Wpływ wybranych instrumentów Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej na umacnianie i spowalnianie procesów rozwojowych w polskim rolnictwie

Author(s): Bożena Karwat-Woźniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 57/2019

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is historically the first among the common socio-economicpolicies of the EU that has undergone various changes. The contemporary CAP does notonly aim at guaranteeing food security to consumers and fair income to farmers, but also to ensure:sustainable agricultural and rural development, increase in farm competitiveness, environmental andlandscape protection.The aim of this paper is to analyse the changes that have taken place in Polish agriculturesince the accession to the EU, and the impact of the CAP on those changes. The focus is mainlyon the analysis of selected measures under the RPD. The work has been carried out as a statisticaland descriptive analysis of the available empirical data using comparative methods. The data usedcomes from Statistics Poland, the ARMA, Eurostat, fieldwork done by the Institute of Agriculturaland Food Economics, and the literature.The analysis shows that the implementation of the CAP in Polish agriculture has resulted inthe quality of development, and farmers have used the opportunity relatively well. Despite certainunfavourable consequences, the overall balance of Polish agriculture as a EU Member is good. Thenecessity to adjust to the standards of the EU market was a barrier for a certain group of farmers,but this constraint and the inflow of funds has led to the faster modernisation of agriculture (improvementin the agrarian structure, increase in the ownership of agricultural machinery, increasedeconomic power, technological modernisation, etc.) and the rise of a group of economically resilientfarms. This phenomenon has in turn stimulated improvement in the productivity of production factors.Such a situation, the expansion of the market and direct payment has resulted in the increase ofagricultural income. The impact of direct payments on the structural change has been ambiguous.On one hand, it has stimulated the concentration of land ownership, as the increase in the farm areaentails higher payments, and the economies of scale, while on the other hand, it prevented smallholdersfrom making a decision.

Gıda Rejimi Teorisi ve Türkiye’nin Tarımsal Yapısında Meydana Gelen Dönüşüm

Author(s): Tolga Çelik / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2019

According to the food regime theory; In the last 150 years, it has been argued that the hegemonic forces of the era shaped the agricultural production, consumption and trade in the world. Food has maintained its importance as a source of life for centuries. However, the nature of foods has changed over time. The cheap food was used by the imperialist countries in the 1870s as a pressure mechanism on wages. From the Second World War until today, there have been changes in the use of agricultural raw materials, which are mainly used as food products. These changes have led the imperialist countries and their transnational corporations to legally occupy the territories of underdeveloped countries for the provision of cheap agricultural raw materials. Today, the importance attributed to independence in agricultural production carries more vital significance. Therefore, the main subject of the article is to examine Turkey’s changing agricultural structures in the context of food regime theory. In this regard, after examining the stages of the food regime theory, the transformation of Turkey’s agricultural system has been evaluated.

Regional Diversification of the Effects of Support for Agricultural Producer Groups in Poland

Author(s): Piotr Siemiński,Piotr Senkus,Jan Żukowskis / Language(s): Polish Issue: 119/2018

