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İlk Çağlardan Meta Dünyaya Beslenme ve Gıda

Author(s): Zeki Hepçimen / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

İnsan beslenmek zorundadır. İster sadece doymak amacıyla ister sosyal bir ortamda hazzı da tadarak olsun, belirli besinleri tüketerek hem metabolizmasına enerji sağlamak hem de bu enerjiyi diğer aktiviteleri ve gelişmesi, evrimleşmesi ve modernleşmesi için kullanmak zorundadır. Enerji sağlamak dışındaki diğer aktiviteler, örneğin sanat üretimi, estetik algı, zaman algısı, çevresini değiştirme, bilgelik, inanma/tapınma ihtiyacı, kötülük ya da aşk, insanı diğer tüm canlılardan ayıran en temel ayrım noktalarından birisi olarak süregelmiştir.

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Türkiye’nin Fındık İhracat Yapısı ve Yaşanan Gelişmeler

Author(s): Şeref Kabaoğlu,Mehmet Bozoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Hazelnut is the second most widely cultivated nut in the world. Although it is mainly used in chocolate industry and pastry, it is also consumed as nuts. Türkiye produces approximately 2/3 of the world hazelnut production. After Türkiye, the other main producer countries are Italy, Azerbaijan, United States of America (USA), Chile and Georgia, respectively. Having 3/5 of the world's hazelnut export revenue, Türkiye is by far ahead in export as well as in production. Hazelnut exports constitute approximately one percent of Türkiye's total export income. This study aimed to examine the place of Türkiye in the world hazelnut foreign trade and the structure of and developments in Türkiye's hazelnut export. The main secondary data were obtained from the databases and websites of the official institutions. World hazelnut foreign trade and Türkiye's hazelnut export structure and the developments since 2012 were presented using tables, figures and ratios. Processed hazelnuts constitute 42% of Türkiye's total hazelnut exports. Türkiye's hazelnut export amount in 2022 constitutes 0,7% of its total exports, 5,1% of agricultural products exports and 8,1% of crop exports. Hazelnut has been produced for approximately twelve thousand years and it has been traded internationally for six centuries. World hazelnut production is approximately 1 million tons, of which 64,5% is produced by Türkiye. However, Türkiye's hazelnut yield is below the world average. The annual average hazelnut export in the period of 2012-2021 was 293 thousand tons and Türkiye met about 55,5%. Although Türkiye could increase hazelnut export in many countries over the years, it is dependent on the European Union countries and especially Germany, Italy and France in hazelnut export. In order to maintain its place in the world hazelnut market and increase its competitive power, Türkiye should take measures to increase efficiency and quality in hazelnut production immediately. The amount of value-added and branded products in hazelnut export should be increased. Dependency on European Union countries in hazelnut export should be reduced and studies should be carried out to find new markets.

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Türkiye’de Tarımsal Büyüme Politikaları

Author(s): Tuğba Özyıldız / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Suvla’ya göre tarımsal faaliyet, insanoğlunun ihtiyaç dahilinde olan bitkisel ve hayvansal ürünlerin üretimi için gerekli olan ekim ve bakım faaliyetlerini kapsamaktadır. Tarımsal faaliyet denildiği zaman akla gelen bitkisel üretimin yanı sıra hayvancılık, bahçecilik, meyvecilik, kara ve deniz avcılığı, ormancılık ve çiçekçiliği de içine almaktadır (Kayıran ve Metintaş, 2021:116).

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Organik Ürünlerin Pazarlanmasına İlişkin Durum Değerlendirmesi

Author(s): Mutlu Bulut,Burak Şen / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Organic agriculture is a sustainable integrated ecological system for the production of safe, quality, certified food, and this system is tightly controlled to meet the wants and needs of consumers, to achieve economic and ecological gain and to protect the environment. Organic food, which aims to protect human health and the environment, has become a growing sector since its emergence. As the sector grows and competition increases, the marketing of organic foods has gained more importance. This study was carried out to evaluate the current structure of organic food production and to identify problems in marketing and offer solutions. This paper was carried out in the review model. The marketing mix of organic food products is based on four basic principles. The most common problems in the marketing of organic products; product prices are more expensive than substitute products, higher input costs, long and costly certification processes, and storage problems. On the other hand, as consumers' awareness increases, their tendency to buy organic foods also increases. Research results from previous studies have shown that organic food demand is dependent on high household income, age and education level. Among these factors, education and income level are one of the most important factors affecting the organic product purchasing behavior of consumers.

