, interaction, and narration. While in childhood Pi tends to project human temperaments and emotions onto animals, he is forced to recognize animals’ species-specific experiences as the shipwreck foregrounds his embodiment. As such, the novel introduces the logic of nonhuman psychology into narrative development, formulating an intersubjective and interspecies relationship. Furthermore, at the end of the novel, it alerts us to intellectual and therapeutic functions of animals as narrative elements through a comparison between representations of human and animal minds. The text not only identifies different forms of presence of animals in the human world, but generates insights into how narrative in general conveys and responds to complex human-animal entanglements in our reality.

Edebî Değer Açısından Dil Sapmalarının Üstünlük Problemi: Cahiliye Dönemi Özelinde Şiir Zaruretleri

Author(s): Mehdi Cengiz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2021

Standard language, which follows rules of dictionary and grammar, undergoes various changes when it is the subject of literature, especially poetry. These changes, called linguistic deviation, are due to the poet’s expression of his feelings and thoughts by forcing the possibilities of language. In this direction, language deviations can be defined as the dispositions where the author goes out of the standard language, as in the examples of changes in the pronunciation (ṣavt), form (ṣarf) or spelling (kitābet) of the words, the derivation of new words that are not used in the language (irticāl) and the deterioration of the syntax (naḥv). According to many literary critics such as Ibn Hishām al-Ansārī (d. 761/1360) and ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Baghdādī (d. 1093/1682), this language used by Arab poets who were not influenced by foreign languages, namely the Cāhilī, Muḥaḍram and Islāmī poets (ḳudemâ), was acceptable and it is considered as ḍarūrātuş-şiʿriyye (poetry necessities). In this context, deviations that do not comply with the standard language are tried to be explained with dialect differences, different variants of the couplet or various interpretations. However, some scholars such as Ibn Fāris (d. 395/1004) and Abū al-Ḥasan al-Jurjānī (d. 392/1001-1002) argue that these usages are laḥn (linguistic mistakes). According to these names, it is not correct to explain the poets’ use, which are contrary to the standard language rules, with excessive interpretations (takalluf). Assuming that linguistic deviations are laḥn, they cannot represent a superiority in terms of literary value, but when considered as a necessity, they represent a superiority within the framework of certain criteria. But any specific criteria have been determined before about which linguistic deviations represent the superiority. Therefore, in our study, the theories put forward about the accuracy of linguistic deviations that exceed the standard language rules will be examined and the necessary criteria for them to represent a superiority will be determined.

АРХАИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ СВЯЗКИ БЫТЬ В ПОЭТИЧЕСКОЙ РЕЧИ XVIII СТОЛЕТИЯ: ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ И СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ

Author(s): Nataliya Victorovna Patroeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 7/2022

The paper uses M. I. Pigin’s linguistic works to investigate the intermediate position of the syncretic constructions with the verb to be in the eighteenth-century poetic texts. The author analyzes the gradual loss of abstract copulas and existential verbs in different genres. The obtained data are compared with the materials of the eighteenth-century grammatical treatises and the twentieth-century works on the history of Russian syntax. Based on the texts from the Russian National Corpus, the archaic forms есмь (esm’), еси (esi) and есте (este) are studied and the frequency of their corresponding forms in poetic texts is analyzed. The analysis of the Baroque and Classicism poetic contexts, as well as the data of the The Syntactic Dictionary of Russian Poetry of the XVIII Century confirms the tendencies associated with the reduced usage of these forms. The author points to the actualization of linking verbs in the present tense in so-called “high” genres, the use of copulas for the purpose of folklore stylization, and a general tendency to reduce the number of the archaic connective forms in the Pushkin era.

K neekologičnosti manipulace

Author(s): Stanislav Štěpáník / Language(s): Czech Issue: 31/2022

The paper presents the necessity of implementing ecolinguistic topics into L1 teaching. It takes Instagram posts of Czech, Polish and Slovak influencers as an example and shows that manipulation techniques overreach the boundaries of countries and languages. If we accept the thesis that manipulation is dominantly a non-ecological phenomenon, which threatens the life of wider ecosystems, the reaction of school is inevitable, especially because children and youth form a highly vulnerable group.

