We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

0.00 €

Pushing the Limits of Algeria’s Gas Exports to the European Union

Author(s): Lidia Puka / Language(s): English

Although Algeria has exported gas to the European Union for half a century, internal conditions in the country may transform it into an importer over the next decade. Both parties would rather maintain the status quo, in part because Algeria wants the income from these exports and also because the EU wants a diverse number of suppliers in light of the tense relations with Russia. However, the success of this endeavour depends on internal reforms and better investment conditions in Algeria. Moreover, on the EU side, there should be an emphasis on a reduction of domestic gas consumption as well as better access to Algerian gas throughout the continent via market integration with the Iberian Peninsula.

More...

0.00 €

Russia’s Expansion on the German Oil Market

Author(s): Jarosław Ćwiek-Karpowicz / Language(s): English

Despite Rosneft’s ongoing financial problems associated with Western sanctions, the Russian oil behemoth succeeded in signing two agreements with Total and BP, allowing it to take control of a German refinery in Schwedt. If the German authorities approve the deal, Rosneft may significantly strengthen its position in eastern Germany, jeopardising the competitive balance among those energy companies already operating in the region. Additionally, Rosneft may become a serious challenge to Polish oil companies operating across the border. Such a scenario would inhibit energy sector cooperation between Poland and Germany.

More...

0.00 €

Ekspansja Rosji na niemieckim rynku naftowym wyzwaniem dla stosunków z Polską

Author(s): Jarosław Ćwiek-Karpowicz / Language(s): Polish

Działania Rosji stanowią coraz większy problem dla bezpieczeństwa energetycznego państw UE, nie tylko w zakresie funkcjonowania wolnego rynku gazu, ale także ropy naftowej. Mimo trudnej sytuacji finansowej związanej z nałożeniem sankcji na rosyjskiego giganta naftowego, kierownictwu Rosnieftu udało się podpisać z francuskim Totalem i z brytyjsko-amerykańskim BP umowy pozwalające na faktyczne przejęcie kontroli nad niemiecką rafinerią w Schwedt. Jeśli niemieckie władze zaakceptują te transakcje, Rosnieft może istotnie wzmocnić swoją pozycję we wschodnich landach Niemiec, zagrażając istniejącej tam równowadze konkurencyjnej, a także stać się poważnym wyzwaniem dla działających niedaleko polskich koncernów paliwowych. Taka sytuacja nie będzie sprzyjała współpracy energetycznej Polski i Niemiec.

More...

0.00 €

The Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank: Opportunities for Polish Businesses

Author(s): Justyna Szczudlik-Tatar,Damian Wnukowski / Language(s): English

The Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank, which has so far gathered 57 countries willing to participate as founding members, is projected to be a tool for improving infrastructure in Asia, but also an answer to stalled reforms of international economic institutions, such as the IMF. Poland’s participation in the bank could help to internationalise Polish enterprises, as it will give them the opportunity to take part in infrastructural projects. Poland should attentively assess the implementation of the bank’s rules, in particular regarding opportunities for non-Asian enterprises to participate in regional projects.

More...

0.00 €

Azjatycki Bank Inwestycji Infrastrukturalnych: szanse dla polskiego biznesu

Author(s): Justyna Szczudlik-Tatar,Damian Wnukowski / Language(s): Polish

Azjatycki Bank Inwestycji Infrastrukturalnych, do którego obecnie chce przystąpić 57 krajów, ma wspierać projekty modernizacyjne w Azji. Jest on także postrzegany jako odpowiedź na przedłużającą się reformę międzynarodowych instytucji gospodarczych, np. MFW. W projekcie tym uczestniczy również Polska, co może zwiększyć internacjonalizację polskich firm dzięki udziałowi w poważnych inwestycjach infrastrukturalnych. Istotna będzie jednak dokładna ocena implementacji zasad działania banku, zwłaszcza w zakresie umożliwienia podmiotom spoza Azji udziału w realizacji projektów.

More...