Celem artykułu jest analiza absorpcji środków finansowych oraz proces powstawania grup producentów rolnych funkcjonujących w warunkach członkostwa Polski w UE w ujęciu regionalnym. Analizowano ich liczbę wg okresów utworzenia, tj. w latach 2004-2013 oraz 2014-2017, rodzaj prowadzonej działalności z podziałem na produkty roślinne i produkty zwierzęce, wypłacone kwoty wsparcia w ramach działania 142 - Grupy Producentów Rolnych [działanie 142] Programu Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich. Określono województwa dominujące na rynku pod względem absorpcji wsparcia oraz stopień koncentracji rynku wykorzystując indeks Herfindahla--Hirschmana [HHI]. W ujęciu regionalnym zaobserwowano zjawisko znacznego zróżnicowania uczestnictwa rolników w procesach integracji poziomej w ramach grup producentów rolnych. Najwięcej grup producentów rolnych powstało na terenie województwa wielkopolskiego, najmniej zaś na terenie województwa małopolskiego, gdzie rolnictwo jest najbardziej rozdrobnione na tle kraju. Wysoka aktywność rolników w tworzeniu grup producentów rolnych implikowała uzyskanie wysokich kwot wsparcia że środków unijnych. Rolnicy z województwa wielkopolskiego, dolnośląskiego oraz opolskiego uzyskali dominującą pozycję na rynku w absorpcji środków pieniężnych w ramach działania 142 PROW pośród rolników z wszystkich województw w Polsce. Łącznie pozyskali blisko połowę całości środków [47%]. Stopień koncentracji rynku w zakresie absorpcji unijnych środków określony za pomocą indeksu Herfindahla-Hirschmana był umiarkowany, wynosił bowiem 1220. Był to więc poziom nie zagrażający procesom konkurencji w aplikowaniu o wsparcie unijne dla grup producentów rolnych.(abstrakt oryginalny)The aim of the article is the analysis of quantitative data describing groups of agricultural producers operating under the conditions of Poland's membership in the EU. Their number was analyzed according to the creation periods, i.e. in the years 2004-2013 and 2014-2017, the type of activity broken down into plant products and animal products, paid out amounts under measure 142 - Agricultural Producers Group [measure 142] of the Rural Development Programme. The voivodship dominating the market in terms of absorption of support and the degree of market concentration were determined using the Herfindahl-Hirschman index [HHI]. In terms of region, the phenomenon of significant diversification of farmers' participation in horizontal integration processes within agri-cultural producer groups was observed. Most groups of agricultural producers were established in the Wielkopolskie voivodship, and the least in the Małopolskie voivodship, where it is the most fragmented in the country. High activity of farmers in establishing agricultural producer groups implied obtaining high amounts of support from EU funds. Farmers from the Wielkopolskie, Dolnośląskie and Opolskie voivodships achieved a dominant position on the market in the absorption of funds as part of the 142 PROW action among all voivodships in Poland. In total, they acquired nearly half of all funds [47%]. The degree of market concentration in terms of absorption of EU funds determined using the Herfindahl-Hirschman index was moderate, as it amounted to 1220. It was therefore a level that did not threaten the competition processes in applying for EU support for agricultural producer groups.(original abstract)

Selected Psychological Factors as Predictors of Consumer Choice in the Milk Product Market

Author(s): Jana Rybanská,Ľudmila Nagyová,Filip Tkáč / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

Milk and milk products represent one of the most important components of a well-balanced diet. The average consumption of milk in 2017 in Slovakia was about 176 kg per capita. Because the consumption of milk and milk products is generally considered to be very important for human health, it is also important to convince consumers to buy these products. The presented paper deals with selected psychological factors that influence consumer behavior when buying milk and milk products. We focused on 180 young consumers (20-45 years old) who belong to the generation Y and we studied the persuading power of selected tools of marketing communication (mainly visual aspects like colour, features of logos, overall look of packages, etc.) for milk. Several methods of psychological and marketing research were used in the study, specifically a personality questionnaire NEO FFI, semantic differential based analysis of profile, content analysis and an analysis of dependences (binomial logit). It was found that personality characteristics and the temperament structure of consumers influence their choices in the milk product market. Packages and logos of milk products are strong persuaders if they are associated with the offered products.

Influence of B2C Sustainability Labels in the Purchasing Behaviour of Polish Consumers in the Olive Oil Market

Author(s): Joanna Kaczorowska,Krystyna Rejman,Ewa Halicka,Aleksandra Prandota / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

This study investigates the influence of B2C sustainability labels on customer purchasing behavior in the olive oil market. Primary data was collected using an online survey (CAWI method) conducted among a sample of 234 residents of large cities (over 50.000 people) of the Mazowieckie voivodship who declared regular purchase of olive oil. A validated questionnaire containing an experimental part regarding willingness to pay (WTP) was used as a tool of study. Collected data showed that sustainability labels were not an important factor in olive oil choice. A large part of the studied group did not know the certificates and did not understand their meaning, or showed no motivation to look for such information on the product label. Most of this group also did not express any willingness to pay a higher price for certified olive oil. For other respondents, certificates regarding the idea of sustainable consumption were an added value; however, this added value differed among individual certificates, which was evident in the form of a varied level of WTP. The results of the study show that the sustainable consumption issue determines purchasing behavior only to a small extent. However, it can be expected that the dissemination of knowledge and pro-environmental awareness will lead to an increase of the importance of sustainable labels in making purchasing decisions in the food market.

