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Book-Review: Marc Van De Mieroop, Philosophy Before the Greeks: The Pursuit of Truth in Ancient Babylonia, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016, 297 sayfa. ISBN: 978-0-691-17635-2. (Gökhan Kağnıcı)
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Book-Review: Marc Van De Mieroop, Philosophy Before the Greeks: The Pursuit of Truth in Ancient Babylonia, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016, 297 sayfa. ISBN: 978-0-691-17635-2. (Gökhan Kağnıcı)
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At the end of October 1914, the militarily, politically and economically weakened Ottoman Empire entered the First World War on the side of the Central Powers, with the hope that on the wings of their victory in the war it could achieve its own revival and progress in the postwar years. In order to give the entry into the war an appropriate political and motivational basis, the Sultan and Caliph Mehmed Reshad V declared the holy war – jihad – and called on Muslims to fight against “sworn enemies of Islam” – countries gathered in the Entente forces, and indirectly against their allies and helpers. Jihad also referred to the Muslims of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who, fighting in the military units of the Austro-Hungarian army, were fulfilling their Muslim duty to participate “with property and life” in the holy war. This paper talks about the proclamation of jihad in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with special emphasis on the Tuzla District, and the enthusiasm of the then Bosniak religious and civic elite who loyally and unconditionally accepted the caliph’s call for jihad and called on his compatriots to every sacrifice for the benefit of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, and the Muslim ummah as a whole.
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In the hijri year of 1266 (1850/1851), a population census was carried out in the Bosna eyalet, including the villages in the area of the kaza (Qadiluk) of Gračanica. We are publishing parts of the census on this occasion. These parts are concerned with the Soko village near Gračanica, that is “kala-i-Soko” (Soko fortress), which was the official name of this settlement. The census included 97 houses, with a total number of 304 males living there (129 able-bodied, 115 minors, 53 elders and 7 soldiers). The census bring a lot of new data on the population that was unknown earlier, and as such is a valuable source for genealogical, ethnological and historical research.
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Sokol is a very old and significant settlement with a long history and important and diverse historical content. In this paper we give an overview and a brief analysis of the homes and their owners in the settlement of Sokol at the end of the 19th century, more precisely in 1891. We give this overview and analysis of the houses and owners on the basis of hitherto unused sources, and these are Austro-Hungarian land registry which was established for the Gračanica district in 1891. The mentioned land records are in the land register of the Municipal Court in Gračanica. The author researched the Sokol settlement and collected data from the land register of the cadastral municipality (K.O.) more than three decades ago, in 1988-91.
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The paper discusses the legal regulation of the conduct of testimony as a form of report that the Qadis had to send regularly to the Supreme Sharia Court. Statements of inheritance were sent semi-annually and their sum was incorporated in the Main Activity Report which was filled out by the start of each New Year, beginning in 1886. Special attention is paid to the inheritance statement of the Gračanica District Sharia Court, which is a first-class source for reviewing socio-economic and statistical questions. The analysis of the document shows the material condition of the deceased and the general characteristic which could be summed up as poverty.
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This paper provides data on new and unpublished archaeological finds originating from the narrower area of Gračanica, and which have been preserved in the holdings of the local museum collection or have been discovered only recently. In 1976, traces of a pottery workshop were discovered in the Riječka neighborhood, a few three legged stands, on the basis of which he items were dated back to antiquity. In the Vuknić area, alongside the hillfort which was already researched, there were accidental finds of fibulae, spears, parts old weapons and a roman coin, most probably the one that can be found in the local museum (a coin of Emperor Maxentius from the beginning of the 4th century). Fragments of medieval pottery from the early and late Middle Ages, as well as granaries for storing grain were found at the Grič site. At the Hurije site there are remnants of an old cemetery and numerous other antiquities, and an earthenware piece dating from Ottoman times. On the nearby hill of Straževac fragments of prehistoric pottery, daub and flints were discovered. At the Bašča site in the Drafnići neighborhood, a large amount of Ottoman era pottery was discovered, as well as pieces of jewelry. Clay water pipes were (the remains of an old waterwork) were excavated in the same neighborhood. Several archeological traces were identified in the narrow settlement area, that is the center of Gračanica. This paper also publishes basic information on several finds from the Middle Ages, primarily the remains of armor, weapons and tools. Although these are accidental finds, for which there are seldomly more information and reliable data, they still indicate an extremely rich archeological picture of the narrower area of the town of Gračanica, testifying to a long continuity of settling.
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This paper discusses the character and activities of another person from Gračanica who belonged, for the most part, to the general pre-war activists and sympathizers of the communist movement that were young and from all nationalities. In the years prior to the Second World War they mostly gathered in the Cultural and Educational Society “National Library”, but also in some other pro-Yugoslav societies and organizations (“Gajret”, “Soko” and others) in Gračanica. During the war they mostly operated illegally helping the partisan movement, and some of them later joined proper partisan units. One of the most active among them was Fadil Šabić. This paper discusses his activity in the years immediately prior to the Second World War, his wartime activities and the immediate post-war period which was a time of severe disappointments for Šabić. In addition to basic information about his activities, special emphasis is placed on the general social environment in which he was active, as well as on the many prominent personalities from the local milieu with whom he met and collaborated.
