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The Impact of the Conflict in Ukraine on the Development of the Higher University Military Education Process – Adapting Maritime Operational Art to the Dynamics of Modern Military Actions

Author(s): Lucian Valeriu SCIPANOV / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Observing the evolution of military actions in the Ukraine conflict, one feels the need to capitalise on the lessons identified as a result of the innovative ways of applying the principles of military art, in the conditions of real war. Thus, within this approach, I set out to identify how the evolution of the conflict in Ukraine influenced military art in general. In essence, this approach is a corollary of the results obtained as a personal contribution to the development of knowledge in the field of military sciences. Analysing the existing situation, following evaluations of the potential national response capabilities in the event of an armed conflict in the vicinity of the Black Sea, I identified didactic ways to update the doctrinal contents. The didactic approach was based on the handiest research validation tool, the war game, by testing some tactical scenarios, experienced in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. From a didactic point of view, the result was useful for updating the analytical programs in the master’s degree programs, however, the benefit from this research comes from the action-structural field, regarding the ways of responding in the maritime environment with existing capabilities or identifying the capability requirements, emphasising the importance of military services and branches cooperation during the joint coastal defence operation.

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PUBLIC COMMUNICATION DURING UKRAINE’S INVASION AND ITS EFFECT ON PUBLICS

Author(s): Mihaela Stoica / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Our paper examines the manner in which public opinion is affected by public communication in a very specific situation. The conflict in Ukraine has been on everyone’s mind for the last three months not only due to its unreasonableness but also due to the Ukrainians mastery of communicating to the public, be it national or international. As the conflict has grown stronger in its intensity so has the public communication on the Ukrainian side which took any given chance to address the international political scene through President Volodymyr Zelenski’s speeches in front of numerous Parliaments. While scrutinising the Ukrainian manner of communicating information and asking for humanitarian, financial and military aid, we will also inspect the manner in which the Russian side communicates. We will look into the effect that these addresses have had on the public opinion. The theoretical background of the paper includes the views on public opinion of GabrielTarde, Pierre Zémor’s definition of public communication as well as Jürgen Habermas’ communicative theory. These theories will assist us in our research to demonstrate which side communicates the better and which has the ability to use cultural references that support their message. Our paper studies an ongoing military conflict,i.e. the data that we have included so far could be interpreted differently later.

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NATO – RUSSIA CRISIS OF 2022. TAKING LESSONS FROM THE PREVIOUS CRISIS

Author(s): Valentin TOTIR,Lucian Valeriu SCIPANOV / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this article, we are placing an analysis of the current crisis that erupted at the Russian-Ukrainian border. The main purpose is to identify possible hidden causes that could influence evolution. For this purpose, we have developed a comparative analysis of the current situation, taking attention to the similarities with the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Next, using the hypothetical-deductive analysis, we will highlight what could be the major objectives of the big actors involved and what could be the big dilemmas they are facing in decision-making. At the end of the paper, we will submit the conclusions by following the analyzes that we have proposed. The motivation for choosing this topic is to understand the future of the crisis and to focus on the crisis in the interests of the EU and NATO in general, and especially in Romania. The novelty of the research lies in comparing the evolution of the actual state of the situation on the Russian-Ukrainian border, with the one of1962, when the tensions between NATO and the former Warsaw Treaty Organization reached their peak, as well as from the analysis based on the fundamental differences between the democratic regimes and the totalitarian ones, focused on identifying the objectives of great importance that each of the parties wants to achieve.

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THE REGIME AND EFFECTIVENESS OF 2022 ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AGAINST THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Author(s): Cristian Băhnăreanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the early 2022, the world economy is recovering from the decline caused by Covid-19 pandemic –the central banks being prepared to gradually withdraw fiscal and monetary support. The Russian military’s invasion of Ukraine and subsequent sanctions have reversed this trend and risks and uncertainty have suddenly returned amid rising energy, food and other important commodity prices, inflationary pressures, deterioration in financial and labor market conditions. This paper outlines the general framework of economic sanctions, reviews the sanctions adopted by the international community against Russia in the first 100 days of brutal, unjustified and unprovoked illegal military aggression against Ukraine, and identifies their effectiveness and impact on Russia’s economic and financial system.

