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Argumentation Moods

Author(s): Ionel Nariţa / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2020

Argumentation is an act of communication performed by a speaker aiming to persuade a listener to accept or reject a proposition, named thesis, using another proposition, called argument, and a relation between them – the frame of argumentation. Argumentations are evaluated relatively to the pragmatic value of success and to the logical value of correctness. These values are independent of each other – namely, from the success of an argumentation, nothing can be inferred about its correctitude, and reciprocally. In order to establish the correctness of an argumentation, we can classify all argumentations into moods such as the syllogisms. A necessary condition for the correctitude of an argumentation is the validity of its mood. The validity of the argumentative moods is investigated using the reduction method established by Aristotle for syllogistic moods.

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RHETORIC: A THEORY OF POLITICAL LIE OR THE ESSENCE OF POLITICS? REFLECTIONS ON THE THOUGHT OF THE SOPHISTS, HANNAH ARENDT, AND JACQUES DERRIDA

Author(s): Cyprian Mielczarski / Language(s): English Issue: 50/2018

This paper offers an outline of practical and theoretical relations between truth and rhetoric. A point of departure for considerations to follow are philosophical theories of the sophists, Plato, and Aristotle as well as modern commentators of political rhetoric. I argue that the predominantly rhetorical nature of contemporary culture is inextricably bound up with the controversial issue of political deception, its definition and function. I refer to the theories of Hannah Arendt and Jacques Derrida pertaining to the following issues: a relation between acting and lying, mass deception, and self–deception in totalitarian states. I further propose that classical ethics developing from Plato, Aristotle and Kant fails as a basis for the analysis of political and social processes in democratic societies. Key to grasping these processes is rhetoric – as an art of persuasion – which has nothing to do with the traditional true–false dichotomy.

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„Tak działa nauka”. Retoryczne aspekty naukowego marketingu

Author(s): Paweł Pawiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2022

The article is an attempt to analyse the rhetorical ways of constructing the scientific qualities of three publications in the field of marketing communication: Scientific Advertising from 1923 (author: Claude C. Hopkins), 22 Immutable Laws of Marketing from 1994 (authors: Al Ries and Jack Trout), and How Brands Grow from 2010 (author: Byron Sharp). Scientific qualities of the general approach and specific findings are built primarily on the basis of the concept of marketing laws: exact, universal and unchanging principles/patterns (as reconstructed in the chapter. What are the laws of marketing?), derived from a wide range of data and appropriate methodological procedures (What should marketing be based on?), ensuring business effectiveness for market entities (What are the effects of relying on the laws of marketing?). Authors define their perspective in opposition to the lack of empirical grounding of marketing principles and false premises they are derived from (What shouldn’t marketing be?). The approaches presenting marketing as a science are thus opposed to the alternative approaches, which are describing marketing (and in particular: advertising and the process of its creation) as an art.

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Retoryka i dyskurs sędziowski – o relacji koncesywności w uzasadnieniach wyroków

Author(s): Magdalena Szczyrbak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The paper focuses on the rhetorical and performative aspects of judicial discourse, highlighting in particular the generic properties of judgments and the dialogic nature of legal justification. Using the tripartite model of concession (Couper-Kuhlen and Thompson; Barth-Weingarten) designed for the analysis of spoken interaction, it demonstrates that legal justification exhibits features of dialogic discourse – including the presence of anticipatory rebuttal (anteoccupatio) and acknowledgment (concessio) – and may therefore be interpreted as a “mute dialogue” with the evoked adversary.

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Wichtige Bemerkungen zu unbeabsichtigten Sprechwirkungen der nichtmuttersprachlichen Vortragenden auf die deutschsprachigen Rezipienten

Author(s): Aleksandra Molenda / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2022

Effective presentation is a skill wanted by many. This competence is of great relevance for scientific lectures and can be transferred to other speech situations such as student seminar papers or oral presentations. How to achieve the intended speech effects and how to act rhetorically competently is often explained in the scientific literature. However, the monograph by Grzeszczakowska-Pawlikowska is also devoted to the unintended effects of speech, including their causes.

