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This paper analyses the determinants of knowledge in the European Union of the 27, through estimates of transcendental logarithmic production functions (translog) in different scenarios. For this, a data panel for the period 2003-2010 has been elaborated, selecting the production stochastic frontier as the most reliable model to estimate technical efficiency for European innovation. The empirical result is that technological capital, human capital and relational capital have a positive and significant influence on the generation of knowledge. Also, from the observation of results we can assure that the size (in terms of population) of a country within the EU-27 does not positively influence the technical efficiency of knowledge production. This is an empirical study about the relationship between the determinants of knowledge and the technical efficiency of the generation of knowledge, and such a study does not exist in literature for the EU-27 in the period analysed.
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The competitive advantages of youth is suggested to understand as advantages in qualitative characteristics of the created human capital of young people which allow to get job on labor market faster, grow professionally, showing high performance, mobility, adaptation to changes and changing requirements, readiness for retraining. The factors and conditions of formation of competitive advantages of youth on labor market have been systematized in the article. The leading place among them is taken by economic and social factors which define conditions of education, upbringing, professional growth, preservation of health. The interrelation between competitive advantages and quality of the human capital of youth has been revealed. Tendencies of economic activity and structure of employment of youth have been analyzed. The imbalance between structure of demand and supply, between development of labor market and of the market of educational services has been designated. It has been proved that under such circumstances against the background of system crisis of youth it is extremely difficult to realize competitive advantages on labor market of Ukraine, to correspond to the growing requirements of employers. The results of sociological research defined the factors impeding realization of competitive advantages of youth - shortcomings of quality of training of graduates, poor quality of workplaces, low level of compensation, instability of employment. The suggestions, concerning support of competitiveness of youth on labor market have been developed.
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The purpose of this article is to study the history of the development and transformation of the taxation system for agricultural producers in order to clarify the characteristics of its development, effectiveness of the assessment and identification of possible alternatives. It has been substantiated that the introduction of a special tax system for agricultural producers was necessary and timely in a period of transformation processes in the economic system, crisis in payments and unprofitable activities of most of the enterprises. Assessing the positive and negative effects of tax reforms, it has been noted that the expediency of the extension of the special tax system for agricultural producers is advisable, but the interests of taxpayers and the state must be taken into account. It has been proved that the adjustment of the conditions of taxation for agricultural producers should be done in the direction of the differentiated approach to the definition of tax payers in addiction to the area of the agricultural land, income and to the number of employees.
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The article considers the possibility of using a legal model of social entrepreneurship as a basis of formation of the legal structure of relations associated with satisfaction of social and property needs of Russian citizens taking into account positive foreign experience. The construction of a theoretical model of this legal structure is proposed by optimizing interaction between the means of private and public law.
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This article investigates the problem of determining the civil status of peasant farms in the light of the ongoing reform of civil legislation. We analyze the legal framework of regulation of peasant farms and state that peasant farms as essential subjects of business activity occupy an intermediate position between business partnerships and companies.
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The article characterizes the current state of legal regulation of entrepreneurship in agriculture. The authors investigate from legal viewpoint the basic theoretical and practical issues in this field and study various legal means that ensure agricultural development, food security in Russia, and protection of agricultural producers. The authors conclude that entrepreneurship in agriculture is of specific nature: agriculture is a sphere of intersectoral cooperation, which uses a variety of legal means of various legal entities. The mechanism of legal regulation in agriculture is reasonably organized in a way to ensure additional protection for agricultural producers.
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The significance of socially responsible consumption as well as the question of the knowledge and information that consumers may have about producers of consumer product are increasingly appearing in the literature. In the case of companies, responsible corporate operation and to examine how information could be transferred to consumers from companies have become key issues especially in the last decade.Socially responsible consumption, which is the incorporation of social and environmental concerns by individuals in their consumption choices, is growing. The aim of this research is to verify the existence of different profiles of socially conscious consumers and to study their social representation of consumption.
