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Język w public relations

Author(s): Izabela Janicka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Artykuł prezentuje najważniejsze kwestie związane z pisemnym i ustnym komunikowaniem w ramach PR. Omówiono zasady konstruowania tekstów PR-owych według formuły Rudolfa Flescha, znanej pod nazwą Flesch Readability, dla różnych typów wypowiedzi pisemnych, m.in. news release, information release, press release, press statement, information release, background release. Uwzględniając netykietę, przedstawiono główne reguły sztuki epistolograficznej, zwracając uwagę na najczęściej popełniane błędy. Nie lada wyzwaniem dla współczesnych PR-owców pozostaje stosowanie właściwych form językowych w mediach społecznościowych, które pomogą w budowaniu wizerunku przedsiębiorstwa i korzystnie wpływają na jego pozycjonowanie w przestrzeni publicznej. Zaproponowano wykorzystanie odpowiednich form językowych, które usprawniają komunikację i właściwe rozumienie treści adresowanych do wybranych grup targetowych.

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Метафора экзистенциального кризиса в контексте миграции (анализ медиадискурса и политического дискурса)

Author(s): Nikoleta Mertová / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The study is an analysis of the metaphor of an existential crisis in the context of migration, which in recent months’ profiles in the position of the central themes of the current political and media discourse at European level and in the Slovak and Russian language environments. The author focuses on the phenomena of constructing and validating their own ethnic identity, "his and our", in contrast to the category of "foreign" clearly negative connote through new social and political experience - migration of population. Negativism as a distinctive feature of understanding of the migrant population is presented through such nominations that evoke pressure (obligatory quota, psychology of the population), pressure (migrants as army, migrants as insects, migrants like animals), threat (physical - hunt the people, violence and aggression), differences of opinion and differences (moral code, religiosity, label) etc.

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Образы «тишины» и «молчания» в поэзии Б. Л. Пастернака: лингвистический аспект

Author(s): Anna Vladimirovna Khiznichenko,Larisa Borisovna Kryukova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In the article linguistic means of verbalization of «quietness» and «silence» images and their role in a creation of the text are considered. Lexical and syntactic units with perceptual semantics represent author's world perception and allow to convey desirable impressions and senses brightly and precisely. The individual description of «quietness» and «silence» results from various semantic and syntactic transformations (for example, replacement of some lexical units in the phraseological locution, "threading" of cognate words, use of synonyms, etc.). Research of linguistic units with semantics of «quietness» and «silence» in stylistic aspect allows to say that the author uses such figures of speech as a metaphor, personification, a metonymy, contrast, an oxymoron, inversion. It is important that the personification of «silence» is directly connected with semantics of the movement. «Silence» is ubiquitous, it promotes enlightenment, provokes cogitative activity and imagination. Traditionally the silence is built in an associative array "dream" - "winter" - "death". The partial linguistic analysis of poems "Oath" and "Silence" confirms thought of the importance of the studied perceptual images in poetic creativity of B. Pasternak. In the first case, the poem is under construction by the principle of contrast from «loud sounding» (holiday) to «lack of sounding / deafness». In the second, on the contrary: from total absence of sounds to silent sounding and its strengthening (besides structural-semantic device of contrast syntactic reception of interchange is also used). Images of «quietness» and «silence» in B. Pasternak's poetry are semantically and structurally significant, and linguistic means of their representation need to be considered as specific characteristics of the author's individual style.

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Türk ve Japon Atasözlerinde Hayvan Metaforları

Author(s): Zeynep Gençer / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Atasözleri, deyim ve deyişler bir ulusun dünya görüşünü, yaşam tarzını ve değerlerini nesilden nesile aktaran, onları ait olduğu kültürün kalıcı kavramları yapan en önemli dil araçlarından biridir. Söz konusu bu söz öbeklerinde, dolaylı bir anlatım tarzı hakim olup, genellikle benzetme, kişileştirme, metafor gibi anlatıma zenginlik katan bir söz sanatı olduğu düşüncesi yaygındır. Ancak bu klasik görüşün tersine metafor sadece süslü bir anlatım değil, dilin ve düşüncenin vaz geçilmez bir ürünüdür. Lakoff ve Johnson (2015), fiziksel, sosyal ve kültürel deneyimler sonucu ortaya çıkan metaforların, kültürden kültüre çeşitlilik gösterebildiğinden bahsetmekte ve metaforları yönelmeli ve ontolojik metaforlar olarak ikiye ayırmaktadırlar. Ontolojik metaforlar, aynı dili konuşanlar arasında soyut kavramları veya durumları somutlaştırmaya ve anlatımı kolaylaştırmaya yararlar. Ancak, farklı anadil konuşurlarında bazı durumlarda somutlaştırma ve kolaylaştırma çabasının anlam bulanıklığına sebep verdiği gözlemlenmektedir. Bu durumun sebebi ise, aynı kavramın farklı kültürlerde farklı çağrışımlar uyandırması olarak düşünülmektedir.