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THE IMPACT OF THE UKRAINIAN REFUGEE WAVE ON REGIONAL SECURITY. RISK ASSESSMENT AND EVOLVING SCENARIOS

Author(s): Teodora-Ioana MORARU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In today’s society, instability and conflict are growing more prevalent, with citizens fearing for what is next, for what some state actor might do, and its impact on our lives and our children. The ongoing Russian-Ukrainian conflict presents a gloomy scenario in which all our beliefs, as European citizens, seem only to survive as glimpses of hope. The probability of such an impactful conflict and the unlikely military conventionalism related to it makes every citizen of any European country to doubt the safety net in which we thought to be, so far. The most devastating effect, specific and real at this moment, of the near conflict in Europe is an economic one since a new refugee wave threatens to destabilize all societal equilibrium. On the other side of the barricade, Russia's position is mainly due to the internal challenges it faces, as its economy is destabilized by United States sanctions. Low oil prices at the end of the second decade of the 21st century is causing serious economic problems in the Russian Federation. Thus, the state faces a rather weak demographic outlook in the future, which is why it is looking for solutions for expansion and evolution, both globally and as a major regional player.

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REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE. IS THERE A CASE FOR STRATEGIC ENGINEERED DISPLACEMENT?

Author(s): Alexandra SARCINSCHI / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for analyzing the current refugee flow from Ukraine in a manner that goes beyond statistics or humanitarian law towards intentionality and strategic games. The author will use Kelly M. Greenhill’s model of strategic engineered migration to investigate the case of refugees from Ukraine in order to assess the potential intention of Russia to use large masses of displaced people, caused by the illegal and unprovoked war, to achieve some hidden goals apart from the stated ones. The paper is built, first of all, on analyzing the theoretical framework focused on the types of strategic engineered migration, the evolution of the refugee flow, the humanitarian crisis and the implications for transit and destination countries. Also, there will be comparisons with the Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war and the case of the crisis caused by Belarus on its borders with Latvia, Lithuania and Poland as illustrative for the use of refugees and migrants by a state actor in order to achieve specific political goals. In the last section, the author will investigate the opportunity to translate the case of war refugees into the model initially dedicated to the broader issue of migration, and, finally, will use it to the present case of refugees from Ukraine.

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RUSSIA'S APPROACH TO CYBERSPACE

Author(s): Claudiu-Cosmin RADU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In recent years there have been important changes in the approach to conflict, leading to a paradigm shift in the future warfare. Cyberspace has become a serious challenge for all states. Being easy to connect and cheap to operate, it has become a preferred battle space for many actors. It is used to disrupt networks, destroy and steal data, block or slow down critical infrastructure or spread false information. The development and innovation of military technologies and the professionalization of soldiers are not enough to fight in information warfare. Revising and improving old doctrines, and strategies is a clear form of supporting new techniques, tactics, and procedures of the Russian fight in cyberspace. The improvement of conventional tactics of warfare in conjunction with the introduction of new unconventional tactics of warfare has predictably led to the strengthening of internal, regional, and global security and resilience. The new vision of Russian warfare is that kinetic actions are supported by non-kinetic ones. As a result, Russia's cyber activity has recently intensified amid the invasion of Ukraine, putting the whole world on alert. Malicious activity in cyberspace is creating large-scale disruption in all areas. In this context, the activation of Article 5 for attacking a Member State in cyberspace is becoming increasingly discussed.

