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Mechanisms for the Protection of Ukrainian Refugees in the EU Member States

Author(s): Olha Ivasechko,Yaryna Turchyn,Teresa Astramowicz-Leyk / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The article considers the issue of the migration crisis of Ukrainian refugees to EU member states caused by Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022. An elucidation was made as to the quantity of Ukrainian refugees taken in by European states since the Russia’s full-scale military invasion of Ukraine commenced. An analysis of forms of protection for individuals in the European Union is conducted, including refugee status and temporary protection. The legislation of refugee status in the EU is represented through the prism of the analysis of the Council Directive 2001/55/EC on temporary protection. The key difference between temporary protection and refugee status is defined.The key problems faced by European countries are highlighted; concurrently, the obstacles experienced by Ukrainian refugees are presented, namely, obtaining housing and employment. Special attention was paid to the issue of “fatigue” and exhaustion of social systems and ordinary citizens in EU countries. The authors present the results of the study on the mechanisms of providing protection and asylum to Ukrainian refugees in the EU. Furthermore, the 10-point strategy suggested by the European Commission to the European Council and the Justice and Home Affairs Council in order to support EU countries in their endeavor of admitting Ukrainian refugees has been duly given attention. The core research objectives revolve around the effectiveness of protection mechanisms for Ukrainian refugees in the EU, and any consequences said system may bring about for both the EU and Ukraine.

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IS THE CONTEMPORARY RUSSIA-UKRAINE CONFLICT “CONVENTIONAL”?

Author(s): Petru MIHALCEA / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

One of the biggest European conflagrations after the World War II constitutes Russian’s unprovoked attack on Ukraine which begun in 2014 and evolved in a full scale war in February 2022. Despite the fact that it represents an armed conflict between two actors, it is difficult to classify it as pure conventional or unconventional war. The main goal of the paper is to reveal the extent to which conflict can be classified as conventional since both sides have been using a long range of elements of unconventional war. Using the historical and analytical method, the paper emphasizes that the conflict cannot be classified fully conventional or unconventional as the actors use a mixture of both to reach their military and political objectives. The scope of our paper limits the research to the Russian military interventions unfolding during the last two decades.

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Państwa Bliskiego Wschodu wobec rosyjskiej agresji na Ukrainę w 2022 roku. Stanowisko Izraela, Arabii Saudyjskiej i Islamskiej Republiki Iranu

Author(s): Marzena Mruk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

The Middle East is particularly vulnerable to armed conflicts and other acts of aggression due to its ethnic, religious and cultural diversity. The war in Ukraine poses a political and economic challenge to the Middle East states, as follows from various diplomatic relations between them and the Russian Federation and Ukraine. After February 24, 2022, the leaders and governments of the Middle East countries issued a series of statements in which they tried to express their position on the declaration of independence of the separatist Lugansk and Donetsk People’s Republics and the invasion of Ukraine. Among the countries of the Middle East that have expressed their position on the armed conflict in Ukraine, it is particularly worth paying attention to Israel, Saudi Arabia and Iran. These three states constitute the largest political, economic and military forces in the region and a different approach to relations with the Russian Federation as the main factor shaping their position on the armed conflict in Europe

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Wojna w Ukrainie – przyczyny i skutki po ponad roku trwania

Author(s): Zbigniew Wiktor / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

The war in Ukraine has been going on for more than a year now and there is no indication that it will end soon. The causes of its outbreak are very complex. One of them was the victory of the counter-revolution and the collapse of socialism, followed by the collapse of the former Soviet Union in December 1991. At that time, fifteen independent republics were established to varying degrees – their disintegration took place not only ideologically and politically, but also economically. In many of them, nationalisms arose or were revived, including those based on religion, which included not only the main former union republics, but also numerous national minorities, particularly the Baltic states, the Caucasus, and the Volga region. Some of them turned into local wars. An important role in the disintegration of the countries of the former Soviet Union and the weakening of the Russian Federation was played by external forces, imperialist states, mainly the US, some European countries, NATO in general, and the rivalling with Russia European Union and other forces of international capital. The war in Ukraine has deeper causes, and in case of Russia’s defeat, it will have further adverse consequences for it as a great power, and may even become the beginning of its disintegration. Hence, the result is the full determination of the Russian ruling forces to achieve victory. At the same time, Ukraine enjoys the support of the entire „global West”, led by the US, NATO, and the European Union. The war was preceded by numerous growing contradictions and accompanying conflicts, which took the form of the ‚Orange Revolution’ in 2004, the so-called Revolution of Dignity and the Maidan coup, the declaration of independence by Crimea and the Donetsk and Luhansk Republics in 2014. It took another eight years for the conflict to escalate into a full-blown war, although Russia officially still defines it as a „special military operation”.

