Akceptace směnky

Author(s): Josef Kotásek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2001

With a foreign bill of exchange, the issuer orders the bill of exchange (trustee) to pay a certain amount of money to the bill of exchange creditor. Of course, there is no obligation for the trustee, as the addressee of this order, by issuing the bill of exchange itself. Until he agrees with the text of the bill of exchange by a statement in the document (acceptance, acceptance), he is still only a potential debtor. Only upon acceptance (§ 21-29 ZSŠ) does the bill of exchange become a direct debtor from the bill of exchange, which he is obliged to pay at maturity (cf. § 28 par. 1 ZSŠ). It follows from the nature of the matter that the acceptance applies exclusively to a foreign bill of exchange, it is out of the question for the bill of exchange itself. This contribution is therefore further devoted exclusively to foreign bills of exchange.

K dřívějším, současným a budoucím prostředkům ochrany proti nekalé soutěži

Author(s): Petr Hajn / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2001

The work on the new Civil Code, as well as the much "slimmer" Commercial Code, forces us to think about where the regulation of unfair competition will find its place in this new arrangement of private law and what the form of this regulation will be. The current development of legislative work is aimed at making this regulation part of the Civil Code. Such a solution is well imaginable and in many ways would undoubtedly be more practical than the current regulation in the Commercial Code; it is not very clear from it which of the institutes of the Civil Code are applicable in matters of unfair competition. The solution which applies to compensation for damage caused by unfair competition (ie tortious damage) (by reference to § 757 of the Commercial Code) is subject to the regime of strict liability for damage caused by breach of the contractual relationship (§ 373 of the Commercial Code).

K majetkovým právům společníka za trvání obchodní společnosti

Author(s): Aleš Borkovec / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2001

This article deals with the possibilities of paying funds from a business company to a partner for the duration of the relationship between him and the company. It analyzes the methods of payment of profit from the company, the position of the reserve fund and the special reserve fund and the accounting of shareholders' surcharges. It also touches on the way and purpose of reducing capital funds.

Smlouva o prodeji podniku versus zákaz přenosu daňové povinnosti

Author(s): Eva Dlabalová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2000

Enterprise sale contract regulated by the provisions of Sections 476 and the following ones of the law no. 513/1991 of the Collection, of the Commercial Code, in the wording of later amendments, represents a special type of purchase contract. This contract makes it obligatory for the selling party to transfer pro­perty right to movable and immovable property, other rights and other property values that enable one to run the business, to the purchaser. The transfer takes pla­ce on a payment. On the grounds of this contract the purchaser must not only pay the agreed on price of the subject of such an obligation - i.e. the enterprise. The purchaser must also accept all obligations related to this enterprise. According to the provisions of Section 476/ Par. 1 of the Commercial Code the purchaser acquires all rights and obligations relevant for the sale. The enterprise sale contract makes it obligatory to transfer only obligations resulting from obligation relations falling within the scope of private law. The ques­tion whether their character is or is not a commercial one is irrelevant here. The enterprise sale contract do­es not transfer any duties falling within the scope of public law.Given the different character of the above mentioned obligations it may well be said that the provisions of Section 477, Par. 1 of the law no. 513/1991 of the Collection, of the Commercial Code, in the wording of later amendments, are not in lex specialis relation to the pravisions of Section 45 of the law no. 337/1992 of the Collection, concerning tax and fee administration, in the wording of later amendments.

Indosace směnky a vyloučení námitek směnečného dlužníka

Author(s): Josef Kotásek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2000

Nabyvatel směnky (indosatář) má při indosaci pod kontrolou zpravidla jenom jedno směnečné prohlášení - prohlášení svého indosanta - a i to ne za všech okolností. Pro každého dalšího nabyvatele směnky by tak jistě bylo ideální, kdyby se mohl spolehnout na sta­rou zásadu qoud non est in cambio, non est in mundo - a nemusel se zabývat jinou skutečností než textem směnky. Bezpečnost hospodářského provozu jistě vy­žaduje, aby kupujícím zamýšlená příznivá změna - nabytí práv ze směnky - nebyla narušena okolnost­mi, které jsou neznámé a z pouhého formálního obsahu listiny je nelze rozpoznat.Ze strany směnečných dlužníků (akceptanta, trasanta, indosanta, avalisty, čestného příjemce a výstav­ce vlastní směnky) však mohou povstávat nejrůznější námitky. Dlužník se bude jistě bránit placení, když byl jeho podpis na směnce zfalšován, vynucen násilím nebo získán podvodem. Stejně tak se bude zavázaná osoba - mnohdy s nemenší intenzitou - bránit tehdy, jestliže zaniknul kauzální vztah, pro který byla směnka použita (příslušný směnečný dlužník potom zpravidla zastává stanovisko, že by zaplacením směnky plnil "neexistující závazek").