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Tarımda Dijital Pazarlama

Author(s): Cevher Özden / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

The agricultural sector is facing unprecedented challenges such as population growth, climate change and food security issues. Digital transformation is crucial to meeting these challenges, as it offers the opportunity to revolutionize the way we produce, distribute and consume food. Digital transformation in agriculture includes the integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning and the Internet of Things (IoT) into agricultural applications. This technology-driven approach has the potential to increase agricultural productivity, reduce waste and increase profitability for farmers. One of the key benefits of digital transformation in agriculture is improved decision-making through the collection and analysis of data. Farmers can use data to monitor soil health, weather and crop performance to make informed decisions about planting, harvesting and fertilizing. Digital transformation can also facilitate precision agriculture, where farmers can use sensors and data analytics to optimize crop yields and reduce inputs such as water and fertilizer. This approach can significantly reduce the environmental impact of agriculture and improve sustainability. In addition, digital transformation can improve supply chain management by enabling farmers to connect directly with consumers and improve transparency in the food production process. In summary, digital transformation is of increasing importance in the agricultural industry as it has the potential to increase productivity, reduce waste, improve sustainability and increase profitability.

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Türkiye’de Tarımsal Girdi Fiyat Endeksi, Tarım Ürünleri Üretici Fiyat Endeksi ve Gıda Enflasyonu Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkilerinin Analizi

Author(s): Mustafa Özyücel,Musa Öztürk,Nurullah Altintaş / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Küreselleşme kavramı merkezinde tartışılan sosyoekonomik ve politik gelişmeler ile hızlanarak artan küresel ısınma, iklim değişikliği ve göçlerle zaten önemli olan tarım sektörünü bütünüyle stratejik bir hale getirmektedir. Bu nedenle gelişmişlik düzeyi fark etmeksizin bütün ülkeler tarım sektörünü desteklemekte ve doğrudan/dolaylı müdahalelerde bulunmaktadırlar (Yılmaz vd., 1999: 183). Gıda fiyatlarındaki dalgalanmaların yoksulluğu ve dolayısıyla toplumsal memnuniyetsizliği arttırıyor olması (Işık & Özbuğday, 2021: 914) bu müdahalelerin boyutlarını ve sosyal devlet anlayışını öne çıkarmaktadır. Tarım ürünleri fiyat dalgalanmaları; küresel ısınma, iklim değişikliği, akaryakıt fiyatları, refah düzeyi, tüketim kalıplarının değişmesi ve benzeri nedenlerden kaynaklanabildiği gibi (Erdal vd. 2008: 66), eksik/hatalı/yanlış tarım destekleri ve yönlendirmeleri kaynaklı da olabilmektedir.

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FENOMÉN AGROTURISMU NA PŘÍKLADU JIHOMORAVSKÉHO KRAJE

Author(s): HELENA KUBÍČKOVÁ / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

This paper reacts to the recent trend in tourism in the form of agritourism. This branch of rural tourism has been increasing in the last decade and is becoming more attractive in the connotation to the growth of the urban population rate. Urban citizens of towns gradually seek out places close to nature for their recreation and relaxation. The presence of urban visitors and their sojourn in rural areas generate for farmers resp. entrepreneurs offering agritourism services an additional income and represent a diversification of their business. So, there is no doubt about the positive benefits of agritourism for both supply and demand. This paper, therefore, aims to observe and analyse the agritourism supply, and after data synthesis to describe the actual implementation of this form of tourism. The South Moravian Region was chosen as a research area. The goal was achieved by own data database of 23 surveyed objects, which were the only ones that fulfilled the criteria set on the background of the literature search. The object had to offer accommodation, provide relevant information on its own website and during the visit, there should be an interaction between the visitor and the domestic animals (e.g. in the form of a mini-zoo, observation, etc.). The results confirmed that, despite considerable diversity (e.g. in terms of capacity indicators, so the number of beds or rooms), agritourism serves as a cheaper alternative to vacation and provides some typical activities, such as horse riding.