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Using unpublished materials, we consider manor farms in the Laishevsky uyezd in the second half of the 19th and the early 20th century. By analyzing factors and patterns of development of manors of the nobility, we come to a conclusion that manors in this uyezd were in favorable geographical and socio-economic conditions. However, due to a number reasons such as loan debts, lack of agronomic knowledge among owners and stewards, landowners’ engagement in state service, the reduction of manor land ownership look place.
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The paper examines problems associated with the formation of the Russian institution of restrictions on property rights in the interests of neighbors (neighbors’ rights). The purpose of the research is to develop a theoretical basis of the category of neighborly (proprietary) law for further improvement of the Russian legislation. The concept of neighboring law is defined as a set of civil law norms establishing the forms of permissible effects of the land owner on the neighboring land plot and their limits, responsibilities of the neighbor to tolerate these effects, as well as norms regulating the relations between neighbors in the event of trespass, including the manner and means of protection. A system of neighbors’ rights is developed and suggested for inclusion in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The content of neighbor's rights is justified as the obligation of the land owner not to prohibit any effects from the neighbor to the extent permitted by the law, as well as to demand protection of the violated rights in case of unallowable impact of the neighbor. The ineffectiveness of modern means in the Russian law to protect the rights of neighbors based on public legal regulation is proved. Reasons are given for the need to introduce private legal regulation of the relations between neighbors.
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The paper considers the problems of the right of consumers to information. The purpose of the research is to develop a complex scientific idea for implementation of the right to information as the actual legal transition to the system of consumer relations. The following problems are solved during this research: to identify gaps in the legal regulation of obligations imposed on entrepreneurs; to provide analytical data of the controlling and judicial authorities, which confirm the increased threat of violation of the rights of consumers to information; to present a scheme of the civil legal mechanism for implementation of the right of consumers to information; to analyze the formation and expression of intentions as stages of the mechanism for implementation of the right of consumers to information. The research is carried out with the help of dialectic, systemic, and structural methods. The conclusion is made that gaps in the legal regulation of obligations imposed on entrepreneurs are associated with the lack of standards for disclosure of information in the sphere of consumption of goods, works, and services. The obtained analytical data of the controlling and judicial authorities confirm the increased threat of violation of the rights of consumers to information. The scheme of the civil mechanism for implementation of the right of consumers to information helps to understand the essence of obstacles for transition of consumers to the system of the consumer relations which are formed in practice. The formation and expression of intentions serve as stages of the mechanism for implementation of the right of consumers to information, which are structurally involved in the general civil legal mechanism of implementation of the rights of consumers, since implementation of the information opportunities enables free, if not particularly competent, choice of goods with the high probability of consumption of goods, works, and services complying with the safety and quality standards. The existing obstacles in implementation of opportunities that are pledged in the subjective right to information do not promote actual implementation of the system of other subjective rights of consumers. The author is convinced that enhancement of the existing Russian consumer protection law for the purpose of ensuring secured implementation of the right of consumers to information on the basis of accomplishment of precautionary and preventive functions by the standard massif is necessary.
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The purpose of this research is to define the fundamental categories of corporeal right. In order to fulfill this purpose, the following objectives have been set: firstly, the principles of legal regulation of the corporeal relations should be singled out; secondly, the signs of corporeal right as a generic category combining its numerous versions should be formulated; thirdly, the properties or most important attributes of corporeal right should be determined. The research tasks have been solved with the help of the general scientific methods, such as dialectics, analysis and synthesis, abstraction and specification. Furthermore, some special methods were used: comparative legal method, technical legal method, legal modeling, and historical legal method. The obtained results are specific provisions formulated by the author as three major elements of the general provisions of corporeal right. The first conclusion is that the principles of corporeal right constitute fundamental ideas for civil regulation of the public relations in the sphere of accessory of material benefits. These principles are important for corporeal right as a separate subbranch of civil right. They should be useful for creation of regulations, i.e., in law making, and law enforcement activities. The second conclusion is that the signs of corporeal right as of a special civil category reflect the specifics of subjective corporeal right. They characterize the features of object, content, and mechanism of its civil protection. The third conclusion is that the main properties of corporeal rights are considered exclusiveness, right of benefit, and right of following. The practical value of the research consists in that its conclusions can form a theoretical basis for enhancement of the civil legislation in the sphere of corporeal rights.
