Traditional Forms of Farming

Author(s): Miroslav Válka / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the Slavic period and the Early Middle Ages, arable and livestock farming began to be the primary resources of village livelihoods in Moravia. As such, they influenced all other realms of social and cultural life in the countryside. The land and its possession dominated the basic life strategies of the population in pre-industrial villages; many autochthonous expressions of folk culture in Moravia originated in agricultural traditions. The situation did not change even under the feudal system, despite the changes and innovations inspired by the Enlightenment that altered the lives of serfs under Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Joseph II.

Fluidity over Time

Author(s): Roman Doušek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The previous chapter highlighted the stability that characterized the rural population and influenced traditional folk culture which simultaneously incited such preferences. Traditional folk culture was presented from the subjective perspective of its bearers. These bearers, however, often became a subject of topical social trends. The most noticeable developments included various standards ordered by lords, authorities, and the church.

Consumption

Author(s): Daniel Drápala / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The economy of rural farms aimed at agrarian production was quite a limited and changeable system in the form in which it emerged during the Middle Ages and the Modern period. Unexpected events, such as wars, basic catastrophes, bad weather, and poor harvests weakened the economic balance and farming for many peasants and could even plunge them into material misery. In bad years, official statements and texts written by rural residents mention the lack of foods and raw materials and increasingly high prices that limited the availability of goods for the less-wealthy inhabitants.

Capital Structure and Capital Disparity across the Economic Subjects in the Agricultural Sector in the Czech Republic Before and After the Financial Crisis

Author(s): Jana Steklá,Marta Gryčová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The financial crisis of 2008 had an impact on the entire economy of the Czech Republic, and especially for the Czech agriculture. The problem of the Czech agrarian sector lies mainly in its under-capitalization, which was amplified by the financial crisis. For this reason, the paper will focus on the capital structure. The aim of this paper will evaluate the development of the capital structure of agricultural subjects in the Czech Republic with respect to the legal form before and after the financial crisis.

POLJOPRIVREDNO STANOVNIŠTVO U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI

Author(s): Braco Kovačević / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

Popisi stanovništva značajni su jer prezentuju neke relevantne podatke o određenim društvenim pojavama i aspektima društvenog života. Popis iz 2013. godine, a koji se odnosi na domaćinstva koja obavljaju poljoprivrednu aktivnost i domaćinstva koja obavljaju poljoprivrednu aktivnost i prodaju proizvode za tržište, nije imao svoju komparativnu uporišnu tačku u popisu iz 1991. godine. Zato su izostali bitni uporedni podaci koji bi egzaktnije pokazali promjenu na području poljoprivrednih aktivnosti, kao i promjene u položaju poljoprivrednog stanovništva. Ipak, ukazano je na stanje i probleme ruralnog razvoja i razvoja poljoprivrede, kao i na mogućnost poboljšanja njihovog položaja.

РЕНТА И АРЕНДА В ЗЕМЕДЕЛИЕТО И ВРЪЗКАТА ИМ СЪС СТОЙНОСТТА НА ЗЕМЕДЕЛСКАТА ЗЕМЯ. ДИНАМИКА И ТЕНДЕНЦИИ В РАЗВИТИЕТО ИМ ЗА ПЕРИОДА 2001 – 2022 Г. В ЗЕМЕДЕЛСКА ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ, ОБРАБОТВАЩА ЗЕМЛИЩА В РАЙОНА НА ДОБРУДЖА

Author(s): Stefan Byanov,Ivo KOSTOV / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This study covers the concepts of rent and leases, according to the Bulgarian legislation and their growth factors: high labour productivity, EU agricultural subsidies and the growth in agrarian commodities prices. Furthermore, the relation between rent/lease and the value of agricultural land have been analyzed, as well also the dynamics and trends in their development for the period 2001 – 2022 in two Dobrudzha regions in Bulgaria. Finally, some main conclusions about the topic are presented.