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Alētheia in Gorgias of Leontini. An Excerpt from the History of Truth

Author(s): Lars Leeten / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

It is often assumed that the concept of alētheia, or ‘truth’, in Gorgias of Leontini belongs to the art of rhetoric. Along these lines, it is usually understood as an aesthetic concept or even a mere ‘adornment’ of speech. In this paper, it is argued, by contrast, that Gorgianic alētheia is a definable criterion of speech figuring in the practice of moral education. While the ‘truth’ of a logos indeed has to be assessed on aesthetic grounds, the underlying concept of alētheia is predominantly ethical. For Gorgias, speech is ‘true’ when it promotes virtue (aretē) by being expressive of virtue. The principle stated in the opening passage of the Encomium of Helen, that a speaker has ‘to praise what is praiseworthy and to blame what is blameworthy’, explains precisely this understanding of alētheia.

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Политическая философия диона хризостома

Author(s): Valeria Danilova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2023

The paper deals with Dio Chrysostom’s political orations to figure out his attitude to kingship, tyranny and others forms of government. The content analysis of the discourses reveals which virtues of the king are considered the most important. Constructing the image of the ideal king, Dio used such mythological and historical examples as Heracles and Alexander the Great. Dio tried to influence the emperor Trajan to make the ruler follow the advices of wise men. The political thinking of Dio Chrysostom can’t be referred to the definite philosophical doctrine as he took his ideas from different teachings (Socrates and his successors, the Stoics, the Cynics, and Homer as well) and adopted them to the modern political situation in the Roman Empire.

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Arap Belâgatinde Kinaye Tanımları ve Tasniflerindeki Farklılıkların Değerlendirilmesi: Modern Dönem Bağlamında

Author(s): Ahmet Gezek / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2023

In the dictionary, kināya, which means “to say a word and to mean a second meaning with that word”, means “to use a word both in its true meaning and in a second meaning other than this meaning“ as the Arabic rhetoric term. The conceptualization process of kināya as a sub-title of the ilm al-bayān started in the second century hijrī and took its present form in the seventh century hijrī with Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sakkākī (d. 626/1229) and in the eighth century with Khaṭīb al-Qazwīnī (d. 739/1338). The authors of modern Arabic rhetoric, based on the methodological approaches of these two authors in their definitions and classifications of kināya, sometimes adopted the same approach as they were, and sometimes made some additions and criticisms by making original evaluations. For example, Qazvinî's لفظ أريد به لازم معناه مع جواز إرادة معناه حينئذ “(Original) meaning can be meant, but the necessary meaning is the word that is meant by it.” While some contemporary authors have taken the definition of kināya with the same words, some have added the phenomenon of clue to this definition. There is a similar situation in the classification of kināya, and while some authors have taken the categorization made by Sakkākī without making any changes, some authors have made various additions to this division. In the modern period covering the last century, many books have been written on Arabic rhetoric, and some of these books have come to the fore in Arab countries and our country. In this study, in the context of the subject of kināya, twelve of the Arabic rhetoric books written in the modern period were selected and the definitions and classifications of kināya in these books were examined. The aim of this study is to bring together and compare various perspectives on kināya in contemporary Arabic rhetoric books and to identify different approaches to the subject.

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RHETORIC AND POLITICS – THE POWER OF WORDS IN SHAKESPEARE'S JULIUS CAESAR

Author(s): Tatjana Dumitrašković / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2023

Shakespeare’s play Julius Caesar emphasises the connection between rhetoric and politics. Some scholars, like Gayle Greene and Kim Ballard, point out that rhetoric in Julius Caesar is extremely important for the central political problems and character analysis. They also argue that Shakespeare implicitly criticises and condemns rhetoric that hides moral and political truth. Language is the most influential tool for seizing power in the play. Shakespeare well understands that power comes from those politicians who know how to manipulate the passions of the common people. Shakespeare’s soldiers are at the same time skilful politicians who, by manipulating particular words and gestures, try to attain their own ambitious goals. Funeral speeches offer Brutus and Antony a chance to convince people of the value of their own ideology through the power of spoken words. Describing Caesar’s murder as the result of the conspirators’ efforts to maintain order in Rome, Brutus uses prose and parallelisms to create a sense of balance. Using blank verse, apostrophe, repetition and irony, Antony affects the feelings of the Roman people and causes them to revolt. Shakespeare emphasises that mastering rhetoric results in strong political power and control.