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Humanitarian components of Russia’s hybrid war against Ukraine from 2014-2022

Author(s): Walenty Baluk,Mykola Doroshko,Bogdan Cherkas / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the humanitarian components of the latest Russian-Ukrainian war, which is qualified by its authors as a hybrid war. In principle, it is about the ideological basis, historical and religious mythology, and the information support of Russia’s revanchist policy in Ukraine, which the current Russian regime uses in its armed aggression against Ukraine. The authors convincingly and argumentatively prove that non-military instruments in Russia’s war against Ukraine are subordinated to a single goal – the restoration of the Russian empire and its international political influence. In order to achieve this goal, the Putin regime uses all the means available to it, including the spread of pseudo-historical myths and fakes that justify the expansionist policy of the Kremlin in Ukraine and in the countries of the post-Soviet space. Using a widely sourced base, the authors of the article refute the most common Russian pseudo-historical narratives.

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The importance of Ukraine in the process of ensuring the energy security of Central European countries in the political thought of Polish political parties during the RussianUkrainian war. Selected issues

Author(s): Michał Paszkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Ukraine has played an extremely important role in ensuring the energy security of Central European countries over the years, mainly due to its position as a transit state. Past energy crises (2006, 2009) have affected the perception of the country in Europe and led to Russian-German energy projects that reduce the level of regional security (e.g., Nord Stream 1, Nord Stream 2). In Poland, various political parties (Law and Justice, Civic Platform, the Left Party, Polish People’s Party) have referred differently to regional co- operation and the function Ukraine might offer in this type of process. In this context, the aim of the article was to analyse the political thought of selected Polish parliamentary parties regarding the importance of Ukraine in ensur- ing the energy security of Central European countries during Russia’s armed attack on Ukraine in 2022. The starting point of the analyses was the general thesis that political parties in Poland treated Ukraine as a key state in efforts to limit the negatively perceived energy policy of the Russian Federation in the region.

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War in Ukraine through the lens of interactive media: A typological study of video games

Author(s): Tetiana Zinovieva / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The objective of the research was to assess video games related to the Russian-Ukrainian war and categorise them as media tools. The study revealed that computer games are a distinctive and practical medium for journalism. They help to dismantle the opposing side’s narratives and disseminate information globally about the situation in Ukraine. Video games can help Ukrainian society convey to the world the consequences of Russian aggression.

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THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTERPRISES IN POLAND DURING THE WAR IN UKRAINE GEOPOLITICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CRISES – PESTEL AND SWOT ANALYSIS

Author(s): Anna Misztal / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

Purpose – The paper’s main aim is to discuss opportunities and threats to the sustain-able development of enterprises in Poland in the era of geopolitical and socio-economiccrises connected with the war in Ukraine.Research method – The main research hypothesis is as follows: “Sustainable developmentis a chance for enterprises that want to meet market challenges and build theircompetitive position during geopolitical crises”. Implementing the research goal requireda retrospective and critical review of selected Polish and English-language literature andthe PESTEL analysis. The publication’s review was based on the Scopus, Web of Scienceand BazEkon databases.Results – The results of the analysis indicate that sustainable development elimi-nates negative phenomena in crises, prevents the degradation of the natural environment,supports social inclusion and integrates the organisation and management of economicentities.Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The added value of the paper is theuse of the PESTEL and SWOT tools to assess the prospects for sustainable developmentof enterprises. The research results are original, up-to-date and important for the theoryand business practice. Therefore, business managers should implement tasks for sustainabledevelopment, and state authorities should create conditions to support green initiatives.

