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Impact of the Vienna Arbitration on Agriculture, Industry and Infrastructure in Southern Slovakia

Author(s): Miroslav Sabol / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The positive developments in the Slovak economy during the economic boom of the second half of 1930s began to be hindered by constitutional and political changes in Central Europe of that period. The prologue to the complete disappearance of the inter-war Czechoslovakia was a short “interlude” of the so-called Second Republic of 1938 – 1939. The extortion of Nazi Germany and the appeasement policy of the European powers led to the Munich Agreement and the Vienna Arbitration in September and November 1938. Under these agreements made “about us without us”, the Czechoslovak Republic had to abandon the border areas to the neighbouring countries, which resulted in a politically, economically and militarily powerless state, left to the “mercy” of Hitler’s Germany.

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Промене у аграрној структури изазване расељавањем становништва на простору Југославије у току Другог светског рата

Author(s): Srđan Milošević / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Both occupiers’ partition of Yugoslavia in 1941 and the establishment of the collaborationist regimes caused a major change in many aspects of life, including the agrarian structure of Yugoslav territory and the whole agriculture as well. A number of changes regarding the land property relations have occurred within the occupiers’ zones of partitioned Yugoslavia and in the territory of quisling formations. These were primarily related to the annulment of the interwar agrarian reform and colonization implemented before 1941, which was accomplished by expelling and killing of former settlers. This particularly applies to the area of the so-called Independent State of Croatia, as well as areas under Hungarian, Bulgarian and Italian occupation. Another important aspect was the forced relocation of natives (mostly Slovenes and Serbs) from the area in which they lived. Furthermore, many farms in Yugoslavia were deserted due to a mass destruction and killing of rural population. According to data obtained during the postwar identification of the World War Two consequences, there were 289,000 completely destroyed households in Yugoslavia.

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Пољопривреда јужне Србије у југословенским оквирима 1918–1929.

Author(s): Vladan Z. Jovanović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The long Ottoman rule turned the territory of the Old Serbia and Macedonia into an economically extremely passive area. Although conditions for more free flow of goods and capital were created after the liberation, remnants of the feudal system and neglected agriculture aggravated by wartime devastations of 1912–1918, were felt in the later decades too. For that reason the attempt of the Yugoslav state to put an end to the economic depression called for a more comprehensive action. Lack of an adequate legal framework, monetary chaos, feudal mentality, primitive agriculture and semi-nomadic cattle-breeding, anahronistic transportation infrastructure, demographic instability of the region and poor security – were only some of the circumstances which nailed this province to the very bottom of all statistical presentations of the interwar Yugoslav economy. The evident economic lagging behind of the development of the Southeast of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes as compared to the rest of the state, was caused by several more unpropitious factors: constant splitting of land possessions, slow recovery and inadequate war indemnification, destimulating customs policy, bad credit conditions etc. The state of agriculture of Southern Serbia was illustrated by statistical surveys and the so-called index of economic strength which was deemed a relevant measure of economic situation, based on the following parameters: population density, literacy of the population, the ratio between the arable land and intensive cultures in comparison with the total land surface, the state of the “dead” and unused livestock, crops of wheat and maize, the state of the cattle fund, characteristics of industrial population, length of railway tracks and roads, as well as the amount of savings and credits per inhabitant. Such geographical and numerical picture of the economic situation made a more balanced insight into the relations between certain parts of Yugoslavia possible, but it also confirmed the conclusion that the policy of an unstable agrarian state in a clumsily integrated area could hardly produce serious results.

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Zmiany przepływów międzygałęziowych w rolnictwie nowych krajów członkowskich po integracji z Unią Europejską

Author(s): Aldona Mrówczyńska-Kamińska,Ewelina Szuba / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