Sustainable Mountain Tourism in the Alps: The “Mountaineering Villages” Concept, a Local Model for Sustainable Mountain Tourism in the Alps

Author(s): Thomas Dax,Oliver Tamme / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Alpine range is one of the best-known regions of relentless tourism growth. While it attracted outstanding numbers of tourists through both, summer and winter season, main destination areas are distributed very unevenly across the different parts of the mountain area. This led to a significant concentration of tourism intensity in some regions and even local “hot-spots” with a rising concern for negative effects on environmental performance. Alpine stakeholder groups (CIPRA) therefore advocated very early to address the issues of “overtourism” in this sensitive mountain context and succeeded in convincing politicians to agree on the Alpine Convention (1991), a policy agreement concerned with a whole set of sustainable development issues, including sustainable tourism pathways. Against the persisting mainstream of large-scale mountain tourism in large parts of the Western Alps, but also in Western Austria, few actions towards sustainable mountain tourism were elaborated. Since 2008 small communities have elaborated the concept of “Mountaineering Villages”, first as an initiative of the Austrian Alpine Club within the framework of the Alpine Convention’s activities. It seeks to promote low-intensity tourism strategies in high mountain areas, benefitting from unique mountaineering options. Due to its close interrelation with landscape development and land use, linkages to agriculture and local development of agritourism activities are an important element in these local initiatives. Aspects of enabling nature “experience” and emotional encounters with natural resources and mountain assets are considered instrumental for the attraction and success of the alternative tourism scheme. Spreading from a number of committed communities, at present 22 villages in Austria and increasingly also mountain communities in Italy, Switzerland, Slovenia and Germany are engaged in this concept. At present (May 2022) the association of the Mountaineering Villages extends to 36 municipalities. The paper will analyze how this small niche activity of mountain tourism achieves to address the specific assets of mountains, linking outdoor activities such as climbing, hiking, and nature exploration with landscape development, preservation of nature protection areas and adapted land management. It appears crucial that this link of agricultural activities, agritourism and other forms of rural and mountain tourism shape a specific profile of small-scale communities. Local strategies oriented at sustainable mountain development concepts are assessed as pivotal to provide targeted and ecologically-beneficial approaches of mountain tourism. These might serve as insightful models against growth-dependent large-scale tourism stereotypes

Cost-Oriented Management of Agritourism Social Infrastructure in Ukraine

Author(s): Yulia Manachynska,Svitlana Luchyk,Olena Moshkovska,Volodymyr I. YEVDOSHCHAK / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the current conditions of declining tourism activity due to the coronavirus pandemic, Ukraine agritourism needs an appropriate level of investment support from real and potential investors. An effective form of development of agritourism is its development as one of the types of subsidiary production of agricultural enterprises. That is, the agricultural enterprise must be socially responsible and develop infrastructure for tourism. The purpose of the study is to implement N-dimensional model of cost-oriented management based on actuarial accounting at domestic agricultural enterprises in rural areas, the content of which will provide investors with an objective assessment of their value through the prism of actuarial reporting. The object of the study is the process of cost-oriented management of rural agribusiness based on the Actuarial Balance Sheet. The research methodology is based on the application of the 3D-recording method, discounted valuation and 5D-actuarial reporting in displaying information from the actuarial accounting system. Inventions and conclusions. The results of the study showed that agricultural enterprises need to attract investment not only in the development of agricultural production, but also in the development of infrastructure for tourism which could attract tourists and prolong their stay in rural areas. The innovation and value of the results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed N-dimensional model for cost-oriented management of agritourism social infrastructure on the grounds of accounting and information base of N-dimensional actuarial reporting.