Majetek a jeho zdroje podle obchodního zákoníku a účetních předpisů

Author(s): Aleš Borkovec / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2000

This article concerns concepts related to property and its sources according to the Czech Commercial Code on one hand, and according to the Czech accounting directives, on the other hand. The article mentions problems due to the different regulations. It also considers the influence of the new amendments to the Commercial Code on the problems in question.

Směnečný podindosament z pohledu dlužníka

Author(s): Josef Kotásek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2000

Der Umlauf des Wechsels wird nicht durch den Verfall beendet. Das Wechselgesetz laflt im § 20 die Ubertragung des Wechsels durch Indossament auch nach Verfall zu. Solche Indossamente werden aft unzutreffend als "Nachindossamente" bezeichnet.Das Wechselgesetz unterscheidet drei Arten des Indossaments. Erstens "vorprotestliches Indossa­ ment nach Verfall", das zwar nach Verfall des Wechsels, aber noch vor Ablauf der Protestfrist er­folgt. Dieses Indossament hat alle Wirkungen des gewöhnlichen Indossaments. Zweitens "nachprotestliches Nachindossament", also das Indossament eines protestierten Wechsels und drittens das Indossament eines nicht rechtzeitig protestierten (priijudizierten) Wechsels. Als Nach­indossamente bezeichne ich nur die zwei letzgenann­ten Fälle. In dem vorliegendem Beitrag wurden hautpsächlich die Transportwirkungen eines Nachindossaments untersucht. Es hat nicht mehr die Wirkun­gen des gewöhnlichen Indossaments, sondern nur die einer gewöhnlichen Abtretung. Es lässt die Rech­te auf den Nachindossatar nur so übergehen, wie sie seinem Nachindossanten zustehen. Der Wech­ selschuldner hat also gegenüber dem Nachindossatar alle Einwendungen, die bei Indossierung ge­gen den Nachindossanten bestanden. Darüberhinaus wurde ausführlich referiert ob, und im welchen Um­fang davon ein Wechselschuldner praktisch profitie­ren kann.

Tripartita komparativní optikou

Author(s): Milan Vacík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2000

This article is an attempt at comparative study in socíal partnership issue. The first part focuses on bipartite/tripartite consultative bodies across Wes­tern Europe countries and one very important pillar of tripartite consultation: the Internatíonal Labour Organization that is based on these principles. In the second part we examine consultatíons between Go­vernment, employers and trade unions in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia. The last part considers two main ways of establishing a national consulta­tive body - law or tripartite agreement - in a deve­loping free-market society.

Poznámky ke směnečnému rukojemství

Author(s): Josef Kotásek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/1999

Wechselschuldner sind in der Regel der Akzeptant, der Austeller und die Indossanten. Zu ihnen tritt als weitere Art der Wechselschuldner der Wechselbiirge (Aval). Zweck der Wechselbiigschaft ist nach § 30 WG die Zahlung der Wechselsum­me zu sichern. Dies wird in der westlichen Ländern überwiegend durch die Zeichnung eines Indossa­ments (Garantieindossament) erreicht. Die Wech­selbürgschaft hat in der Tschechischen Republik eine grössere Bedeutung. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wurden hauptsiichlich die formellen Fragen der Wechselbürgschaft untersucht; zugleich wurde die Praxis und Auslegungskonzeptionen der verschiedenen ausländischen Gerichte in den Genfer Vetrags­staaten berücksichtigt. Als Hauptproblem in diesem Bereich kann man vor allem die Auslegung Art. 31 Abs. 4 Einh. WG bezeichnen.