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CONSIDERATIONS ON THE REVISIONIST TENDENCIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION EXPRESSED THROUGH THE „SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION” IN UKRAINE

Author(s): Cătălin Peptan,Adrian Eugen Preda / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

AIM: THE STUDY SOUGHT TO PRESENT THE NEW REVISIONIST TENDENCIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, MANIFESTED WITH THE START, ON FEBRUARY 24, 2022, OF THE “SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION” IN UKRAINE, WHICH AIMS TO RECONSIDER ITS POSITION IN THE INTERNATIONAL GEOPOLITICAL ARCHITECTURE. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS: FOR THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, THE SUCCESS OF THE ACTIONS TAKEN IN UKRAINE - UNDER THE NARRATIVE OF “SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION”, “ANTI-TERRORIST OPERATION” OR “HOLY WAR” -, IS THE DETERMINING FACTOR FOR THE RE-EMPOWERMENT OF ITS ROLE AS A GREAT POWER AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL AND THE TRANSITION FROM A UNIPOLAR SYSTEM, LED BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (USA), TO A MULTIPOLAR ONE, WITH SEVERAL CENTERS OF POWER. PROPOSED OBJECTIVE: TO DEMONSTRATE THAT, FOR THE CURRENT REVISIONIST EXPRESSIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, THE MAIN INSTRUMENT USED IS MILITARY AGGRESSION IN THE FORM OF A WAR OF OCCUPATION, THROUGH WHICH THE INTEGRITY AND SOVEREIGNTY OF UKRAINE ARE THREATENED. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: THE RESEARCH IS BASED ON A THEORETICAL COMBINATION BETWEEN THE POWER TRANSITION THEORY REGARDING THE ISSUE OF REVISIONISM IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES ON WAR. THE RESEARCH IS MAINLY FOCUSED ON THE QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE OPEN-SOURCE INFORMATION FOUND IN THE PUBLIC SPACE AT THE MOMENT OF FEBRUARY 01, 2023, FOR THE ACCURATE ANALYSIS OF THE ISSUE OF INTEREST, IN THE FORM OF A CASE STUDY DEALING WITH THE SUBJECT REPRESENTED BY THE ARMED CONFRONTATIONS IN UKRAINE, TRIGGERED LAST YEAR BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. CONCLUSIONS: BEYOND ANY NARRATIVE USED BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION TO DESCRIBE THE MILITARY CONFRONTATIONS ON THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE, THEY CAN BE FRAMED IN TERMS OF A CLASSIC WAR OF TERRITORIAL OCCUPATION, WHICH CAN BE ANALYZED IN CONVENTIONAL TERMS, AS PART OF RUSSIA’S REVISIONIST ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE US-LED UNIPOLAR WORLD.

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THE WAR IN UKRAINE AND THE ‘ANTI-HEGEMON’ MEDIA NETWORKS BROADCASTING IN SPANISH

Author(s): Elena Cătălina ȘTEFĂNESCU / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

THIS PAPER EXPLORES HOW REVISIONIST AUTOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS USE GLOBAL BROADCASTING NEWS CHANNELS TO COUNTER THE SO-CALLED WESTERN HEGEMONY NARRATIVE. IT FOCUSES ON HOW AND WHY THE SPANISH-SPEAKING WORLD WAS TARGETED BY INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTERS FOUNDED BY AUTOCRATIC AND REVISIONIST GOVERNMENTS AND HOW THE WAR WAGED BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AGAINST UKRAINE IS PRESENTED IN THREE SO-CALLED ‘ANTI-HEGEMONY’ MEDIA NETWORKS: CHINA GLOBAL TELEVISION NETWORK EN ESPAÑOL (CGTN), TELESUR AND HISPAN TV. BY USING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS SUCH AS CONTENT ANALYSIS AND CHRONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF NEWS COVERING THE RUSSIAN INVASION OF UKRAINE PRESENTED BY TELESUR, HISPAN TV AND CGTN IN SPANISH SINCE 24 FEBRUARY 2022, THIS PAPER ARGUES THAT ALL THREE MEDIA CHANNELS PROMOTE IN DIFFERENT SHADES A KREMLIN-BASED NARRATIVE. THE ARTICLE FURTHER DEBATES THE PROFOUND FOREIGN POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THIS TACIT MEDIA ALLIANCE AND SUPPORTS THE CONCLUSION THAT THE CURRENT WAR WAGED BY RUSSIA IN UKRAINE IS USED IN DIFFERENT WAYS BY REVISIONIST AND ASSERTIVE GOVERNMENTS TO PROMOTE THEIR OWN REVISIONIST AGENDAS BOTH DOMESTICALLY AND ABROAD.