ANALYSIS OF VARIATIONS IN PROFITABILITY AND INDEBTEDNESS OF AGRICULTURAL COMPANIES IN AP VOJVODINA

Author(s): Vera Mirović,Branimir Kalaš,Kristina Mijić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The measurement of agricultural companies in terms of profitability and indebtedness enables a real determination of the role and position of these companies in the agricultural sector in AP Vojvodina. The aim of the paper is to show the presence or absence of significant difference in the performance level of agricultural companies from the aspect of profitability and indebtedness. Agricultural companies in AP Vojvodina were more profitable and more indebted in the period before 2013 compared to the period after 2013. The results show that there is a significant difference in profitability level of agricultural companies in AP Vojvodina between the period before 2013 and after 2013. Using the MANOVA test, significant values for return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and net income per employee have been identified. On the other hand, results reflect there is no significant difference in the indebtedness level of agricultural companies in AP Vojvodina between the period before 2013 and after 2013.

From Intermediary Relationship to Multiple Relationships – Option of Developing the Network Position in the Internationalisation Process. An Exploratory Study of a Polish Food Company

Author(s): Krzysztof Fonfara,Łukasz Małys / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Traditionally, the internationalisation process of a company has been analysed from the perspective of entering foreign markets. Currently, it is often analysed within the so-called network models, which take into account the importance of business relationships. The process of entry is not understood as a process of entering a foreign market, but a process of entering a network of business relationships on a foreign market. Insidership in such networks is necessary for successful internationalisation. Being an insider in the network means having a certain network position. The aim of the paper is to identify based on a pilot study the possible way of building network position on foreign markets by Polish food companies. The paper will present a picture of one company, focusing on its operations on German market since the entry in 2006. The researched company started building network position on foreign markets by developing a strong relationship with one actor, who acted as key intermediary with the market. As a result of major change in the business environment, the company decided to revise the strategy and develop a number of weaker links with various actors. The paper presents a number of questions which raise from a pilot study and require further investigation.

OCENA SYTUACJI FINANSOWEJ PRZEMYSŁU SPOŻYWCZEGO W POLSCE W 2005 I 2010

Author(s): Dorota Czerwińska-Kayzer,Joanna Florek,Joanna Stanisławska / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2014

The article assesses the financial situation of branches of the food industry in Poland in 2005 and 2010 and provides a linear order and classification of the branches by means of synthetic development measure, which was constructed using the TOPSIS method, basing on unpublished statistics of the Central Statistical Office. As results from the research, the financial situation of individual branches of food industry sector was diversified. Four typological classes differing in profitability, indebtedness level and financial liquidity were distinguished on the basis of the synthetic measure values. In spite of increasing crisis, in comparison with 2005, in 2010 the financial situation of food industry slightly improved, both in terms of profitability and management of current assets.

ROZWÓJ PRODUKCJI EKOLOGICZNEJ I RYNKU ŻYWNOŚCI EKOLOGICZNEJ W EUROPIE

Author(s): Dorota Komorowska / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2014

The article aims to present the size and pace of development of organic production and organic food market in Europe. The biggest areas of agricultural land utilized for organic farming are in the countries, where the organic food market is the biggest, i.e. in the richest countries of Western Europe. However, meeting the demand for organic food based on those countries' own production is not possible and must be supported by import i.a. from Poland. Therefore, organic production in Poland is developing quickly, which is also a great opportunity to develop for many farms, especially the smaller ones, and to utilize a surplus of labour force that exist in Polish agriculture.

UDZIAŁ HANDLU PRZYGRANICZNEGO W OBROTACH TOWAROWYCH ARTYKUŁAMI ŻYWNOŚCIOWYMI POLSKI Z KRAJAMI SĄSIADUJĄCYMI NA ZEWNĘTRZNEJ GRANICY UE

Author(s): Halina Powęska / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2014

The paper contains an analysis of the changes in the share of food products in the structure of Poland's trade turnover with Ukraine, Belarus and Russia taking into account registered and unregistered turnover. Also, trends related to the share of unregistered sector in the total value of turnover of food products are presented. By considering registered and unregistered sectors together, it was concluded that in the years 2010-2012 Poland's exports of foodstuffs into Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian markets were definitely higher than its imports of food products from these countries. At the same time, considerable differences were noted in the volume of Poland's exports and imports with the particular countries. As regards the trade with Ukraine, the volumes of imports and exports were similar, while in the case of Russia and Belarus Polish exports were definitely higher than imports, which was recorded in both registered and unregistered sector.