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O roli dyspozycji i intencji w rozumieniu retoryki

Author(s): Maria Joanna Gondek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2020

Rhetoric is action through various persuasive techniques that can be used for opposing purposes. Persuasion techniques determine the rhetor's level of ability and skill. The choice of specific persuasion techniques depends on the principles of rhetoric, which are conditioned by the good as the goal of action. Good action is morally righteous, not just technically efficient. The choice of rhetor is conditioned by the objectives of the three kinds of rhetoric, the subject references and the audience. Therefore, rhetoric doesn't need to be supplemented by good guidance called eutoric. Such principles and objectives do not apply to sophistic practice and eristic disputes, which are to relative object references. In sophistry, the main task is to benefit from persuasive techniques.

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Dlaczego prozodia należy do argumentacji typu ethos?

Author(s): Jarosław Chojnacki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2020

Prosody is becoming a popular topic of research, in the aspect of paraverbal communication. However, in origin is closely related to rhetoric. The content of the text proposes finding prosody in the rhetorical realization of ethos. The article is based on ancient treatises by leading philosophers, who set the course for the integral study of prosody. The perspective of classical rhetoric results in an depiction of prosody is as a multipurpose persuasive instruments.

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Czy poeci kochają retorykę?

Author(s): Jan Sochoń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/1/2021

Since the times of Hellenic Enlightenment there has been an ongoing debate between philosophy, rhetoric and literature. This debate in the history of western culture has never come to an end. Changes taking place within these „creative areas” were accompanied by changes in relationships between them. The author of this paper focuses on describing the most important facts pointing to the „difficult bond” between rhetoric and literature, especially poetry. In his opinion rhetoric could not have interested modern poets with avantgarde imagination, which does not mean that other poets have remained deaf to its significance. The author further suggests that with the loosening of a clasp that holds together rhetoric as a technique and art of constructing utterances and texts for obviously pragmatic purposes poetry was gradually losing its affinity to it. However, when poetry pushed its semantic openness to the limits of understandability, then rhetoric disappeared entirely from its area of interest. Clearly, such extreme attitudes need not to be permanent. Shortly poets will love rhetoric - and the feeling will be mutual.

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The Importance of Rhetoric in Leadership Formation

Author(s): Thomas A. Michaud / Language(s): English Issue: 31/1/2021

Contrary to much academic, public and businesspersons’ opinion, education in rhetoric is definitely important for leadership formation. Leaders who are uneducated in the art of persuasive communications are severely handicapped. This article argues this claim 1) By defining what and who a leader is. 2) By describing the intrinsic relationship between leadership and rhetoric. 3) By identifying aspects of rhetoric that are central to practicing good leadership. 4) And, finally, by concluding with some observations on leadership, rhetoric and the current “cancel culture” movement.

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Edukacja retoryczna w Europie – dominujące tendencje

Author(s): Joanna Kiereś-Łach / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/1/2021

The aim of this article is to show that certain research and educational tendencies dominate in contemporary rhetorical education. For this reason, selected didactic offers and subjects included in study programs were presented, which are representative for research and didactics in the field of rhetoric carried out in Europe. The research and analyzes lead to the conclusion that there are three tendencies in rhetorical education: the tendency showing rhetoric from the language sciences point of view (linguistic and literary studies), the tendency showing rhetoric from the social sciences point of view (practical attitude) and the philosophical tendency (both theoretical and practical attitude). The article emphasizes that the mentioned tendencies are not mutually exclusive. However, it can be seen which of them is the basis for the method of practicing rhetoric and clearly dominates. First, examples of these didactic offers are presented that are implemented from the perspective of the language sciences, then those that take the perspective of social sciences, and finally, those that have a clear philosophical perspective. This order is not accidental. The “linguistic” approach to rhetoric seems to be the most common. Studies conducted from the perspective of social sciences put emphasis on the practical dimension of knowledge. Philosophical perspective generally takes into account both dimensions of rhetoric, i.e. the theoretical and practical dimensions. This, in turn, allows to see all dimensions of human life and gives a full understanding of the rhetoric itself, as well as the need to include it in education.

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Czym jest faultless disagreement? Zarys problemu „bezbłędnej niezgody” i propozycja interpretacji

Author(s): Tomasz Łach / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/1/2021

The subject of this article is the so-called faultless disagreement problem, and the author's goals are the general characteristics of this problem made from the perspective of philosophy and rhetoric; secondly, the presentation of main positions that have been formulated over this issue; thirdly, the presentation of the controversies can be formulated about it (in the form of 6 questions), and, fourthly, the presentation of a proposal to solve this problem by using the tools provided by the following concepts formulated on the basis of the philosophy of language: John L. Austin’s concept of Performative Utterances, John R. Searle's concept of the Felicity Conditions, Paul Grice's Maxims of Conversation and Chaim Perelman's concept of Common Sense and the hypothesis of "Meeting of Minds".