Регламентирането на изкуствения интелект в аграрното законодателство на Република България – назряла необходимост

Author(s): Valeri Yordanov Velkovski / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Artificial intelligence with its many possibilities is relevant to the needs of the agrarian economy, insofar as it is a basic branch in the structure of the national economy. Ensuring sustainability in the development of the agrarian economy is closely related to one of the manifestations of artificial intelligence – digitization. As stated in the Strategy for Digitization of Agriculture and Rural Areas of the Republic of Bulgaria [5], „digitalization allows the agrarian economy to realize its high potential and reap the same successes as the high-tech spheres of the economy: increasing productivity, adding value, improving quality and safety, and thus income and quality of life, drastically reducing pollution to sustainable levels, flexible and quick response to market trends“. The application of artificial intelligence in this regard needs to bring the Bulgarian agricultural legislation in line with the specifics of artificial intelligence, respectively the creation of new up-to-date legal norms in this area.

Роля на образователните институции за бъдещото развитие на изкуствения интелект и устойчивото развитие на селската икономика

Author(s): Marina Angelova Nikolova,Pavlin Bogomilov Pavlov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The development and implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) is largely determined by the development and potential of the anthropogenic factor. This means the availability of sufficient specialists, on the one hand, related to specific knowledge in the specific field, as well as skills for scientific research activity using appropriate methods and means to prove characteristics and trends. On the other hand, the implementation of the results in a practical environment and the teaching experience about the usefulness of introducing intelligent systems in a wider environment is also determined by human potential. Today, the „fourth industrial revolution“ in the agricultural sector is particularly important and necessary, i.e. digital agriculture to be the basis of the modern agrarian revolution in the Republic of Bulgaria. It is only through wide application of scientific achievements and innovations that it is possible to achieve quality results in agriculture. The modern economy today is characterized by the rapid entry of artificial intelligence AI, which is changing a number of economic sectors, including and agriculture and the rural economy, as territory. Society as a whole is facing sweeping transformations and a new technological revolution. In our country, AI as a key tool of development is entering more slowly, but more importantly, it is becoming a catalyst for the need for digital transformation.

Nabídka venkovského cestovního ruchu na Ohři

Author(s): Dagmar Jakubíková,Petr Janeček,Jan Moucha,Jan Tlučhoř / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Řeka Ohře měla vždy pro území severozápadních Čech mimořádný význam. Vytváří totiž v jeho protáhlém tvaru přirozenou podélnou osu, která od sebe odděluje geologicky odlišné útvary. Česká část povodí Ohře (zvláště na dolním a středním toku), o rozloze 5 614 km2, patřila vždy k nejhustěji obydleným územím našeho státu. Kromě rybářství Ohře poskytovala místnímu obyvatelstvu mnoho užitků. Sloužila k zavlažování zemědělských pozemků, plavbě dřeva, byla zdrojem vodní energie, což logicky vedlo k výstavbě pil, mlýnů a hamrů po celé délce jejího toku. Většina území, kterým řeka protéká, je „venkovským prostorem“ (viz tabulka č. 1) a její povodí je v současnosti využíváno pro různé aktivity venkovského turismu, k nimž se řadí rekreace (nejčastěji formou druhého bydlení), vodní turistika, cykloturistika, pěší turistika, lov, rybolov, jezdectví a hipoturistika aj.

Законодателни възможности за заетост на ромското население в агробизнеса на Република България (на примера на анкетно проучване)

Author(s): Valeri Yordanov Velkovski / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In a number of regions of the Republic of Bulgaria, especially in rural areas, agribusiness is the main area of employment for the local population. All ethnic groups, without exception, have free, constitutional access to the labor market in this industry. The qualification of the Roma ethnic group to the vulnerable groups also puts on the agenda the issue of use, application and broad awareness of the legislative opportunities that are provided to all ethnic groups for employment in agribusiness, in various forms, which is also a right of choice. At this stage, the legal toolkit enabling the persons from the Roma ethnic group to participate in active employment in agribusiness, which would also increase their quality of life, has not been sufficiently evaluated.