W związku ze zmianami, jakie zaszły w otoczeniu rynkowym rolnictwa po objęciu państw UE-12 mechanizmami wspólnej polityki rolnej, w pracy podjęto próbę przeanalizowania struktury źródeł i kierunków zmian przepływów materiałowych do rolnictwa. Analizie poddane zostały przepływy materiałowe do rolnictwa z poszczególnych sfer agrobiznesu. W najbardziej klasycznym ujęciu strukturę działowo-gałęziową agrobiznesu można przedstawić w formie zaproponowanej przez Davisa i Goldberga (1957): I agregat (sfera) – przemysł wytwarzający środki produkcji i usługi produkcyjne dla rolnictwa i przemysłu spożywczego; II agregat (sfera) – rolnictwo właściwe oraz III agregat (sfera) – przemysł spożywczy. Dodatkowo źródła przepływów materiałowych, które obejmuje sfera I agrobiznesu, przeanalizowano na wyższym poziomie dezagregacji, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem usług. By osiągnąć założony cel, posłużono się danymi pochodzącymi z powszechnych statystyk UE publikowanych przez Eurostat w postaci bilansów przepływów międzygałęziowych za 2000 i 2010 r.

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Wspólna polityka rolna a polskie rolnictwo – dotychczasowe doświadczenia i ocena możliwych skutków zmian w WPR 2014–2020

Author(s): Barbara Wieliczko / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Celem artykułu jest pokazanie skali zmian i ocena możliwych skutków obecnej reformy wspólnej reformy rolnej. W pierwszej części omówiono najważniejsze skutki dla polskiego rolnictwa włączenia go do WPR, a w drugiej części przedstawiono zmiany w WPR na okres 2014–2020 i możliwości kształtowania polityki rolnej dopasowanej do polskich warunków. W artykule dokonano analizy porównawczej wybranych danych charakteryzujących polskie rolnictwo oraz zaprezentowano wyniki analizy rozwiązań dotyczących nowego kształtu systemu płatności bezpośrednich, czyli kluczowego komponentu WPR.

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Innovation Management, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability (IMES 2019). Proceedings of the 7th International Conference Innovation Management, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability (IMES 2019)

Author(s): / Language(s): English

The 7th International Conference Innovation Management, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability (IMES 2019) took place on May 30 – 31, 2019 at the University of Economics, Prague. The conference was organised by the Department of Entrepreneurship of the University of Economics, Prague, Czech Republic in cooperation with other partners.Sound keynote speakers – Martina Musteen (San Diego State University, USA), Ilan Alon (University of Agder, Norway), Andrew Burke (Trinity Business School, Ireland), Arnim Wiek (Arizona State University, USA), Søren Salomo (Technical University Berlin, Germany) and Roy Thurik (Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands) discussed the trends in the fields of innovation management, entrepreneurship and sustainability. The conference aimed to achieve academic excellence in a regional context and to establish a platform for mutual collaboration, exchange and dissemination of ideas among researchers and professionals.These conference proceedings contain contributions of the conference participants presented during both days of the conference. Authors of papers come from 22 countries all over the world, namely from Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Mexico, Paraguay, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, USA and Vietnam. All these contributions have successfully passed the doubleblind peer-review process.

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Fuerza laboral agrícola trinacional: México, Estados Unidos y Canadá

Author(s): Rodolfo García Zamora,Selene Gaspar Olvera / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

El Campo mexicano desempeño un papel muy importante en la vida económica, social y política del país. De 1940 a 1982 el campo fue soporte fundamental para la industrialización del país bajo el modelo de sustitución de importaciones aportando alimentos y materias primas baratas, generando mercado, transfiriendo mano de obra y generando divisas con las exportaciones crecientes a Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, con la crisis de la deuda externa de 1982, el establecimiento del modelo neoliberal basado en la apertura, privatizaciones generalizadas y abandono del campo, la crisis de este sector iniciada desde los años 60s previos se profundiza y crece con la firma del TLC y sus graves impactos a nivel nacional con menor rentabilidad en las actividades rurales, desaparición de las políticas de desarrollo rural y crecientes migraciones del campo a varias regiones del país y a los Estados Unidos. Con la experiencia del Programa Bracero de 1941 a 1965 con más de 5 millones de trabajadores mexicanos temporales en aquel país, al profundizarse la crisis rural mexicana una parte de exbraceros y sus familias recurren crecientemente a la emigración hacia Estados Unidos como estrategia de sobrevivencia.