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DYNAMICS OF INVESTMENT AND POST-WAR REVIVAL OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF UKRAINE

Author(s): Dmytro Krysanov,Olesia Tur,Olga Varchenko / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2024

The dynamics and structure of the processes of investment in the primary production and food industry of the agricultural sector of Ukraine in the pre-war years and the period of hostilities are analyzed. The features of investment in different classes of primary and processing production and ups and downs in their provision with capital investments are highlighted. The consequences of the military aggression of the Russian Federation for the national agro-industrial complex are disclosed and the directions of priority investment in the revival of tangible assets of the agricultural sector, the creation of sustainable agro-food systems and the development of rural areas are substantiated.

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Wojna jako sposób rozstrzygnięcia konfl iktu o władzę. Stanowisko międzynarodowego ruchu anarchistycznego wobec wojny w Ukrainie

Author(s): Paweł Malendowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2023

Russia’s aggression against Ukraine on February 24, 2022 was the beginning of a new war in Europe. Mostof the international community has condemned Russian aggression. Some social movements, including theanarchist movement, not only condemned the war but called for the end of the war. Anarchists recognizedthat the war was a way to resolve the power struggle over Ukraine. Th e research hypotheses adopted for thispaper are as follows: 1. the anarchist movement opposed the war in Ukraine, the anarchist movement treatedthe war as a result of the struggle of the great powers for power and infl uence on the territory of Ukraine,2. it is inconsistent with the axiological system of anarchism as a political thought, 3. the position of theinternational structures of the anarchist movement towards the war was uniform regardless of the nation-ality of its participants. Th e author conducted an aspectual analysis, which was based on qualitative docu-ment research. He based his research on interpretivist theory. Th e author analyzes the attitude of anarchiststowards the war, including organizations such as the International of Anarchist Federations and the Inter-national Workers’ Association, as well as individual Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian and Polish anarchists.

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The Nova Kakhovka Dam Collapse as an Example of Russia’s Hybrid Warfare in Ukraine: A Threat to Environmental Security and Beyond?

Author(s): Liliia Hrytsai / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

On February 24, 2022, Russia launched a full-scale war against Ukraine. On June 6, 2023, the Russianarmy blew up the Nova Kakhovka dam causing an ecological catastrophe that President of Ukraine Volo-dymyr Zelenskyy described as “ecocide” and addressed the international community to help to hold thoseresponsible accountable for this monstrous crime. The main goal of this article is to explore the long-termresults of the Kakhovka dam tragedy, which had an unmatched negative effect on environmental security inUkraine, but is it limited only to ecology? Hypothesis in this paper states that the Kakhovka dam collapsecaused a long-time negative impact on a number of non-military security dimensions. The present articleis divided into three parts. The first one presents the Russia-Ukraine war as a background, the next sectionexplains reasons of the dam’s destruction and its short-term outcomes, whereas the final part analyzesthe impact of the dam collapse on environmental security, as well as revises hypothesis by providinga list of its long-term effects transcending the scope of environmental security. The study proves that thelong-lasting consequences of the Kakhovka dam collapse in Ukraine are not restricted to environmentalsecurity, but also apply to economic security, food security, energy security and even cultural security. Inthe conclusion, the author shares her opinion on the topic and policy recommendations. Methodology ofthis research is mostly based on a desk review of journalist English- and Ukrainian-taught articles, severalscientific elaborations, expert interviews and official information from the President Zelenskyy website.Since the Kakhovka dam collapse is a relatively recent event, the current research includes only a limitednumber of scientific elaborations.