POPYT POLSKICH GOSPODARSTW DOMOWYCH NA OWOCE SZANSĄ ROZWOJU KRAJOWEJ PRODUKCJI SADOWNICZEJ

Author(s): Alicja Stolarska / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2014

The basic research material comprised empirical data on household budgets conducted by GUS (Central Statistical Office), between 2005 and 2012. The changes in Polish demand for fruit and their products were analyzed, excluding bananas and citruses as they are not native to Polish fruit production. The changes in the consumption volume of fruit and their products in the households as well as in the structure of product type consumed were investigated. In order to determine the basic economic factors that might affect the demand development, the author presented the changes in incomes and general consumption structure and its transformations where the fruits are not considered to be basic goods (are not a basic need). The fruits represent a negligible part in the pattern of consumption, and with low incomes, the spending on them can be limited (are not necessary for life). Another key factor forming the volume of the consumed fruit is their prices which influenced the periodical changes in demand for particular species. These changes are partly attributed to variations in domestic production highly dependent on atmospheric conditions. The changes in demand were presented against this overall production showing its rate of utilization and its potential changes in this respect.

INNOWACJE PRODUKTÓW ŻYWNOŚCIOWYCH Z PERSPEKTYWY KONSUMENTA GENERACJI Y

Author(s): Anetta Barska,Magdalena Wojciech / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

This article includes results of questionnaire surveys concerning behaviour of the consumers - representing Generation Y - in the process of purchase decisions concerning innovative food products. The aim of this thesis is to identify the ways of perception of innovations on the food market by a consumer of Generation Y. Conducted questionnaire surveys shows that young consumers, in a very different way, define innovations on the market of the food products, associating them, above all, with introduction of the new ways of food preservation (without preservatives, without pasteurization) and reduction of the level of unhealthy ingredients. It is worth noticing that young consumers willingly accept innovations on the food market, every third respondent declared that he/she quickly buys innovative food products, but after due consideration.

PŁATNOŚCI BEZPOŚREDNIE W ŚWIETLE REGULACJI WSPÓLNEJ POLITYKI ROLNEJ NA LATA 2014-2020

Author(s): Agnieszka Biernat-Jarka / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

The article presents the assessment of the changes in the system of direct payments as an instrument of the EU Common Agricultural Policy in the new financial perspective for 2014-2020. The level of financing under the Common Agricultural Policy in historical context was described as well as the level of spendings on direct payments was stated. The changes in the payment system were reviewed by referring to differentiations in the mechanism applied by Member States. The article presents the arguments and evidence that the new payment solutions continue to be inconsistent and many regulations in terms of their scope are left to the discretion of individual member states. The novelty in the current financial perspective is to define a farmer who is professionally active, creating the possibility of shifting part of the funds from the payment system to the rural areas and vice versa as well as to introduce the new rules relating to the environmental requirements on the farm.

SYSTEMY FINANSOWANIA ROLNICTWA W POLSCE I AZERBEJDŻANIE - UJĘCIE PORÓWNAWCZE

Author(s): Alina Daniłowska,Altay İsmayilov,Khatai Aliyev / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

ROZWÓJ ROLNICTWA EKOLOGICZNEGO W USA

Author(s): James W. Dunn,Piotr Bórawski,Adam Pawlewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

The objective of the paper is to present the development of organic farming in the USA. The development of organic farming is closely linked to the sustainable theory development with economic, social and environmental goals. The aim of organic farming is to produce using a sustainable balance of natural resources. Equally important is production based on organic methods that do not use chemical fertilizers. Authors used the descriptive methods to analyze collected material. Authors have analyzed data from 2000 to 2010, mainly USDA data to analyze the state and development processes of organic farming in the USA. The collected data shows that organic farming is dynamically expanding in the US. The number of organic farms increased in the years 1992-2008 nearly 361%, but it decreased 29.4% in the years 2008-2011. Particularly big changes occurred in certified organic acreages for milk cows (1,936%), pastures (438%), and fruits (250%) in the years 2008-2011. Moreover, the percentage of organic food in the total food market increased from 1.6% in 2000 to 4% in 2010. The data proved that organic produce accounted for 37% of US organic food sales in 2008. US is a big exporter of organic commodities with the highest percentage in 2011 for lettuce, apples and grapes. However the imports exceeds exports. The analysis of collected material proved growing demand for organic products of American society. However, the price of organic products is still high and the increase of organic food production may drop the prices.