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Beş Sınır Kenti ve İşgücü Piyasalarında Değişim: 2011-2014

Author(s): Kuvvet Lordoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Bu çalışma esas olarak belirli bir bölgeyi içine alan göç hareketinin, o bölge içinde işgücü piyasalarını nasıl etkilemekte olduğunu kavramaya çalışmaktadır. Mevcut durumdan işgücü piyasalarının halen etkilenmekte oluşu ve ülke ölçeğinde geniş çaplı bir düzenlemenin yapılmamış olması son dönemde bu piyasaları etkileyen en önemli sorun alanlarından biri haline getirmiştir.Bu çalışma söz konusu edilen beş ilde konu ile ilgili kişilerin kanaatleri ve yorumları dikkate alınarak ve sahadaki sınırlı veri kaynakları incelenerek tamamlanmıştır.

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Food safety management systems

Author(s): Justyna Górna / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

1. Importance of food safety. 1.1. Types of food safety hazards. 1.2. Codex alimentarius commission. 1.3. History and rules of the HACCP system. 1.4. Legal requirements within the scope of food safety. 2. Importance of GMP/GHP in food safety assurance. 3. Food safety monitoring bodies in the world and the European Union. 4. Normalization and standardization requirements. 4.1. Food safety management in compliance with the ISO 22000:2005 standard. 4.2. Food safety management system in compliance with the requirements of the BRC standard. 4.3. Food safety management system in compliance with the international food standard.

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Кръгът преговори „Доха“ и общата аграрна политика на Европейския съюз

Author(s): Vasil Gechev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The present report analyses the nature and the chronology about the Doha Round of Negotiations as well as the main elements of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the EU. Then the author analyses the links between the Doha Round and the CAP, including the positions expressed by the EU and by the developing countries during the course of negotiations.

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Ekofeminizam o »etici« medijski zataškane priče: utjecaj mesne i mliječne industrije na globalno zatopljenje

Author(s): Suzana Marjanić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

It is evident that the public media address the greenhouse effect exclusively as the issue of gaseous emissions and industrial pollution, while the influence of livestock farming on climate is sparsely addressed (cf. Holm, Jokkala 2008:9). Here I would like to mention that, as emphasized by PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals), that in his book, An Inconvenient Truth (2006), Al Gore still did not expound at any length on the fact that global warming is also caused by the meat industry, which is one of the major factors contributing to the environmental disaster (cf. “Clearing a Few Things up for Al Gore”, http). We can emphasise this dichotomic media image of the world with a quote from the “climate” book by Naomi Klein: “In December 2012, a complex system scientist Brad Werner walked up to the podium at the American Geophysics Union to present a paper. It was titled: Is the Earth Fucked? His answer was: Yeah, pretty much.”

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Disruption of European agri-food markets due to Covid-19. The case of Poland

Author(s): Magdalena Śliwińska,Rafał Śliwiński / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The chapter describes the economic impact of Covid-19 on the agri-food market in Poland and its influence along food supply chains by discussing demand accommodation and alterations in supply channels. Design/methodology/approach: The study delivers a critical literature review, analyzes secondary data, and utilizes available statistics. Findings: The chapter shows the impact of Covid-19 on the various branches of agri-food sector like cattle meat, cereal, poultry, pork, milk, and horticulture. It shows quantitative information, time period, the level of sales decreases and increases, and price fluctuations caused by the coronavirus pandemic. Furthermore, the study scrutinizes consumer reactions to the first and latter period of economy lockdown in respect to the food products. Food demand adjustments were shown in respect to types of food product, shopping frequency, and the use of alternative delivery channels. Practical implications: The analysis of the agri-food market reaction to the Covid-19 pandemic allows us to find bottlenecks in the system and design support programs to help farmers, intermediaries, and delivery channels of food to build resistance to similarly extreme situations. Originality and value: The chapter presents in a short and complex manner the Polish agri-food market’s reaction to the coronavirus pandemic. The reactions of particular branches and the entire agri-food sector can be of interest to academics, governmental institutions, administration officials, and students.