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POĽNOHOSPODÁRSKE BROWNFIELDY V OKRESE ZLATÉ MORAVCE

Author(s): Jana Némethová,Zuzana D. Líšková / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Brownfields are mostly associated with urban areas. However, the consequences of political and economic transformation have also affected rural areas. The most common type of brownfields in Slovakia is brownfields after agricultural production. The objective of the study was to identify the brownfields in the Zlaté Moravce district and focus primarily on the localisation of agricultural brownfields in the individual municipalities of the district. The district under review belongs to the Nitra Region, which is the most agriculturally used region in Slovakia. In order to meet our goal we mainly used the field research method and within this method the techniques such as observation, interviews with the employees of the municipal authorities, the owners of brownfield areas, the inhabitants of the municipalities and collection of photographic documentation. In the District we identified 64 brownfields and according to their original use it was predominantly agricultural brownfields amounting to a total number of 36. Most of them are in private hands. In many cases there is not only a single brownfield owner. Agricultural brownfields presented up to 95 % from the overall area of all brownfield categories. Agricultural brownfields are situated almost in every municipality in the district. In the majority of the cases it is agricultural areas, which include a number of abandoned buildings. In the Zlaté Moravce District none of these areas or buildings respectively has been revitalized so far because of the complicated ownership structure and lack of funding necessary for their restoration.

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SITUACE NEPRŮMYSLOVÝCH VENKOVSKÝCH BROWNFIELDS V PRŮBĚHU DESETI LET NA PŘÍKLADU OKRESU JINDŘICHŮV HRADEC

Author(s): Martin Musil / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to summarize the main results of research conducted in 2005-2006 and 2015-2017, focused on non-commercial brownfields in rural areas on the example of the Jindřichův Hradec district. The buildings of the former schools, cultural houses and retail shops of Jednota were examined. These objects were found in 165 localities in a total of 336 objects. 69 of them were marked as so-called real brownfields, depressing their surroundings, mainly due to their poor construction condition. The second phase of the research examined changes occurred during a decade on selected 53 objects of real brownfields from the first research phase. The standardized observation, document analysis, semi-structured and in-depth interviews were used as data collection methods. Relatively variable situation of municipalities was identified. Active inhabitants, who taking care of cultural and social activities and facilities, as well as individual possibilities of using problematic objects proved to be the main factors of positive changes. The economically favorable situation after 2013 contributed to possibility of making the necessary building reconstruction. The use of public funds by municipalities was not frequent, mainly due to the non-existence of a suitable grant title or to the reluctance to run into debt and uncertainty of objects use. Nevertheless, the number of problematic objects decreased within examined decade and many of the objects found their use.

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PRIESTOROVÉ ASPEKTY VÝVOJA OSÍDLENIA NOVEJ BANE A ŽARNOVICE V KONTEXTE PRÍRODNÝCH A SOCIOEKONOMICKÝCH PODMIENOK

Author(s): Lucia Petrikovicova,KATARÍNA VILINOVÁ / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The dispersed settlement, as the studied area in the Novobanská Štálová area is, represents an autonomous expression of socioeconomic activity, conditioned by specific natural, and historical conditions. Štál is a habitable form, which was created mostly by gradual building on divided family lands, and many of them even today still share a common family name. The aim of the paper is to analyze spatial aspects of population distribution precisely in the context of natural and socioeconomic conditions of the territory with this specific form of settlement. The complexity of landscape development research requires the application and combination of multiple scientific approaches, concepts, methods, and techniques. Therefore, the methodological basis of the paper is based on several empirical studies analyzed in terms of the applied research methodology. The input analyzes include historical-geographical analysis of dispersed settlements, as well as field research. Today, the dispersed settlement, in addition to its original and basic agricultural function, also fulfills an accommodation and recreational function for a large number of the population working outside the dispersed settlements.

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ФРАГМЕНТАРНО ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА ПАЗАРА НА ТЮТЮН И ТЮТЮНЕВИ ИЗДЕЛИЯ В БЪЛГАРИЯ

Author(s): Petranka Midova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Bulgaria has all the prerequisites to be among the leaders in the market of tobacco and tobacco products in Europe and in the world. Our country has traditions in this sector. The territorial distribution and the presence of individual tobacco producers require knowledge of the markets and the qualities of the products offered. Their successful implementation depends above all on the state trade policy in this sector.The main purpose of the development is to present the state of the tobacco market – planted areas and yields of tobacco, production and prices of tobacco and tobacco products, as well as to research the behavior of consumers. In conclusion, the leading problems and trends for improving Bulgaria's position in the market of tobacco and tobacco products are outlined.