AGROTURYSTYKA JAKO FORMA DZIAŁALNOŚCI GOSPODARCZEJ NA OBSZARACH WIEJSKICH

Author(s): Renata Marks-Bielska,Karolina Babuchowska,Wiesława Lizińska / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

Entrepreneurship, perceived as the fourth production factor, contributes to the growth and development of economies. In rural areas, business activity can be pursued in many fi elds, although most are to some extent connected with farming and farmste

WIELOWYMIAROWA ANALIZA SPOŁECZNO-EKONOMICZNEGO ROZWOJU WYBRANYCH GMIN W WOJEWÓDZTWIE MAZOWIECKIM

Author(s): Katarzyna Rymuza,Antoni Bombik / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

The work reports an application of standardised sums to assess the social and economic development of some counties in Mazovia Voivodeship in the year 2012. A total of 37 counties, belonging to 5 subregions according to the NUTS-3 classifi cation, were included in the study. They represent the following subregions: Ciechanów-Płock, Ostrołęka-Siedlce, Radom, Warsaw East and Warsaw West. County towns/cities were excluded from the analysis. At the fi rst stage, development of the counties located in these subregions was assessed in terms of population, economic and infrastructure development as well as standard of life of inhabitants. The second stage encompassed analysis of the counties in terms of all the criteria within these areas. The study demonstrated substantial socio-economic development disparities. Counties located in the proximity of the Warsaw agglomeration are highly developed in social and economic terms whereas those located at the voivodeship's boundary are poorly developed with respect to all the areas included in the study.

ROZWÓJ EKONOMICZNY OBSZARÓW WIEJSKICH W KRAJACH UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ W LATACH 2000-2012

Author(s): Tomasz Siudek,Mariana Vashchyk / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

This paper focuses on the analysis of some certain aspects of economic development of rural areas in EU Member States during 2000-2012 and aims to define its main tendencies. The synthetic indicator, constructed on the basis of the primary variables, such as GDP per capita, cereal yield, livestock production index and agriculture value added per worker, has been used to evaluate rural economic development. While creating a synthetic indicator, factor analysis has been employed. The research covered all the countries of the EU. The results indicated that among them the highest level of rural economic development in terms of applied indicators occurred in Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Slovenia, France and Malta, and the lowest - by Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Poland and the Czech Republic.

OGRANICZENIA AKTYWNOŚCI INNOWACYJNEJ PRZEDSIĘBIORSTW W WIELKOPOLSCE I PRZEWIDYWANE SPOSOBY ICH POKONYWANIA

Author(s): Eulalia Skawińska,Romuald I. Zalewski / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

The article contains the results of research carried out in 2011-2012 among the three groups of respondents, i.e. industrial enterprises, science and business environment. The cognitive aim of the study is to present barriers and intensity ratings of their occurrence in the development of corporate innovativeness in Greater Poland and future plans for the growth of innovation. The functional objective is to develop a growth model of the innovativeness of enterprises. The results are interesting due to a variety of methods used, i.e. an interview method, a survey method, a comparative method, a statistical method and model method. The problem of the future behaviour of entrepreneurs regarding the growth in innovativeness is not recognized in literature. Moreover, the study of barriers to innovativeness requires a regional approach. Therefore, the subject of this paper and the ways of its implementation are innovative in terms of results. In the course of the process a lot of attention was paid to intangible barriers with regard to the resource business theory. An important achievement of the authors is determination of the expected role of innovation in building competitive advantages of companies.

ZMIENNOŚĆ I WSPÓŁZALEŻNOŚĆ HURTOWYCH I DETALICZNYCH CEN JABŁEK NA RYNKU WARSZAWSKIM W LATACH 2003-2013

Author(s): Wioleta Sobczak,Lilianna Jabłońska,Grzegorz Klimek / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

Variability of apple prices on Warsaw market at three levels of the market chain - the producer price of industrial apples and the producer and retail prices of the dessert apples were investigated. In order to assess their mutual connections a comparative vertical and horizontal analysis of changes on the above mentioned markets was performed. The direction and dynamics of price changes were analysed as well as a year to year level of price variability and seasonal variations. What is more, their relations and the power of connection between them as well as the price effect on the shaping of export level were determined. The performed investigations will allow an assessment of the present situation of producers and point out the trends of action in order to keep the position of Poland as an important apple producer.