Style współczesnego reportażu wojennego: Wojciech Tochman i Wojciech Jagielski

Author(s): Ewa Sławek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article formulates a thesis that two eminent Polish writers covering war situations represent two different literary styles (idiostyles): Tochman's can be subsumed under the term „minimalist-rhetorical", whereas Jagielski's could be described as „metaphorical". To prove this thesis, the article makes use of linguistic analytical tools to interpret such works as Tochman's „Like eating stone. Surviving the Past in Bosnia", „The Crowing of Cocks and the Weeping of Dogs" and Jagielski's „Praying for Rain", „Towers of Stone. The Battle of Wills in Chechnya". Tochman's minimalism results from a creative treatment of syntax, the use of most basic syntactic constructions and verbless sentences as well as straight-forward announcement of facts. On the other hand, Jagielski's effort focuses on semantics, hence the abundance of metaphors, comparisons, and epithets.

DIDACTIC RHETORIC AND PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION IN THE EDUCATIONAL LANGUAGE AS INTENTIONAL DISCURSIVE PRACTICE

Author(s): Mircea Breaz / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 29/2022

Didactic rhetoric and persuasive communication in the educational language as intentional discursive practice. Global human science and common denominator of all disciplines, the rhetoric has never ceased to provide both a general plan of the language, common to all discourse practices, and the necessary means to systematically discover the first and last reasons and grounds of the effectiveness of the human persuasive action in general. The configuration of a didactic rhetoric at the end of the past century has been developed particularly into a form of renewal as a comprehensive theory of persuasion and opinion argumentation, subordinated to the theories of didactic knowledge and communication. Besides, the rhetoric revival itself from the end of the past century has emerged mainly from the ambition to offer both integrative models at all levels of knowledge and educability, as well as the necessary means for systematic discovery of the prime and ultimate reason of the rhetoric discursive actions, in general. One of the most important reasons for didactic rhetoric comes from its contribution the (re)instatement of the persuasive dimension of didactic discourses, from the point of view of a general pattern of intentional language, common to all educational discourses. Didactic rhetoric can thus be considered a neo-rhetoric defining, within the intentional practice of communicative interactions in the educational environment, various theoretical and practical ensembles of didactic ways and means of purposeful influencing of the opinions, convictions or behaviours of the audience, both by external persuasive actions and by self- persuasion. In order to facilitate the perception of didactic rhetoric as a neo-rhetoric which is subordinated to the general rhetoric – as a science focused on global human interaction and on the transfer of ideas, intentions and reasons, through the intentional practice of discourses in effective expression – this paper has two complementary parts: the first part analyses once again the general connection between general rhetoric and didactic rhetoric and the second part refers to the specific rhetorical quality of the educational discourse in the persuasive didactic communication.

Консенсусът по Рикъор и по български - желан, търсен, необходим, прокламиран, невъзможен, неискан, провален

Author(s): Mihail Nedelchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/1998

THE INFLUENCE OF THE ANCIENT ORATOR CICERO ON EMINESCIAN JOURNALISM

Author(s): Bianca-Virginia VANDACHEVICI (IBADULA) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 32/2023

This work presents the fact that among the classical Latin writers from whom Mihai Eminescu takes different techniques of elaborating the act of communication in order to realize his journalistic discourse, there is also the Latin orator, politician and writer Marcus Tullius Cicero. In this vein, we will apply an analysis grid to a series of articles from Mihai Eminescu's publishing, in which the journalist makes references to Cicero in various contexts.