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Nearly a thousand citizens of Gračanica died during the Second World War, soldiers and civilians included. The graves of many of those are unknown. In the regime and socio-political system that was being built after the war, many of these victims and sufferers were forgotten and the remembrance silenced – especially those that lost their lives outside of the context expressed by ideological categories, fallen fighters of the “People’s Liberation Struggle” and “Victims of fascist terror”. Only recently, after more than 50 years the research efforts of the “Gračanički glasnik” and its associates shed light on the extent of these casualties and the names of most victims (951 people in total) who lost their lives on different sides and in different circumstances. Heeding a basic civilized regard, our magazine thus revived these people as well. However, writing about these victims of the war we only barely touched upon the fate of their families and relatives. Many of these never learned anything about the circumstances in which their loved ones suffered, especially those that “departed” and never came back. Their basic human right to remember and honor were denied, but they were also deprived of many other things in these cruel and gloomy post-war years. Many such families lived in very poor conditions, without any income and help, under constant pressure and attack of the regime which considered them a hostile element… Their drama would still need to be researched, described and illuminated, although most of them are not part of this world anymore, taking with them their unrepentant pain for the victims and never-extinguished hope that they might return one day. Nevertheless, we have the opportunity to publish such a testimony here. Mahmut Đulić from Gračanica lost his father, who was forcibly mobilized the day before the partisans entered Gračanica (7th April). Thus he left his house and hometown forever. That 7th of April marks the beginning of very hard times for the family of the missing Hazim Đulić. Mahmut Đulić wrote down his memories of that specific day, prompted by modern commemorations on the 7th of April. We decided to share his record with our readers.
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During Ottoman times there were several public and private libraries in Gračanica. One of them was the library of Hadži Hasan effendi Nurikić, the muderris of the “Osman-kapetan” madrassah, who endowed his books to the Ahmed Paša mosque in Gračanica in the middle of the 19th century. We learn some basic data on this hitherto little-known library on the basis of a waqf document from 1916, when the grandson of the founder, Hasan ef. Kadić, was supervisor of the library.
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The paper reviews forms and methods of youth work incident to the Piarist Order activity and depicts the structure and organisation of both the Order and the main assumptions of the Piarist school institution. Moreover, the article indicates once most innovative and contemporarily popular aspects of pedagogic work, such as humanistic approach to a student or recompensing which the founder of the Order Joseph Kalasancjusz wrote about in guidelines for work related to education of foster children. The offer of reg-ular and free school prepared by the Piarist conventuals was one of the first in the world addressed to poor children and youth. The above-mentioned pa-per depicts ongoing changes in the Piarist Order, mainly due to the effectiveness of teaching piarist institutions has begun to change and became schools for the elite. Not without significance is the rather thoroughly characterized figure of the founder himself, as well as the most popular Polish piarist and reformer – Stanisław Konarski.
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Polish Central Classification Commission played major role in postwar Poland. The Commission was eligible not only to evaluate candidate’s science achievements but also another, nonscientific criteria called “morality”. The law established by a lawmaker regulated Commission’s tasks in detail, same as criteria for independent researchers.
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The court system, functioning of courts and – to a lesser extent – land law were repeatedly the subject of universals (pol. uniwersały) of the Permanent Council (pol. Rada Nieustająca). The reasons were the absence of sufficient legal regulations, and above all no comprehensive codifi cation, which caused problems for the entire judicial system and was a source of controversy reported to the Permanent Council through reports and memorials. Universals were addressed to courts, offices, as well as participants in court disputes. Their purpose was to clarify unclear, questionable law and to improve the operation of justice. The detailed issues regulated in the universals were supervision of courts and the obligation to submit court reports, the problem of completing court members, determining the jurisdiction of courts, rules of arbitration and enforcement proceedings, including soldiers participation in the so-called traditio of estates.
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Judiciary during the Second World War and occupation of the Polish territories by the Third German Reich still need comprehensive studies. Overall opinion on the publications issued in recent years is positive, even optimistic. It needs to be emphasized that these works are published not only by the experienced researches but also by young researches at the beginning of their scientific careers. All of the works mentioned in this publication were based on good archival sources. The state of our knowledge about the judiciary during the Second World War and the occupation of Polish lands by the Third German Reich has been significantly expanded and deepened. Another reason for optimism is announcements of new monographs and source studies.
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The term “police” (Polish: policja) derives from the Greek politeia, originally meaning the state system. Starting in the fifteenth century, and especially in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it became synonymous with the word “administration” sensu largo. In Poland, from the eighteenth century onwards, despite the lack of reception of the principles of the Western European police science, it also began to be used in this sense. Attempts to defi ne “police” were made by Polish political writers, from Stanisław Leszczyński to the authors of the political reform of the state at the Four-Year Sejm. The term was understood broadly, in the case of most writers as meaning the internal order of the state, but also in the sense of the so-called service administration, thus the fi re police, building police, medical police, road police, etc., i.e. everything that contributed to the welfare of society. The administration of justice was oft en included in the scope of police responsibilities. Both supporters and opponents of state reform, admirers of the republican form of government and proponents of the idea of a strong state modelled on absolute monarchies wrote about the police. Most Polish authors, however, understood the police not as a means to strengthen state power, but as a way to ensure “proper order”, i.e., security, peace and the comfort of the public.