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Pełnoskalowa inwazja Rosji w Ukrainie w latach 2022 – 2023/2024. Wybrane aspekty militarne

Author(s): Walenty Baluk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 - 1/2024

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has achieved the opposite of its intended result. Russia has suffered a strategic defeat, losing the battle for Ukraine in 2022. Putin is trying to settle for a half-hearted result – the occupation and annexation of Crimea, Donbas and Kherson and Zaporizhia regions. The West has shown an attitude of unity and solidarity with Ukraine, providing major military, economic and humanitarian support. The U.S., Britain, Germany, Poland and the Baltic states have played a major role in this process. Far-reaching economic sanctions have been imposed against Russia and the settlement of war crimes has been announced. Overcoming many internal problems, Ukraine has united in the face of an invasion and existential threat from Russia. Putin’s pursuit of a solution to the “Ukrainian question” has accelerated the consolidation of the Ukrainian people and state. By resisting aggression, Ukraine has convinced Western governments and societies of its commitment to European values and the Euro-Atlantic security system. Firm and swift action in retrofitting Ukraine’s Armed Forces with the necessary equipment and ammunition will allow a definitive solution to Russia’s imperial inclinations.

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Projekt „Wojna z bliska” jako sposób na opowiedzenie o wojnie w Ukrainie, czyli zmiany w narzędziach dyplomacji publicznej w czasie wojny

Author(s): Iryna Matiash / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 - 1/2024

The author of the article discusses the issue of changes in public diplomacy tools during Russia’s large-scale invasion of Ukraine on the example of the documentary project ‘The War Up Close’. Public diplomacy tools became consciously used in Ukraine in the second decade of the 20th century. On 26 March 2021, the ‘Public Diplomacy Strategy of Ukraine for 2021 – 2025’ was adopted, which recognized countering Russian propaganda as one of the key tasks in the context of the hybrid war unleashed by Russia in 2014. Russia’s large-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022 showed the need to update the tools of public diplomacy and expand the institutions involved in this area. The most important tool in telling the story of the war, informing the world about Russian crimes and the threat they pose to the world has become the truth, presented in documentary projects, films, photography, and immersive exhibitions created with the help of modern technologies. Such projects are able to convey the truth to the viewer, to give a sense of presence in the epicentre of events. To understand the danger that Russia poses to the world. ‘The War Up Close’ project was created using a 360° circular panorama, drone video and 3D modelling to show the world community in detail how Russians are destroying the Ukrainian people. The project materials are direct evidence of Russian crimes and can be used in the future to bring the aggressor country to justice. The project demonstrates the change in the tools of Ukraine’s public diplomacy in the context of a full-scale war, when the goal of creating a positive image of Ukraine was supplemented by the task of telling the world the truth about Russia’s crimes against a peaceful, non-nuclear-armed country.

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Jak rozmawiać o wojnie w erze postprawdy?

Author(s): Alla Atamanenko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 - 1/2024

Over the past few decades, the term ”post-truth” has become a well-established term in the scientific and political space to denote false but credible information. Traditional examples of this type of public information include the election of U.S. President D. Trump, the Brexit information campaign and others. During the Russian-Ukrainian war, especially with the beginning of Russia’s unprovoked full-scale aggression against Ukraine, the post-truth era did not end, but gained a new development, and information became part of the information confrontation. The aggressor is pursuing an active policy of disinformation of both its own population and the population of the target state (Ukraine) and third countries, using a variety of tools, among which the Internet and other media, as well as social networks, play the most important role. Ukraine and the countries that suffer from the Russian Federation’s information aggression must pursue appropriate information policies, from banning harmful information sources to refuting false information and providing their own. The research is devoted to analyzing the tools of information aggression and countering it. The scientific hypothesis is that information plays an important role in armed conflict, and a state against which, among other things, information aggression is perpetrated should develop tools to counter information aggression for use with both domestic and international audiences.