Blankosměnka z pohledu dlužníka

Author(s): Josef Kotásek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/1999

The article deals with the problems concerning an unauthorized completion of an incomplete instrument - bill of exchange and promissory note. If such an instrument is completed without authority ar not in accordance with the authority, the court might al­low a personal defense only. The issuer bears the risk that a holder will complete the bill of exchan­ge or promissory note in an unauthorized manner. From the issuers perspective the author presents the necessary measures preventing a defective completi­on of the incomplete instrument.

Směnka jako zajišťovací a platební prostředek u tzv. spotřebitelských úvěrů

Author(s): Josef Kotásek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/1998

Consumer credit allows the consumer to finance a purchase withouth having to pay the full price of the goods at the time of the transaction. An important EC­ directive for consumer protection is the directive for the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concernig consumer credit (87/102/EEC).

Odpovědnost právníků za obsah právní odpovědnosti

Author(s): Josef Bejček / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/1998

Setrvávám v dávno formulované skepsi, že definice je v právu nebezpečná už proto, že je vlastně nemožná; právo se vyvíjí a jeho pojmy se mění pod týmiž názvy. Souhlasím též s K. Popperem v tom, že požadavek po definici všech našich termínů je stejně neudržitelný jako požadavek, abychom dokázali všechna svá tvrzení. Nemůže však škodit poukaz na nejobecnější a nejpříznačnější rysy v nějaké tzv. definici pro běžnou potřebu, pokud si uvědomujeme její omezenost.

Obchodní podíl v exekuci

Author(s): Karel Eliáš / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/1998

Otázkou přípustnosti vedení exekuce na dlužníkův podíl na obchodní společnosti nebo na družstvu se naše novodobá judikatura - až na jedinou výjimku z první poloviny sedmdesátých let - zabývala jen ve vztahu k obchodnímu podílu na společnosti s ručením omezeným, zato však opakovaně. Pokaždé na ni formulovala odpověď zápornou, a to bez zřetele k tomu, že se tento způsob výkladu zákona setkává v teorii i v praxi se stále výraznější kritikou.

K dokazování ve sporech z nekalé soutěže

Author(s): Petr Hajn / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/1998

Law against unfair competition protects some cases of intangible property and values (company and product titles, good reputation of enterprising subjects and their know-how). Unfair competition (especially false advertising, creating the danger of confusion, making use of someone else's reputation) can concern ne­gatively a wide range of subjects. These situations are, of course, reflected in cases concerning unfair competition. The Czech version of procedural law does not incorporate this sufficiently, therefore it is often in need of being added certain procedures resulting from the practice of civil procedure. It is the case with, above all, prima facie evidence, factual throwing the burden of proof on the opposing party, hypotheses deducted from general human experience, explanatory duty of the sued party, etc. When applying these procedures one can consult the theory of procedural law as it can, in Czech professional literature, be found in the work of Josef Macur.

Veřejnoprávní a soukromoprávní regulace reklamy

Author(s): Petr Hajn / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/1998

As the character of advertising is essentially public it is no wonder that advertising appeals to vast strata of population. lt can affect various substantial social values and this influence is not restricted only to the economic ones. Therefore the purity of advertising cannot be guaranteed by the "invisible hand of market" only, and some sort of regulation by means of public law is necessary. Suggested legal adjustments must be carried out in such a way that will ma ke socially harmful advertising subjected to possible recourse. The norm of public law should not serve as a tool for solving cases of individual rivals' competitions. The article attempts to clear the question of to what extent the Czech Law of Advertising Regulation (law no. 40/95 ofthe Collection of Laws) meets the demands set forth above. There have also been suggested such changes in this Law that make it more precise and clear. ln the same time, the author mentions dangers unavoidable in cases when legal action by means of the public law is taken against advertising: in this situation the advertising may get massive publicity which then serves for the interests of these who distribute the undesirable advertising.

Vypuštění ust. § 52 odst. 3 zákona o konkursu a vyrovnání aneb je vyrovnání ještě vyrovnáním?

Author(s): Vladan Vala / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/1998

V poslední době bylo často voláno po tom, aby zákon o konkursu a vyrovná­ní umožňoval dlužníkům jejich tzv. revitalizaci. Bylo tak zřejmě zapomínáno na skutečnost, že tento zákon vedle konkursu upravuje i vyrovnání, které má k re­vitalizaci sloužit. Je to zřejmě odrazem současného stavu právního vědomí, kdy většina podnikatelů, ale i mnoho právnicky vzdělaných osob, vůbec netuší, co je vyrovnání a jaké výhody skýtá. Tímto příspěvkem bych rád poukázal na zatím po­slední novelu zákona o konkursu a vyrovnání, jenž nabyla účinnosti dnem 1. 6. 1996 a jejíž dopad na vyrovnání považuji za ne příliš šťastný.