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Data envelopment analysis methods in sustainable agricultural development research

Author(s): Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży,Agnieszka Sapa / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Sustainable development of business entities can be analysed in terms of three dimensions, i.e., economic, social and environmental ones. The economic dimension of sustainable development can be assessed, inter alia, by entities’ technical efficiency defined as the relation of outputs to inputs. One of the methods that is used to assess the technical efficiency of business entities compared to other entities is the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The aim of the chapter is to determine the relative technical efficiency of representative agricultural farms from the individual European Union countries in 2018. Moreover, the scale efficiency indexes and the area of scale effects (increasing or decreasing) of the analysed farms were also determined. In the study the data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) for 2018 were applied. In order to achieve the assumed research goals, the input-oriented DEA model was used, and the technical efficiency indexes of farms were estimated with the assumption of constant return to scale (CRS) and variable return to scale (VRS). This allowed, among others, for indicating the countries with farms achieving the highest technical efficiency (Belgium, Spain, Italy, Malta and Netherlands assuming CRS, and Belgium, Spain, Italy, Malta and Netherlands, Greece, Ireland, Romania and Slovenia assuming VRS), the lowest technical efficiency (the Czech Republic and Slovakia) within surveyed group of farms. All relatively inefficient farms (except Slovakia) functioned in the area of increasing economies of scale.

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Impactul ratei de schimb a monedei naţionale (MDL) asupra fermierilor din Republica Moldova

Author(s): Victor Parlicov,Veaceslav Ioniţă / Language(s): Romanian

The main purpose of this study was to describe and estimate in value the impact that the appreciation of the national currency has had in recent years in relation to the currencies of the main international partners in terms of trade in agricultural products. For the analysis of currency fluctuations, a weighted currency basket composed of the Euro, the US dollar, the Ukrainian hryvnia, the Russian ruble and the Romanian leu was taken as reference. We would like to mention that this value is an estimate and that there are a multitude of other factors that affect agricultural producers in proportions even greater than these, including restrictions on exports of agricultural products, Moldova's inability to protect the interests of local producers in export markets, issues related to VAT refund, etc.

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Sustainable agriculture: Development of organic farming. Case study of the Czech Republic

Author(s): Pavel Kotyza,Luboš Smutka / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Sustainability is a crucial topic in today’s agricultural policy discussion. Agriculture faces 2 challenges—feeding increasing number of people, while being sustainable and reducing negative environmental effects. Agriculture will require “structural transformation” to meet goals of global society—the Sustainable Development Goals. Land management, bio-diversity and soil degradation are often correlated with farming practices. Thus, having sustainable agriculture requires transformation of farming practices, and organic farming belongs to potential directions. For over 3 decades, organic farming has gained on importance, market share as well as popularity among consumers, producers and policymakers. Health concerns, public support and market potential convinced farmers to introduce non-conventional farming practices. On the contrary, organic farming is often criticized for lower production potential, higher pricing and labour intensity. In the Czech Republic current organic production is rather extensive (on pastures), and products are not sold as organic due to the market oversaturation. However, slow but increasing trend in crop production, which could lead to improved farm economies is observed. The future of organic farming development as individual by side effects related to organic farming are considered to be of the key significance for long-term sustainability of agricultural activities. Organic farming is not a solution to current society issues, butit could be considered as innovative alternative approach for future generations.

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Brand as an innovation—The case of Czech wine

Author(s): Jan Zavodny Pospisil / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Czech Republic is not a typical wine-growing country, yet winemaking and viticulture are among the oldest Czech crafts. Although the situation is slightly improving today, domestic wine production is not very preferred by Czech consumers since more than two-thirds of the wine that Czechs drink each year is imported. In the long term, the worst situation prevailed with the sales of a young wine. The cause was twofold: On the one hand, the market was already penetrated by imported Beaujolais nouveau, which became a synonym for the young wine. On the other, a peculiar Czechs’ taste for young wine was also an obstacle. As a young wine, many Czechs drink partially fermented must from grapevine fruits called “Burčák”. The young wine market was therefore seemingly penetrated with a low possibility of new brands entering it. The proposed case study will describe an ongoing campaign in which a new brand, “Svatomartinské víno”, was created. With this brand, it was possible to change the Czech consumers’ view of immature wines fundamentally. Thanks to the innovative branding approach, the product, which Czech consumers had neglected for many years, became a superior and must-have product for broad consumers. Also, the relationship between the brand and consumers has been established. The new brand has become a potential for many other related events. Last but not least, the consumption of domestic wine increased, which led to the support of local wineries and related regions.