0.00 €

From a Follower to a Rule-Shaper: Augmenting China’s FTA Policy

Author(s): Justyna Szczudlik-Tatar / Language(s): English

In Xi Jinping’s term, China has pursued active economic diplomacy. One of its manifestations has been free trade agreements. Apart from economic rationales—trade and investment creation effects— political considerations have played a role as well. FTAs build China’s leadership and establish its status as a rule-maker. Beijing’s concerns about two key trade agreements, TPP and TTIP, which will introduce new norms to the global economy, might be incentives for China to step up with ambitious agreements to avoid being bypassed. As China–EU FTA talks are not on the table, the Union should concentrate on an investment treaty with Beijing and engage China in multilateral WTO negotiations to address the EU’s demands.

More...

0.00 €

Wzrost zaangażowania Chin w nowe porozumienia handlowe

Author(s): Justyna Szczudlik-Tatar / Language(s): Polish

Pod rządami Xi Jinpinga Chiny prowadzą aktywną dyplomację ekonomiczną, coraz chętniej negocjując umowy o wolnym handlu (FTA). Za ich pomocą chcą realizować swoje interesy gospodarcze, ale też polityczne. Obawy o to, że umowy TPP i TTIP staną się źródłem nowych zasad handlu międzynarodowego, skłaniają Pekin do zawierania ambitnych porozumień, dzięki którym będzie mógł uniknąć marginalizacji, proponować rozwiązania i wzmacniać pozycję kraju w gospodarce światowej. Ponieważ FTA UE–Chiny nie jest obecnie rozważana, Unia powinna skoncentrować się na negocjacjach umowy inwestycyjnej oraz angażować Chiny w wielostronne negocjacje porozumień w ramach WTO.

More...

0.00 €

EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement: Opportunities and Challenges for European Businesses

Author(s): Damian Wnukowski / Language(s): English

The Free Trade Agreement currently under negotiation between the EU and Vietnam can reduce customs and administrative barriers in access to both markets and thus contribute to closer bilateral trade and investment cooperation. It could be also an incentive for European companies to enhance their presence in a prospective yet poorly saturated Vietnamese market. EU Member States should intensify efforts to support European entrepreneurs to seize business opportunities emerging from the implementation of the agreement.

More...

0.00 €

Umowa o wolnym handlu UE–Wietnam: szanse i wyzwania dla polskiego biznesu

Author(s): Damian Wnukowski / Language(s): Polish

Negocjowana umowa o wolnym handlu między UE a Wietnamem ma zmniejszyć bariery celne i administracyjne w dostępie do obu rynków, a zatem – przyczynić się do zacieśnienia bilateralnej współpracy handlowej i inwestycyjnej. Może stanowić impuls dla europejskiego biznesu do zwiększenia obecności na perspektywicznym i słabo nasyconym rynku wietnamskim. Polska administracja powinna intensywniej wspierać rodzimych przedsiębiorców w wykorzystywaniu szans biznesowych wynikających z implementacji umowy.

More...

0.00 €

The DRC Aims to Enter the Global Electric Car Battery Market

Author(s): Jędrzej Czerep / Language(s): English

The authorities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo are striving to create a regional industrial base for the production of lithium-ion batteries. This would allow African countries to gain leverage in global markets for new technologies and co-shape value and supply chains. The implementation of the plan will be hindered by technological and political barriers, for example, as competition to China, currently the main producer of these batteries.

More...

0.00 €

Businesses, EU Strengthening International Supply Chains

Author(s): Piotr Dzierżanowski / Language(s): English

Over the past three years, global supply chains have experienced problems on an unprecedented scale. Given the rising political tensions and changes in the perception of the role of the economy in international rivalries, a return to international economic relations based on globalisation and trade liberalisation is highly unlikely. Instead, we will witness a necessary strengthening of supply chains, both at the individual business and national levels. For Western economies, the main challenge will be the reduction of related costs.

More...

0.00 €

West and China Compete for Tech Influence in Arab Persian Gulf States

Author(s): Sara Nowacka / Language(s): English

New technologies are an increasingly important element of the Sino-American rivalry in the Persian Gulf. China has become the preferred partner in this area due to, for example, the dominant role of government (vs. private) investment in the technology sector in both China and the Gulf states. The intensification of cooperation between the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and China in the field of new technologies may increase the influence of authoritarian states in setting technological standards.

More...