Kacířský výklad zástavního práva

Author(s): Ondřej Benda / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/1998

In the article the author formulates alternative interpretation solutions to art. 151d, par. 2 of the Civil Code. By means of these she/he attempts to overcome obstacles to realizing the settlement function of lien in the mode of Civil Code in cases when the distrainee is different from the obliged debtor because of consequent transfer of the pledged object. The subject-matter of the article may be characterized as searching for the content of responsibility as an unfavourable consequence of failure in fulfillment the duties of the obliged debtor which will be projected into the sphere of pledged object acquirer's property. In the article two situation are distinguished. In the first model situation the acquirer is considered to bear re­sponsibility for fulfillment of the accessory obligation "only". Within this situation problems of whether the first transfer of pledge leads either to transformation of lien to legal liability, or to changes in the content pledger's responsibility, are con­sidered. In the second model situation the acquirer of pledge takes over the main obligation ex lege in the moment real legal effects of the transfer become effective. This situation strengthens legal position of creditor by cumulative intercession.

ОДЛУКЕ ВИШЕГ ПРИВРЕДНОГ СУДА СРБИЈЕ

Author(s): Jezdimir Mitrović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/1989

Odpowiedzialność za zobowiązania spółki kapitałowej w organizacji na podstawie art. 13 § 1 Kodeksu spółek handlowych. Glosa częściowo krytyczna do wyroku Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 10 wrzesnia 2020 r. (V CSK 118/19, LEX nr 3080092)

Author(s): Agnieszka Goldiszewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2021

The commented judgement rightly recognizes the need to identify the liabilities of a capital company in the process of formation and their scope. This issue is of particular importance in the context of the possibility to attribute the liability under Article 13 § 1 of the Code of Commercial Partnerships and Companies to persons acting on behalf of the company. The Supreme Court, by distinguishing the obligation (debt) from the resulting legal relationship, and having regard to the legal nature of the contract concluded, assumed that the obligations of the parties had arisen at the stage of limited liability company already formed, which precludes liability from being attributed to a person acting on behalf of the company (the representative appointed by the shareholders’ resolution). The commentary outlines the Supreme Court’s position, with partial criticism thereof.

SZCZEGÓLNE KORZYŚCI PRZYZNANE WSPÓLNIKOWI W UMOWIE SPÓŁKI Z OGRANICZONĄ ODPOWIEDZIALNOŚCIĄ

Author(s): Filip WOLSKI / Language(s): Polish Issue: 123/2022

Background: The aim of this study is to analyze article 159 of the Polish Code of Commercial Companies. The cited provision enables granting ‘special benefits’ to a shareholder of a limited liability company. This regulation is exceptional in nature, taking into account the fact that the shareholder’s influence on the object of the company’s activity depends, in principal, on the value of shares held. Research purpose: The purpose of the publication is to comprehensively present issues related to the subject and scope of special benefits assigned to a participant of a limited liability company, as well as the granting and termination thereof. In order to achieve this goal, the author analyzed the above-mentioned aspects in three sections. The first focuses on the subject and scope of special benefits. The second relates to granting thereof. The third refers to the termination of special benefits. Methods: The study uses the legal-dogmatic method. In particular, reference was made to the text of the September 15, 2000 Commercial Companies Code commentaries, articles, monographs, as well as case law. Conclusions: A closer look at the issue resulted in drawing three categories of conclusions and possible de lege ferenda proposals. The first category is positive conclusions. They relate to the existence of regulations enabling special rights to be attributed to a shareholder of a limited liability company. The second category is mixed conclusions. It pertains to the lack of defining the subject and scope of the issue in question. Prima facie this state of affairs may seem favorable, although – as it turns out – it is not entirely so. In this case, specific legislative solutions have been proposed to improve the situation. The last category is critical conclusions. They refer to the topic of the termination of ‘special benefits’ De lege lata, which is not clearly regulated. In light of this, doubts arise as to the application of article 159 of the Commercial Companies Code. In this matter, ways to improve the drafting of the provision are discussed.