DISCURSIVE PRAGMATICS VIA CLASSICAL RHETORIC IN THE EUROPEAN DISCOURSE OF ASSISTENCE TO UKRAINE (BASED ON ENGLISHLANGUAGE SPEECHES OF GERMAN POLITICIANS)

Author(s): Natalia Kravchenko,Viktoriia Blidchenko-Naiko,Oleksandr Yudenko / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The specificity and conjugation of discursive pragmatics and classical rhetoric manifests itself when politicians are faced with the need for evasive formulations to mitigate a potential threat to their face. To substantiate the conceptual basis of discursive argumentation, the article differentiates between “topoi-integrators” and “topoi-arguments”. The topos-integrator "responsibility", actualized at the local and global discursive levels, appeal to ethos, supporting the logos-based argumentation by involving the ethos-based moral foundations of the speaker's position. Topoi-arguments "responsibility", “threat”, “reliability” and “law’ are rhetorically based on enthymeme as figures of reasoning that appeal to logos as well as on auxiliary figures of digressio, Past Fact / Future Fact, exergasia, climax, congeries, hyperbole and apagoresis, appealing to logos, ethos, and pathos. Pragmatically, the restoration of implicit premises and conclusions of enthymemes corresponds to explicatures, which become the basis for the generation of implicatures, provided that the speakers flout cooperative maxims. Disobeying the maxim of quantity of information is based on the figures of exergasia, climax, congeries, the maxim of relevance - on digressio, Past Fact / Future Fact, and the maxim of quality - on hyperbole and apagoresis. Through rhetorical figures and the corresponding pragmatics, the speakers implement the strategies of transferring and reducing responsibility, substitution of arguments, mitigation, partial distortion by exaggeration, simplification, etc.

Tacitova Sentencioznost. Sentencija – retorski ukras u Tacitovim Analima

Author(s): Sanja M. Ljubišić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 7/2023

In this paper, we focus on Tacitus’ sententiousness, which is present and highly expressed in his Annals. In his rhetorical style, Tacitus frequently uses sententia as a figure of great stylistic value, thereby continuing the moralistic tendency of Roman historiography. In his own unique way, this master of the written word, and an excellent connoisseur of the circumstances in which he lived, provides a lesson for future generations and those who will read his work. In short and antithetical sentences, Tacitus engraved the moral principles he followed as a persno. Even today, Tacitus’ sayings related to certain human and social events are often quoted. In this paper, we deal with the sententia as a rhetorical ornament and its function in historical text. We will attempt to examine how Tacitus used the sententia when writing Annals, and more omportnantly, how he constructed them, as an enthymeme, in the form of a chria or epiphoneme. As a member of Seneca’s “new style,” he used many rhetorical and stylistic elements, among which the sententia was included. Sententiae themselves were epigrammatic and stylized. For the purposes of this topic, we have selected several sentences as material for a detailed analysis, not only in terms of content but also in terms of language and style.

Aesthetic Uses of Psychoanalysis in Theodor W. Adorno’s ‘Notes on Kafka’

Author(s): Washington Morales-Maciel / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

This article argues that for Theodor W. Adorno psychoanalysis illuminates the nature of literary interpretation. Particularly, Adorno’s metacriticism defines the interpretative procedures of literature and some affinities between the aims of literary and psychoanalytic interpretations. However, his arguments do not rest on a ‘top-down’ analysis but on a ‘bottom-up’ one. So, this article also argues that Adorno’s interest in Franz Kafka’s oeuvre focuses on literary criticism and defends some theses on metacriticism. Nevertheless, for Adorno, interpreting literature implies switching the reader’s attention from ordinary meaning understanding to aesthetic appreciation. In this respect, my article finally argues that what Adorno called (literary) ‘gestures’ works as the resource for metacriticism, analogous to Freudian slips.

Recenzie: Liviu Iulian Cocei: Homo ironicus. O abordare antropologică a ironiei filosofice, Editura Eikon, Bucureşti, 2022

Author(s): Ivan Ivlampie / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 12/2022

The book Homo ironicus explores the anthropological dimension of irony, starting from philosophical questions – Who are we, who are our ancestors, how deep are our origins – questions asked by every curious individual about their own genealogy, but which are especially the major questions of humanity. In this second case, the spectacle of the searches and answers is fascinating.