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Intense competition in the clothes market causes a big activity of both producers and consumers. One of response from the manufacturers' side is fast fashion – the supply of clothing products to stores in the shortest possible time, resulting in the existence of up to 20 subseasons during one year. Consumers’ response to it are both more frequent purchases, as well as looking for cheaper sources of branded products. One of them is the second-hand shops or outlets. On the clothes market there is a growing group of consumers of branded apparel products, for which the high price is not a barrier in buying. Many factors determine consumer behavior on clothing market, among them is the brand of these products. The aim of the paper is to assess the buying behavior of the selected group of respondents and the impact of brand clothing products to these behaviors. The study was conducted on a 220-person sample.
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The purpose of the paper is the analysis of changes in eating habits in the context of the use of elimination diets associated with deconsumption as one of the most important contemporary trends in consumer behavior. The paper uses the results of research conducted under the supervision of the author on the causes associated with the use of vegetarian diets and consumption patterns among Wroclaw vegetarians. The research, carried out by diagnostic survey method, attempts to determine sourcing information about vegetarian food, as well as the structure of products appearing in the diet of vegetarians. The specificity of consumption among Wroclaw vegetarians is related to the nutritional changes of Poles, connected with the use of their diet, indicated in national CBOS research.
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Cosmetics market is one of the fastest growing segments of the Polish economy. It offers to the consumer newer, more attractive products. The objective of the paper is to determine attitudes of consumers on the cosmetic products market, with particular emphasis on consumer attitudes. The research conducted among residents of The Tricity [the cities of Gdańsk, Gdynia and Sopot] confirmed purchasing surpluses of cosmetic products. Such behavior has been found among the young people, especially women, which led to the verification a stereotype of women acquiring products in surpluses. Consumptionism was confirmed among consumers of cosmetic products.
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In the paper the concept of architectonical innovations has been applied to retailing, acknowledging that these are the new forms of retail business which has been accepted by the consumers. The paper indicates the key characteristics of the development of these forms of retail and the dynamic of their development in Poland after 1989. The attempt to identify the relationship between their development and the consumer behavior has been made, identifying basic trends in this scope.
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Consumers' behaviors are a subject to constant transpositions. On the one side they are modeled by the constant development of teleinformatic technologies and dynamic changes observed on the market. On the other side the consumers' behaviors give a real boost and contribute to new transformations. The paper presents trends of physically disabled consumers' behaviors that appear or are increasing in the contemporary consumer society in the context of the tendency of digitization of social relations. The first phase of conducted research proved that disabled consumers more and more often demonstrated tendencies for prosumerism by expressing opinions and expectations via community portals, internet forums and web pages of producers. There is a good reason for choosing the group of disabled people as the subject of dissertations - it is a very numerous group, both in Poland, as well as in the world and this group is still not exhaustively described in the literature of the subject.
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The aim of research was to determine patients’ health behaviors in the range of oral hygiene regarding their income and place of living. Study included 180 patients, 90 women and 90 men, aged 35-44 from a big city, smaller cities and villages of West Pomerania region. Dental examination was performed, which allowed to evaluate oral health state. Questionnaire including utilization of dental services, oral hygiene and access to dental services was completed by patients. Vast majority of women and men brush their teeth twice a day, however women more often than men brush their teeth after every meal. Regardless of the place of living men more often than women use electric toothbrushes, mouthwash and fluoride toothpaste. Patients with higher education utilize various advanced dental products.
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