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Enargeia (ἐνἀργεια) i energeia (ἐνἑργεια). Sztuka obrazowania słowem jako metoda perswazji retorycznej

Author(s): Konrad Kuśpit / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2/2021

The article is an introduction to the series of articles speaking about enargeia and energeia. Enargeia and energeia are two ancient rhetorical figures used for speaking in a way that the receiver can clearly imagine what is said. Both of them enable him to become a witness of the story that is being told. So the listener more than hear, he sees with an “inner eye”. The author brings the thesis that visual narration can be used as the method of rhetorical persuasion. The first article of the series focuses on theoretical explanations of the key terms like “the art of verbal imaging”, “rhetorics” and “persuasion”. In the final chapter the author explains the etymology of two greek terms: enargeia and energeia. At the same time, the ending of this article is an introduction for the next parts, which are going to be published in the future.

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Słowem w serce. Retoryczność kerygmatu świętego Piotra

Author(s): Tomasz Bojarski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2/2021

The subject of this work is the effectiveness of St. Peter's speech at Pentecost and the inadequacy of the effectiveness of historical and literary criticism. With his message, saint Peter the Apostle reaches the depths of the desires, needs and expectations of his listeners. The charismatic nature of Peter's speech is a riddle that generates more questions than answers. In understanding of the speech and taking into account its context, the most useful rhetorical analysis is carried out from the perspective of the five tasks of the speaker (officia oratoris), while at the same time being aware of the crucial difference between oral and written culture. This difference lies in the fact that only the orality possesses the performative potential for the transformation of the human heart.

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Problem formułowania i rozumienia terminologii retorycznej w debatach oksfordzkich

Author(s): Joanna Gruszka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2/2021

As the popularity of the Oxford debate in Poland increases, so does the need for its theoretical organization. Its promoters are consistently working in this area: they unify, and explain the terms typical to the Oxford debate ‘jargon’. However, not all terms used in the debate area are in line with current rhetorical terminology, which they seem to be coming from. Hence, there is a need to clarify the meanings of the basic terms that are used to describe and evaluate the Oxford debate. The article takes into account the terms rhetoric, argumentation and the burden of proof. Differences in the understanding of these concepts are explained and an attempt is made to identify the causes of the inaccuracies. The analysis of terms and their meanings was made on the basis of available Polish debating guides and evaluation cards of selected major debate tournaments in Poland. The purpose of the article is to show that misunderstandings in the semantic field can contribute to less effective dissemination of the idea of the Oxford debate.

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Retoryczny etos na przykładzie mowy Królowej Elżbiety II

Author(s): Alicja Kornicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2/2021

Since 1952, Elizabeth II has been the Queen of Britain and the Commonwealth, making her the longest serving British monarch in history. Queen Elizabeth had only delivered four speeches in response to current events during her entire 68-year reign. On Sunday evening - 5th of April 2020 she delivered her fifth a calm, hopeful oration about the pandemic. She have addressed it to her countrymen, but it was the whole world that was watching. Her speech lasted less than 5 minutes was described by many recipient as reassuring, inspiring, something they needed to hear. The rhetoric of this speech was solid. It was a welcome morale booster from a benevolent figure with no other agenda than caring for her country. Queen Elizabeth has the appeal of ethos just by her nature and who she is as queen. She has the respect and authority. She knows that in making speech, she must convey her power and authority, while at the same time, convey herself as an equal to her people. She does it and she wins over the hearts of her nation.

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WOULD IT KILL YOU TO S TOP DOING THAT? ON SOME RHETORICAL QUESTIONS WHICH FUNCTION AS INDIRECT REQUESTS

Author(s): Džemal Špago / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2023

While, in most instances, the difference between rhetorical and action-eliciting questions is clear-cut, there are certain borderline cases where questions that are apparently rhetorical function as indirect requests. This paper deals with the analysis of examples of such rhetorical questions taken from a number of plays by four American and British playwrights. The results confirm that, although such instances are quite rare, indirect requests can also be made in the form of questions that imply obvious answers, and that contain no elements of asking for information.

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