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Kobieta bez głosu. O powieści Christiny Dalcher „Vox”

Author(s): Małgorzata Kita / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The subject of the study is Vox (2018; Polish translation – 2019), the debut novel of Christina Dalcher, an American writer and linguist. The author presents the issues of interpersonal communication in a world in which some members of society (women) of a certain country have been allotted a daily word limit of 100 words. The novel concerns the problem of marginalization of a particular social group – determined by the criterion of biological sex – which confines them to the sphere of home, ultimately forcing women to withdraw from the public life. At the same time it touches upon a fundamental human characteristic: language and communication, which facilitate the creation of bonds in human societies. However, the curtailment of speech for one group has consequences for the communication process of the non-silenced group which has retained complete freedom of speech as well; after all, communication requires interaction and cooperation of at least two parties. The advantage of one party leads to the disappearance/destruction of dialogue, to authoritarian monologue. The novel is referred to as a feminist dystopia, a political novel, a novel of the Donald Trump era, a novel of the #MeToo era, a socially engaged, activist novel, a novel of manners, a linguistic thriller, a medical thriller. Each of these genological expressions directs the reading of Vox differently. Regardless of the readings, however, the novel remains a story about the premeditated atrophy of interpersonal communication.

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O pogranicznym charakterze Sienkiewiczowskiej publicystyki

Author(s): Magdalena Pietrzak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to Henryk Sienkiewicz’s journalistic writing, shown from the perspective of stylistic and genre boundaries. Analyses of selected press statements have aimed to indicate the presence of stylistic elements characteristic of literature in journalistic texts and to show how, on the other hand, the journalistic experience (e.g. in the form of reports from painting exhibitions, correspondence from travels) has found its artistic rendering in Sienkiewicz’s literary works. The research material consists of texts representing Sienkiewicz’s most frequently employed journalistic genres: note, review and travel correspondence. The analyses have been formulated in their appropriate contexts, taking into account the state of 19th-century journalism, the genre consciousness of the time and Sienkiewicz’s literary output.

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„A ta piosenka jest zrobiona z tego miasta odpadków” – śmieci i resztki, mainstream i nisza w twórczości muzycznej Pablopavo

Author(s): Beata Kiszka-Pytel / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article touches upon the topic of cultural transformations, on the basis of the analysis of song lyrics written by Paweł Soltys, performing under the stage pseudonym Pablopavo. Moreover, it elaborates in more detail on the separate, interconnected and overlapping circles of issues, such as: the relationship between the mainstream and niche phenomena in culture, garbage, waste and remnants in culture, or money and the lack thereof in the world of wealth or nothingness. The observations lead to the conclusion that in his musical activity, the artist combines various, sometimes extreme social orders and worlds, including all kinds of phenomena taken from the mainstream and low art.

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Jezično jedinstvo i stilska razvedenost hrvatskih protestantskih tekstova 16. stoljeća

Author(s): Tanja Kuštović / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

In the 16th century, the Croatian Protestant authors at Urach printed the texts in Glagolitic, Cyrillic and Latin script, in an effort to reach a wider audience. One of those texts is Spovid i spoznanie prave krsztianske vere, translated in 1564 by Antun Dalmatin and Stipan Konzul, and published in Glagolitic and Latin script. That literary work is the translation of the critical edition of The Augsburg Confession written by Philipp Melanchthon. It is a non-liturgical text divided into two parts: the first part contains 21 printed articles or „artikul“ and the second one consists of longer articles on religion, good deeds, bad habits, etc. The previous research of Croatian Protestant texts was principally centred on the study of the New Testament, while only recently have non-liturgical Protestant texts come under scientific scrutiny. It has already been known that the languages of liturgical and non-liturgical texts differ, the former having considerably more Old Church Slavonic features. In this paper I am going to study linguistic, primarily morphological features in the text not previously linguistically processed (Spovid i spoznanie prave krsztianske vere), and compare them to the New Testament linguistic features. The findings will help me establish the extent of variety between the language of non-liturgical and liturgical Protestant texts published by Croatian Protestants in the same period.

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Le seuil entre « informativité » ex « expressivité » dans la presse française et francophone : focus sur les titres

Author(s): Mihaela Lupu / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

In this paper, we will deal with different techniques used by journalists who chose to use expressive language in the titles of informative articles. Our study will focus on a recent corpus of articles published online in various French or francophone newspapers, weekly and monthly periodicals and on an information site. We will try to identify the intentions of the journalists that make use of various expressive techniques (homophony, alliteration, paronomasia, détournement of fixed phrases and proverbs, isotopy, polysemy, antithesis, original associations of proper and figurative meanings, etc.) as well as the discursive effects that they can create.