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SEMANTIC STRUCTURE AND EVALUATING CHARACTERISTICS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH COMPONENTS DENOTING AGRICULTURAL OCCUPATIONS

Author(s): Oksana Ponomarova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article is dedicated to the complex study of Ukrainian, English and German phraseological units with components naming people by their occupation in the agriculture-related industries. The person designations reflecting the place people occupy in social relationships network make up an important part of any language lexis, as they represent the nature of various social roles, values and views of different ethnical and social communities. The article highlights structural, semantic and stylistic features of set phrases with components denoting agricultural occupations. The role of denotation for the profession of this type in the formation of the phrase meaning is traced. Special attention is paid to evaluation of agricultural occupations, their approval or condemnation in the language society. As a result of the research, it is stated that phraseological units with components denoting agricultural occupations in Ukrainian, English and German express a wide range of meanings. In the inner structure of set phrases these professions may have direct original meanings as well as the following derivative phraseological ones: the denotation of any worker, social status, a certain type of personality. It is concluded that a positively evaluated verbal stereotype of a farmer represents the basic concepts of human activity: labour, though difficult, is considered to be the basis of a happy and prosperous life. Agricultural occupations meet all the requirements existing in public consciousness, such as benefit, creative work, physical labour, importance of a product, responsibility, quality of work and its complexity, qualifications; that is why they are highly appreciated.

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Социално-икономически и екологични аспекти на въздействие на земеделието за развитието на Югозападния район

Author(s): Albena Miteva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The aim of the study is to assess the importance and socio-economic and environmental aspects of the impact of agriculture in the Southwest region for the development of the region itself. To assess the importance of agriculture in the region and the trends in its development, statistical data are used, such as data from expert assessment of specialists from the regional offices of the State Fund „Agriculture“ and the NAAS. On this basis, the peculiarities of the formed model of agriculture in the Southwest region in terms of changes in the size of farms, organizational parameters, diversification of activities, application of agri-environmental practices and others are derived.

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POLJOPRIVREDNO STANOVNIŠTVO U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI

Author(s): Braco Kovačević / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

Popisi stanovništva značajni su jer prezentuju neke relevantne podatke o određenim društvenim pojavama i aspektima društvenog života. Popis iz 2013. godine, a koji se odnosi na domaćinstva koja obavljaju poljoprivrednu aktivnost i domaćinstva koja obavljaju poljoprivrednu aktivnost i prodaju proizvode za tržište, nije imao svoju komparativnu uporišnu tačku u popisu iz 1991. godine. Zato su izostali bitni uporedni podaci koji bi egzaktnije pokazali promjenu na području poljoprivrednih aktivnosti, kao i promjene u položaju poljoprivrednog stanovništva. Ipak, ukazano je na stanje i probleme ruralnog razvoja i razvoja poljoprivrede, kao i na mogućnost poboljšanja njihovog položaja.

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Moldovan dairy: the difficult way towards the EU market

Author(s): Valeriu Prohniţchi / Language(s): English

As part of the EU-Republic of Moldova Association Agreement, the Republic of Moldova committed to approximate its sanitary and phytosanitary and animal welfare law to that of the European Union. However, approximating the EU legislation is not going to be an easy process. The Decision no.1/2016 of the EU-Moldova Sanitary and Phytosanitary Sub-Committee modifying Annex XXIV-B to the Association Agreement [2016/1074] adopts the full list of the EU legislation to be approximated by the Republic of Moldova and can be regarded as official Moldova SPS Strategy. The SPS Strategy refers to around 240 directives and regulations including general aspects, veterinary legislation, placing on the market of food, feed and animal by-products, food safety rules, specific rules for feed, phytosanitary legislation, genetically modified organisms and veterinary medical products. Deadlines for approximation cover the time period 2016-2020. It should be mentioned that around 10 pieces of EU legislation are directly relevant for the Moldovan dairy sector, which is the subject of this paper. Unfortunately, we do not have any evidence on the effective degree of approximation of the pieces of legislation due to be approximated in the period 2016-mid 2017.

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