0.00 €

EU-India FTA Negotiations Are More Than Just About Trade

Author(s): Patryk Kugiel / Language(s): English

Negotiations of a free trade and investment protection agreement between the European Union and India are unlikely to be finalised by the end of this year as hoped for. The challenge in completing them is the different economic goals, as well as the upcoming elections in the EU and India. A deal between the world’s third- and fifth-largest economies, respectively, would bring substantial benefits to both parties, not only economic but also strategic ones. Companies from the EU, including Poland, should not wait for the agreement to be approved and should try to step up their presence on the Indian market by taking advantage of reforms already introduced by the Indian government.

More...

0.00 €

Nord Stream 2 and the Biden Presidency

Author(s): Bartosz Bieliszczuk / Language(s): English

The German government hopes that the Biden administration will weaken the sanctions against Nord Stream 2 (NS2). German diplomacy is pushing to win U.S. acceptance of NS2’s completion and launch. Biden is faced with a dilemma: while he is critical of the pipeline, he also seeks closer relations with American allies, including Germany. Some kind of concessions cannot be completely ruled out but they will be difficult, not least because of the bipartisan opposition to NS2 in Congress.

More...

0.00 €

Thaw Seemingly Apparent in U.S.-China Relations

Author(s): Damian Wnukowski / Language(s): English

In June and July, representatives of the U.S. administration, including Secretary of State Antony Blinken, made a series of visits to China. Their goal was to strengthen dialogue on contentious issues, such as security. No agreement was reached in key areas, but the intensification of high-level contacts helps to control the U.S.-China rivalry. It also creates favourable conditions for a possible meeting of the U.S. and Chinese leaders at the G20 and APEC summits this year. However, those conditions may be short-lived due to growing disputes in areas such as technology.

More...

0.00 €

№179: The Challenges of Making the EU) Fit for the Digital Age

Author(s): Marta Makowska / Language(s): English

Rapid digitalisation of the global economy mobilises the European Union to adapt to the new reality. Emerging competition from the United States and China poses a risk of stifling European economic growth potential and, in the longer term, also the sustainability of its welfare system. The main challenges include tackling the untapped potential of the digital single market, increasing monopolisation of the platform economy, and differentiating the interests of the Member States. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic (SARS-CoV2) may be a turning point in accelerating digitalisation and innovation on an unprecedented scale. Projects such as Common European data spaces, digital skills education, “Destination Earth,” or European supercomputers can both improve the EU’s global competitiveness and have a positive effect on the everyday life of its citizens.

More...

0.00 €

The Economic Impact of the Russian Invasion on Ukraine

Author(s): Daniel Szeligowski / Language(s): English

Ukrainian losses resulting from the Russian invasion have already been estimated at hundreds of billions of U.S. dollars. Taking into account the costs incurred by Ukraine in previous years as a result of the annexation of Crimea and the occupation of parts of the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, the total losses have likely exceeded $1 trillion. Ukraine will not be able to rebuild on its own and will need foreign assistance. Collecting war reparations from Russia will be crucial in this respect.

More...

0.00 €

Signing of the RCEP, the World’s Largest Free Trade Agreement

Author(s): Damian Wnukowski / Language(s): English

On 15 November, 15 countries from the Asia-Pacific region signed the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), which after ratification - possible in 2021 - will create the largest free trade area in the world. The RCEP is a response to increasing protectionism. It is also an expression of closer integration in the region, as well as a sign of the increasing strength of China and ASEAN in the region, and the weakening of U.S. influence. The agreement is a challenge for the EU, including to the possibility of less trade with RCEP countries as they seek to increase exchange between members of the agreement.

More...

0.00 €

Conclusion of Negotiations on the EU-China Comprehensive Investment Agreement

Author(s): Marcin Przychodniak / Language(s): English

On 30 December, the European Commission announced the conclusion of negotiations on a Comprehensive Investment Agreement (CAI) with China, which agreed, among others, to open up its market in certain sectors to European companies, although still with numerous restrictions. The entry into force of the agreement must receive consent from the European Parliament and others. The entire ratification process may take until 2022 and is not a foregone conclusion.

More...

0.00 €

A Preliminary De-escalation of the Trade Dispute between the U.S. and China

Author(s): Marcin Przychodniak,Marek Wąsiński / Language(s): English

The United States and China concluded a preliminary trade agreement (“phase-one deal”) on 15 January. Both sides consider it a success. China has agreed, among others, to increase purchases of U.S. goods by $200 billion in two years and the U.S. will refrain from raising customs duties on imports from China. The scope of the contract is narrower than originally planned by the Trump administration.

More...