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РАЗВИТИЕ УЧЕНИЯ О СРЕДСТВАХ И СПОСОБАХ РУССКОГО СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЯ В XVIII ВЕКЕ

Author(s): Olga Ariskina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The XVIII century in Russia had become a new stage in the development of science and education. At this time, the achievements of European scientists are being creatively revised, the Academy of Sciences and the University are being opened, scientific works are being actively published. M. V. Lomonosov, V. E. Adodurov, A. A. Barsov, V. K. Trediakovsky, A. P. Sumarokov, V. N. Tatishchev, N. G. Kurganov, V. P. Svetov, P. I. Sokolov, A. S. Nikolsky, Apollos are encyclopedic scientists of the XVIII century who had made a revolution in Russian linguistics. In this article we review the achievements of the linguists in the XVIII century on the field of the doctrine about the means and methods of word formation.The scientists in the Enlightenment had seen the system device of word formation, understood the difference between morphological, word-formative, formative and word-changing levels, engaged in the development of the terminological apparatus of derivatology and morphemics. At this time, many important word-formative definitions appeared. It is important that during this period an attempt to comprehend and define the very essence of word formation was made, scientists began to differentiate the meaning of root and affixal morphemes. M. V. Lomonosov compared the word-formative capabilities of different languages and came to the conclusion about the wealth of word-formative resources of the Russian language, and Apollos conducted word-formative analysis. Thus, the doctrine of the means and methods of Russian word formation in the XVIII century had become relevant and rapidly developed.

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Функционално-семантичната категория залоговост в българския език

Author(s): Verka Sasheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The purpose of the article is to outline the means (explicators, modifiers) that are in the core and periphery of the functional-semantic field of voice. Attention is paid not only to the morphological category of voice, which is at the core of the functional-semantic field; other peripheral explicators of the category – both lexical and syntactic – are considered, too. Some homonymous uses of passive forms with already lost passive meanings are discussed. An attempt is made to distinguish them by means of a functional-semantic (pragmatic, not formal) criterion.

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Някои наблюдения върху поляризацията на обществото, отразена в българските медии

Author(s): Teodora Krasteva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The object of analysis in this article is the language of the Bulgarian media and its ability to influence the process of polarization of society by advancing certain theses in the presentation of the news. The study uses material from some Bulgarian print media such as the newspapers Trud, Sega, 24 chasa, FrogNews, Agency PIK, Ivo Indzhev’s blog – ivo.bg, etc. for the period 2021 2022. Attention is paid to language aggression in the media and the means of its expression.

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Жанровая модель заключения судебного эксперта (на материале английского, болгарского, польского и русского языков)

Author(s): Stanisław Goźdź-Roszkowski,Julia Mazurkiewicz-Sułkowska / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Russian,Polish Publication Year: 0

The literature devoted to legal linguistics often ignores documents encountered in court discourse which contain expert conclusions (forensic investigation). This article attempts to determine the genre model of expert opinions. As part of it, there is also a brief explanation of the legal and cultural context of how judicial expertise works, since it directly affects the structure of the documents we are interested in. The authors compare the conclusions of forensic experts using documents taken from the Anglo-Saxon legal system (common law) and from the civil law system (Polish, Russian, and Bulgarian).

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NATO and the Importance of Deep in Linguistic Interoperability to Spread English as the Language of International Communication

Author(s): Gulam Mahammadov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article elucidates the role and significance of NATO activity in the process of the global spread of English as the means of international communication. It highlights the methods and directions of the Alliance activities aimed at the establishment of the global importance of the use of English in the field of international relations. The article analyzes the organization of language training for the military personnel of the Alliance member countries. The author presents the NATO standards of foreign language proficiency STANAG 6001. The main problems of language training in the Armed Forces of the North Atlantic Alliance are listed in the article and the means of their solutions are analyzed. The programs and strategies of military language education are presented as well as the ways of their integration into existing courses of professional military education. The paper analyzes the importance of the Defence Education Enhancement Programme and its interoperability for the allies and partners.

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Книжовноезикови и жанрови особености на първото писмо в българската възрожденска поезия

Author(s): Nayda Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In this paper, I examine Alexios’s farewell letter to his parents and his bride, as displayed in the poem The Life of Saint Alexios the Man of God (1833) written by Konstantin Ognjanović. The specificities of the Slavo-Bulgarian type of Bulgarian literary language in the first half of the 19th century as represented in the letter in question are analyzed as well. In addition, I also aim to reveal the genre characteristics of Alexios’s letter.

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ENALAGA VREMENA I NAČINA U PUTOPISNOM ŽANRU

Author(s): Bernisa Puriš / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Narrative sequence is the basic configural element (speech type) of the travelogue, on the basis of which its spatial and temporal arrangement is organized. The temporal arrangement of travel narration depends on the travel writer’s awareness of time and their subjective experience of time while writing about the journey. The writer, as a storyteller, has the freedom to choose a perspective, i.e. time point of view, to narrate the travel story to others. In this context, the question of intentionality in choosing verb forms to express travelogue temporality is important for stylistics. Regarding this question verb forms were studied as stylistic indicators of experiential, dynamic, rhythmic, and interdiscursive effects. These stylistic features make the travelogue genre specific and distinguishable from other genres with which it simultaneously exists. In doing so, it starts from the position that the issue of synonymy is very important in stylistic research. Since the subject of this paper is grammatical synonymy in the field of narrative temporality, the paper uses the concept of analogous time and mode, which in the system of stylistic / rhetorical figures means the expression of the same temporal relations in different verb tenses and modes. The research corpus is an anthological selection of 20th-century travelogues from Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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