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Wojna w Ukrainie a pomoc humanitarna – na przykładzie OO PCK w województwie warmińsko-mazurskim

Author(s): Teresa Astramowicz-Leyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 - 1/2024

The Russian aggression in Ukraine commenced in 2014. During this period, Ukrainians began arriving in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship and other regions of Poland, being treated as migrants. However, since February 24, 2022, there has been a substantial increase in the influx of people from Ukraine, predominantly women and children, seeking refuge in Poland, including in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. This region, due to its direct proximity to the Russian Federation (Kaliningrad Oblast), with a border of approximately 200 kilometers, did not attract particular interest from refugees. The aim of this article is to present the involvement of the Warmian-Masurian Regional Branch of the Polish Red Cross (hereinafter: OO PCK) in aiding refugees from Ukraine. The hypothesis posits that this Branch of the Red Cross has been engaged in aid activities for two years; however, in the second year of the full-scale war, this involvement diminished. The basic research problems include questions about the scale of aid to Ukrainian refugees in 2022 and 2023 organized by OO PCK, the forms of aid provided, the number of beneficiaries for each form of aid, and the specific groups of refugees to whom OO PCK directed its financial and material assistance. The results of the study provided answers to the research questions and positively verified the research hypothesis.

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Wojna rosyjsko-ukraińska: dynamika percepcji międzynarodowej

Author(s): Teresa Astramowicz-Leyk,Yaryna Turchyn,Olha Ivasechko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 - 1/2024

The article analyzes the dynamics of international perception of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The position of the European Union and the United States with regard to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and the beginning of Russian aggression against Ukraine is presented. The features of the EU sanctions regime against Russia are described. The nature of EU assistance to Ukraine before and after the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation was analyzed. Attention was paid to the growing interest of the international community in the Ukrainian issue in connection with the large-scale offensive conducted by Russian troops. The unprecedented decision of the European Union to provide Ukraine with lethal weapons in 2022 and the motives behind the decision were analyzed. The reasons for the declining interest of international actors in the war between Russia and Ukraine were discussed, with a focus on the factors leading to the reduction of aid. The scale of aid the United States has granted to Ukraine in support of the fight against Russian aggression is highlighted. Potential reasons for U.S. delays in providing military aid to Ukraine are described, as well as the risks the White House perceives in the event of a Russian Federation failure. The phenomenon of European and American “fatigue” with the war in Ukraine was analyzed, taking into account both external and internal factors. It was concluded that the Russian-Ukrainian war should be viewed as an international threat.

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Trudne rozmowy z młodzieżą o wojnie

Author(s): Antonina Kozyrska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 - 1/2024

The aim of the article is to analyse the most important challenges faced by parents, guardians, educators, teachers, and psychologists in communicating with Ukrainian youth after the start of the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian war. Selected good practices of educational, pedagogical, and psychological institutions, organisations and scientific research centres in Poland supporting the mental health, well-being and promoting intercultural integration of Ukrainian adolescents residing in Poland were identified. Using individual, semi-structured interviews, barriers and facilitators to communication and integration of Ukrainian teenagers with their Polish peers were also explored. The conducted analysis confirmed the necessity of addressing the topic of war in discussions with young people, considering their psychological needs and perceptual capabilities. Systemic solutions are needed to educate them in the field of information security and intercultural dialogue, and to intensify activities increasing the social inclusion of teenage refugees from Ukraine in Poland.

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Rozmowy o utraconym domu

Author(s): Liudmyla Kryvachuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 - 1/2024

Over the past few years, the Russian-Ukrainian war has caused hundreds of thousands of human tragedies. One of the most painful consequences of the conflict is the loss of homes for thousands of families in Ukraine. Many of them have been forced to leave their homes in search of a safe haven from the hostilities. In this article, we will focus on the problem of home loss in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. We will discuss how to talk about this difficult topic, the emotional and practical consequences of losing one’s home, and how the international community can help rebuild the lives of those who have lost their homes.

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