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ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ НА КРЪГОВАТА ИКОНОМИКА В ЗЪРНОПРОИЗВОДСТВОТО НА СЕВЕРОИЗТОЧЕН РАЙОН

Author(s): Teodorina Turlakova,Gergana Slavova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The applied classical model of economic development from the industrial revolution to today has exhausted its possibilities, which has various economic-market manifestations from the increase in the prices of raw materials due to their depletion to the need to protect the environment and the increasing need for energy. After a number of scientific discussions and studies, the concept of the „circular economy“ was established, based on the regenerative approach of production. The circular economy is implemented through a variety of measures, activities and approaches depending on the characteristics of the region and/or sector, as a result of which business models and cycles can be typified. The purpose of this article is to analyze the existing and potential models of the circular economy applicable in the grain production of the Northeastern region of Bulgaria.

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Sustainability food systems based on organic production during Ukraine’s recovery

Author(s): Maksym Bezpartochnyi,Olesia Bezpartochna / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Research overview: the post-war Ukraine’s recovery requires the implementation of balanced organizational and economic measures aimed at developing food systems. Such sustainable solutions can be implemented through the implementation of the European Green Deal and by increasing the efficiency of organic production, its environmental friendliness and optimal use of agricultural land. The global organic market is growing steadily, and Ukraine has significant potential to develop production and exports of such products abroad. The global marketplace is strengthening the position of organic food products, with most consumers concerned about their own health and countries concerned about the environment. During martial law, organic producers in Ukraine faced ensuring security challenges, including the destruction of agricultural land, rising prices, logistical difficulties in domestic and foreign markets, etc. The application of a balanced state policy in the field of organic production, balanced and economical use of natural resources and solving environmental problems will contribute to the development of food systems during post-war Ukraine’s recovery. The aim of the study is to implement the European Green Deal and circular economy during post-war Ukraine’s recovery in the sustainability food systems based on organic production.

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Технологични решения в почвения мениджмънт – приложение на междинни култури

Author(s): Krasimira Uzunova,Evgenij Anastasov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Worldwide, farmers are striving to maintain and increase the amount of humus in the soil, which is directly related to proper soil fertility management and, above all, the root management of plants grown in the soil. One way to achieve this is with the use of intercrops (also called cover crops). These crops stimulate humus formation, they build the condition for the active life of beneficial microbial organisms by feeding them and leave valuable nutrients in the soil for the next crop, providing it with the opportunity to increase its yield. The presence of living roots for most of the growing season increases soil energy, the amount of microorganisms and nutrient cycling. The purpose of this study is to track the use of good agricultural practices such as the application of microbial fertilizers, "smart" insecticides and fungicides, mycorrhizal treatments, and biological ones to degrade crop residues under minimum tillage technologies coupled with cover crops application.

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Хранителни отпадъци при хранене извън дома: на примера на университетски столове в България

Author(s): Nina Tipova,Elka Vasileva,Stiliyan Stefanov,Daniela Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Food waste is a global problem that has an impact on the entire food chain and affects each and every one of us. The problem is multifaceted and has a number of negative consequences. Food waste has a negative impact on the environment, resources, the climate and leads to an increase in economic and social costs. Food safety, feeding the planet’s growing population and achieving sustainable development depend on the ability of current generations to tackle food waste and loss of food at every stage of the food chain. The current study assesses the state of food waste in out-of-home dining (based on the case of university canteens) by identifying the categories of foods in which the waste is greatest. The study used the method of direct observation in three university canteens in Sofia. The results can be used by stakeholders in developing appropriate tools and policies to solve the problem and meet the UN’s global development goals. Meeting target 12.3 requires globally to halve food waste per capita at retail and household level and reduce food losses along the food production and supply chain, including post-harvest losses by 2030.

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Use of wood in sustainable architecture

Author(s): Georgi Georgiev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Importance of wood as a sustainable and renewable material presumed its large scale use in architectural structures for centuries. In order to analyze the potential of prospective application of wood in build environment in Bulgaria it is instrumental to investigate the regional specifics in historical development of wooden structures in traditional building practices of the Mediterranean region and in particular on Balkan region Purpose: Understanding the evolution of building practices and identification of sustainable approaches. Many traditional building practices that involve the use of wood are inherently sustainable, incorporating low-impact and resource-efficient techniques. A historical review of the use of wood in architecture can identify these sustainable practices and help us learn from them. A historical review of the use of wood in architecture can provide insight into the stages of development of wooden structures over time and reveals specifics of use of wood according to different cultures and how the technology for working with wood has evolved over time.