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The process of rebuilding public administration in the Kingdom of Poland under the Jagiellonian dynasty failed to create a well-functioning system of offices. Medieval structures dependent on the nobility were preserved, to be supplemented with offices, only initially dependent on the king. When the ruler tried to carry out his will by means of an extended system of commissaires (appointed on an ad hoc basis, for a specific case, for a specific period of time), the noble community systematically limited royal rights, depriving the king of the power of appointment of such offi cials, except in statutory cases.
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Bishop of Cuyavia Gerward was the one of the most important figure for revival Kingdom of Poland in 1320. He defended Władysław the Elbow-high during trial with Jan Muskata bishop of Cracov leading by legate Gentilis. He also gained from pope John XXII acceptance for coronation mentioned Władysław. It’s worth to notice, that Gerward never was written with any possession. Hence older historiography was satisfi ed with term: “Bishop of Cuyavia Gerward”. Only Janusz Bieniak’s researches and methods allowed for establishing that Gerward was written from Ostrów near lake Gopło. According to those researches his father was Matthias of Ostrów, judge of Brześć, brothers were: Stanisław of Ostrów, John Kiwała of Ostrów, Przezdrzew of Ostrów or Procyń, sisters were: Margaret, wife of Sławnik of Gołańcz and unknown by name wives of Peter Ogon and Otton Lekszyk of Gądcz. Sources telling us about bishop’s kinship between him and all the sisters and brother Przezdrzew, but the last one was named only as castellan of Kruszwica, also without possession. Rest of his family was assigned to Gerward by so-called “helpful criteria of genealogy” which aren’t evidence itself. Doesn’t creating the knowledge but only it’s illusion. Based on that historians building genealogical trees, which are used by others. That’s why existed hybrids like Stanisław of Ostrów, Matthias of Ostrów or Przezdrzew of Ostrów/Procyń, despite fact, that they never were in possession of those villages. Alleged kinship with bishop of Cuyavia became the basis of those hybrids. This articles aims at reinterpretation of sources concerned family of Gerward without referring to mentioned criteria because they are just doubtful.
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The corpse discovery notice is a public instrument for identifying a deceased person by forename and surname. In the Kingdom of Poland in the years 1816–1830, it was used primarily in criminal proceedings. Proceedings regarding the discovery of corpses were conducted on the basis of the provisions of The Prussian Criminal Ordinance Act of 1805. In the case of a declaration of corpse discovery, public authorities were to carry out specific activities under the provisions. If a deceased person’s forename and surname were unknown, the regulations provided for the obligation to make the relevant notices public by publishing them in gazettes. The article presents the legislation and practice in this field.
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Declaratio sententiae is a statement of the court issuing the decision, explaining to the court a quo its doubts related to this decision. In the second half of the fifteenth century, in the practice of The Supreme Court of Magdeburg Law at the castle of Kraków, such instructions were very common. Frequently the lower courts issued questions, but there appeared some cases where a party made an inquiry as well. The questions related both to procedural and material matters. The Supreme Court, while giving instructions, pointed out the errors made by the court a quo, asked for further explanations, and indicated the actions necessary to be performed, determining their consequences.
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In the 17th century, the village of Wielowieś became an important center of Jewish settlement in Upper Silesia. The first Jew to settle there was Jonatan Bloch. The article attempts to find an answer to the question who he was and who his spouse was; or rather to determine the roots of this ancestor and longtime leader of the Jewish community in Wielowieś. It must be noted that information included in popular sources and scientific studies available to Polish readers is limited to a statement that he was son of Jakub Kopel, probably came from Krakow, and married Bracha nee Gratz. The traces of this family, which bred several outstanding scribes, lead from Vienna, through such renown centers of Jewish life as Krakow, Włodzimierz Wołyński, Tarnow, Poznań and Prague, to the small village of Wielowieś.
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The article discusses the origin and meaning of the name Wrocław in an interdisciplinary context: archaeological, historical and linguistic. The name of the widely-known capital of Lower Silesia belongs to the old nomenclature of the all-Slavic character, which is indicated by the archetypal structure of the name. The article presents: the state of research, a critical analysis of toponymic and anthroponymic source material, brief information about the language of the Slavic tribes and selected names of the oldest districts of Wrocław. As early as in the 10th century, Wrocław was an important stronghold, around which Polish-language settlement developed. The name Wrocław has undergone complicated evolution reflecting the proto-Slavic, German and Czech influences. An all-Slavic common name Wrocisław > Wrocław, known throughout the Slavic region and commemorating the name of the town, was fixed in the pre-form of the name.
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