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SITUATIONAL AWARENESS IN THE MILITARY ACTIONS MANAGEMENT FOR INTEGRATED SIMULATION SYSTEMS

Author(s): Daniel ROMAN / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Preparing for a hypothetical crisis situation is perhaps one of the biggest challenges for decision makers, regardless of the societal field. The situation of military conflict on the territory of Ukraine with loss of life and considerable material damage requires a rethinking of awareness of the situation in the management of military actions. Adopting proactive behaviour is the solution to identifying those possible solutions to various crisis situations. Integrated simulation systems applied in the management of military actions are the bridge for the development of solutions in a combined context of several societal areas, such as the protection of critical infrastructure. Integrated simulation systems make it possible to obtain partial results in the simulation of crisis situations, which determines the dynamic correction of military actions to achieve the objectives. The integration of the actions of the actors involved in a crisis situation, such as the one in Ukraine, allows us to obtain solutions for solving problems based on the formulated scenarios. Thus, based on a single scenario, it is possible to develop appropriate intervention reasoning for each aggression factor. The results of the repeated simulations are compared and a perspective can be obtained on the behaviour of each actor involved in the crisis situation according to the situational changes. At the end of the simulations, databases are obtained that can be used in the subsequent real situations.

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Protecția temporară a cetățenilor ucraineni, ca urmare a invaziei militare ruse din Ucraina

Author(s): Bianca-Ioana Petcu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Following the military invasion by the forces of the Russian army launched on 24.02.2022 in Ukraine, at the level of its neighboring states and beyond, there was a massive influx of people displaced from this country, the groups of people being made up both from Ukrainian citizens and and from citizens of other states that, at the time of the invasion, were living in or transiting Ukraine. This aspect determined the creation of a mechanism for quick and appropriate measures both at European and national level to manage this phenomenon. At the European level, on 04.03.2023, the Council issued the Decision (EU) 2022/382 and activated the temporary protection provided by Directive 2001/55/EC regarding the minimum standards for granting temporary protection, in the event of a massive influx of displaced persons, and the measures to promote a balance between the efforts of the member states to welcome these people and bear the consequences of this reception, all displaced persons from Ukraine, who entered the territory of the EU after 24.02.2022, benefiting from this measure. At the national level, on 18.03.2022, it was issued the Government Decision no. 367 regarding the establishment of conditions for ensuring temporary protection as well as for the modification and completion of some normative acts in the field of foreigners, which regulated the granting of temporary protection on the territory of Romania. Temporary protection is an emergency mechanism that applies in the event of a massive influx of people and aims to provide immediate and collective protection. The aim is to ease pressure on national asylum systems and allow displaced people to enjoy harmonized rights across the European Union.

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Definitions explained

Author(s): Leonie Haiden,Jente Althuis / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In 2019 the Terminology Working Group of the NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence defined strategic communications as follows: strategic communications, n.: a holistic approach to communication based on values and interests that encompasses everything an actor does to achieve objectives in a contested environment. As of 2022, strategic communications is conceived as a normative project, and as such its theorists and practitioners recognise certain principles that underpin their activities: #1 StratCom affirms the right of the individual to choose between competing ideas or reject them. #2 StratCom affirms a need for transparency and the right of individuals to hold those who practise StratCom to be held to account. #3 StratCom affirms the right of the individual to free speech.

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MESO-PERSPECTIVE: FROM COMMISSARS TO ‘SWITCHERS’—PRO-RUSSIAN INFLUENCE ON TELEGRAM

Author(s): Vera Michlin-Shapir / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

After February 2022 the social media platform Telegram became ‘one of the most important informational vectors regarding the war’. The unprecedented spike in communications on the platform, which has been re-corded by ExTrac and discussed in the previous part, has given researchers a unique opportunity to examine Russia’s online media environment. While the ExTrac analysis focused on the quantitative increase of Telegram’s significance among Russian social media users, this part qualitatively analyses the content shared on the platform. It aims to shed light on the emergence of a new group of Russian online influencers—the so-called pro-war bloggers. Propelled into the limelight by a surge in online media, the Kremlin’s blocking of Western social media platforms, and increased demand from users for news about the war, these Telegram channels’ administrators formed an online eco-system which became instrumental in spreading pro-Russian narratives at home and abroad.