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ИЗИСКВАНИЯ КЪМ КАЧЕСТВОТО НА КОСТИЛКОВИ ПЛОДОВЕ

Author(s): Sabka Pashova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The quality of fruits is the basis for their realization and use as intended (for direct consumption, processing, import and export). Stone fruits are a major group of the great species diversity of fresh fruits grown in our country. They are distinguished by traditions in production, consumption and are used as raw material in the processing industry. Therefore, their quality is the subject of various studies, and the documents regulating the quality requirements of stone fruits over the years are periodically updated and therefore their research, presentation and analysis is of interest.

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ANALÝZA ORGANIZAČNÝCH MODELOV ALTERNATÍVNYCH POTRAVINOVÝCH SIETÍ VO VIDIECKOMESTSKOM ROZHRANÍ

Author(s): Lucia Laginová,Jana Jarábková,Michal Hrivnák,Peter Moritz / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

With the growing interest in short food chains from farmers, consumers, private and public institutions around the world, it proves that it is necessary to look for alternative food systems which are able to provide some of the "requirements" that the traditional short food chain does not currently meet. Alternative food networks (AFN) are local food systems and networks with short supply chains replacing global food systems. They are often located at the interface between the countryside and the city and, as a result of the high effort towards innovative network organization, they have different forms. As the demand for locally sourced, sustainable food continues to grow, alternative food networks have emerged as a promising solution to connect small producers with urban consumers. The aim of the case study is to find out the organizational models of alternative food networks in Europe and to identify the specific parameters of these networks using case studies. Another goal of the study is to identify and describe food initiatives on the territory of the Slovak Republic based on available sources. To achieve these goals, it was necessary to conduct a systematic review of the literature on this topic. Content analysis has the task of mapping alternative food chains and proving that these chains can be a suitable way for short food chains. The findings show that alternative food networks have the potential to support a food system that is more sustainable and equitable. However, the success of these networks depends on how well they can work at the urban-rural interface.

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DOPAD KLIMATICKÝCH ZMIEN NA VINOHRADNÍCTVO NITRIANSKEHO KRAJA – PREDIKCIE VÝVOJA A TERÉNNY VÝSKUM

Author(s): Jana Némethová,Filip Krajči / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Ongoing global climate changes bring new challenges for the viticulture sector as well. The aim of the paper was to explore the impact of climate change on viticulture in the Nitra Region, using the prediction of the average annual air temperature and total atmospheric precipitation for the years 2050 and 2080 under a moderate emission scenario (RCP4.5) and the results of field research. We applied statistical-mathematical methods to the processing of statistical data. When comparing multi-year and annual climatic phenomena, we used the historicalgeographical, comparative, and cartographic method. After applying the emission scenario to the Nitra Region in the forecast years 2050 and 2080, the expected increase in the average annual air temperature was confirmed and we found a reduction in the difference in total precipitation in areas with different altitudes. 29 winemaking entities of the region perceive the current impacts of climate change as a lower amount of precipitation and a drier climate, and 22 entities as higher air temperatures and the amount of sunshine. Each entity solves climate change problems differently, e.g. by harvesting grapes earlier, by increasing protection against a higher incidence of diseases and pests, or they started growing vine varieties resistant to higher temperatures and drought.

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PRACOVNÁ INTEGRÁCIA V SLOVENSKOM POĽNOHOSPODÁRSTVE

Author(s): Jana Jarábková,Marcela Chreneková / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The concept of social agriculture is based on the use of the benefits of productive and non-productive functions of agriculture to support the quality of life of socially or medically disadvantaged people. In connection with the benefits, emphasis is placed on work integration, social services, rehabilitation, therapy and educational activities, which are provided on the farm premises. The aim of the paper is to examine the possibilities of job integration of disadvantaged job seekers in the agricultural sector in the regions of Slovakia. Specifically, it aims to identify the potential of disadvantaged groups of jobseekers, analyze the capacity of farms in terms of jobs and the importance of agriculture for the regional economy and assess the readiness of farms to employ different groups of disadvantaged jobseekers. Secondary data and a questionnaire survey designed for agricultural enterprises were used in the study.The results of the survey showed that disadvantaged jobseekers account for a significant share of the total number of jobseekers. In the structure of disadvantaged jobseekers, long-term unemployed job seekers and job seekers over the age of 50 predominate in all regions. The questionnaire survey confirmed that these groups of disadvantaged job seekers are also the largest group that farms employ or plan to employ in the future. The absorption capacity of agricultural holdings can be limiting. Job capacity and the concentration of the agricultural sector indicate the spatial potential for the application of the concept of social agriculture. The paper also focuses in more detail on selected disadvantaged groups in the labour market, whose integration in the market may require a greater degree of adaptation of conditions by the employer.

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