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Bezpečnostní rozměr české zahraniční politiky

Author(s): Jan Eichler,Ondřej Ditrych / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Proces tvorby české zahraniční politiky v oblasti obrany a bezpečnosti byl v roce 2014 poznamenán především destabilizací východní Evropy v důsledku konfliktu na Ukrajině a bezprostřední reakcí a dalšími adaptivními opatřeními ze strany NATO, která spočívala zejména v (re)militarizaci střední a východní Evropy s cílem zvýšit alianční deterenční potenciál. Česká republika tento trend podporovala, v bezpečnostní komunitě se nicméně rozpoutala debata o českém příspěvku k novým adaptivním opatřením a schopnosti dostát aliančním závazkům. Zároveň pokračoval trend zvyšování české účasti v misích EU a OSN, byť armádní kapacity byly vázány i přislíbeným nasazením v NATO Response Force (NRF) a účastí na rostoucím počtu aliančních cvičení v regionu. Bezpečnost a obrana se staly bezprecedentním tématem politické a veřejné diskuse; tématem vysoce politizovaným a zároveň polarizačním v důsledku propojení s antisystémovým diskurzem části aktérů veřejné diskuse a s vysokou mírou pravděpodobnosti rovněž působením ruské informační operace.

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Rusko v české zahraniční politice

Author(s): Petra Kuchyňková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Českou zahraniční politiku ve vztahu k Rusku v roce 2014 přirozeně poznamenaly především události ve východní Evropě, jejichž významným účastníkem Rusko bylo. Tyto události byly přímým pokračováním dění na Ukrajině postupně gradujícího na podzim a v zimě 2013. A tak zatímco na počátku roku 2014 ještě čeští političtí představitelé ve vztahu k Putinově Rusku řešili na pozadí dramatizující se ukrajinské krize otázku, zda se účastnit olympijských her v Soči, minimálně od února 2014 bylo jasné, že budou muset ve vztahu k RF zaujímat postoje v daleko závažnějších otáz-kách a že vztahy Ruska a té části světa, jejíž součástí se ČR cítila již téměř 25 let být, se postupně dostanou do největší krize od dob skončení studené války. V české za-hraniční politice vůči Rusku se tak v průběhu roku 2014 postupně promítaly nejzávažnější události: na jaře to byla anexe Krymské autonomní republiky ze strany RF a dále postupný prudký nárůst napětí a násilí na východní a jihovýchodní Ukrajině a otázka ruského angažmá v celé situaci. Ačkoli do této události nebyla přímo zaan-gažována, dotkl se jí (podobně jako zbytku světa) i moment, kdy konflikt na Ukrajině vstoupil do povědomí veřejnosti řady států, i těch, které do situace nebyly zainteresovány prakticky vůbec: tragédie letu MH17.

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Rusko v české zahraniční politice

Author(s): Lukáš Tichý,Nikita Odintsov / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Česká zahraniční politika ve vztahu k Ruské federaci (RF) byla v roce 2015, stejně jako o rok předtím v roce 2014, nadále ovlivněna napjatou geopolitickou situací mezi Ruskou federací a západními státy a nevyřešeným konfliktem na Ukrajině. Po eskalaci bojů na počátku roku 2015 došlo 12. února v Minsku k uzavření nových dohod, které měly doplnit minský protokol ze září roku 2014. Tyto dohody představovaly plán, jenž měl ke konci roku 2015 vést k vyřešení ozbrojeného konfliktu na východě země. Nicméně ke konci roku 2015 byl pokrok minimální. Sankce uvalené na Rusko, jejichž osud je pevně spojen s plněním dohod, byly tak prodlouženy, což ovšem v České republice nevyvolávalo takové debaty, jak tomu bylo v předcházejícím roce.

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Как руските енергийни ресурси станаха токсични за Европейския съюз – причини и последици

Author(s): Plamen Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This article explains why Russia's military aggression against Ukraine has made Russian energy resources toxic to the European Union in terms of security, geopolitics and morale. EU sanctions against coal, oil and oil products from Russia and their outcome are discussed. It is explained why the collapse of gas supplies from "Gazprom" to the EU countries has happened at the initiative of the Kremlin, and not because of sanctions. The consequences of the energy "disconnection" between the EU and Russia have been traced – both on the energy markets in Europe and on the revenues in the Russian state budget. It was concluded that the pushing of Russian oil and gas out of the EU markets is an irreversible process with long-term consequences.

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