ПРОУЧВАНЕ НА ВЪЗМОЖНОСТИТЕ ЗА ПРИЛАГАНЕ НА СЪВРЕМЕНЕН ПОДХОД ЗА ПОВИШАВАНЕ БЕЗОПАСНОСТТА И КАЧЕСТВОТО НА ХРАНИТЕ И СУРОВИНИТЕ В ХРАНИТЕЛНАТА ВЕРИГА

Author(s): Dragomir Ivanov,Deyana Ilieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

IMPROVEMENT OF TEXTILE MATERIALS CONSUMER PROPERTIES THROUGH THE USAGE OF NATURAL DYES FROM WASTE OF CONIFEROUS PLAIN

Author(s): Irina Krotova,Vladimir Boev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The relevance of the results is due to the need to solve a set of problems related to both the expansion of the range of marketable products obtained from waste from coniferous plants and the reduction of environmental damage to the environment by wood processing enterprises. A process for the extraction of a complex of coloring substances from the bark of larch, fir and Siberian spruce was developed and implemented in laboratory conditions with an environmentally safe and cheap solvent – water. The modes of concentration and drying of natural dyes without loss of their color characteristics and other consumer properties have been developed. The possibility of using the obtained dyes for dyeing both natural and synthetic fibers is shown. The study of their biocidal activity in relation to sanitary indicative microorganisms made it possible to create textile materials with bactericidal properties.

MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS AS SOURCES OF PARASITIC INFECTIONS FOR 2012-2021

Author(s): Kalina Stoyanova,Tatyana Cvetkova,Jaklina Cvetkova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

УТАЙКИ ОТ ПРЕЧИСТВАТЕЛНИТЕ СТАНЦИИ ЗА ОТПАДЪЧНИ ВОДИ (ПСОВ) – УПРАВЛЕНСКИ ПРАКТИКИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ЗА ИЗПОЛЗВАНЕТО ИМ В ЗЕМЕДЕЛИЕТО

Author(s): Lilia Ananieva-Zlateva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Modern societies face serious global environmental problems related to the environmental impact arising from the processes of production and consumption of goods and services. Economic growth as a factor necessitates the development of strategies for managing processes related to the prevention and protection of the environment from harmful influences, on the one hand, and efficient use of natural resources, on the other.Object of the present report research is the sludge from the wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), as the elaboration affects aspects of their management and the possibilities for their subsequent utilization in the agriculture.The purpose of this report is, based on an analysis of the current situation in the management of sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), on one side, and based on modern practices of their utilization, on the other, to identify the possibilities for their subsequent application in Bulgarian agriculture.In accordance with the purpose that is set, a descriptive-analytical method will be used for the report elaboration, through which an overview of the sector will be made, as well as the current practices for the utilization of WWTP sludge in agriculture in the countries of the European Union. The analysis can support stakeholders in developing sustainable strategies applicable to the conditions for both sectors development, in the context of the circular economy principle.

УСТОЙЧИВО ПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ НА ХРАНИ И ХРАНИТЕЛНИ ОТПАДЪЦИ: НА ПРИМЕРА НА ПОЧИВНА БАЗА В РАВДА

Author(s): Stiliyan Stefanov,Nina Tipova,Elka Vasileva,Daniela Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Food waste is one of the major sustainability issues in the tourism and hospitality industry, particularly in the accommodation and food service sectors. The combination of global conflicts, climate change and high food prices make this problem urgent to solve. This article examines the patterns of food consumption by Bulgarian tourists and the causes of food waste generation in accommodation and dining facilities. The results can be used to develop strategies to reduce food waste and loss.

НЯКОИ СЪВРЕМЕННИ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ В ОПОЛЗОТВОРЯВАНЕТО НА ОТПАДЪЦИ ОТ ДЖАКФРУТ: КРАТЪК ПРЕГЛЕД

Author(s): Vanya Zhivkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The present paper aimed to present some highlights of the current research trends in jackfruit waste utilization. A significant portion of jackfruit is unfit for consumption and is discarded by households and processing industries as waste, a large proportion of which is the peel and seeds. The study has shown that the development and implementation of valorization strategies for the sustainable conversion of jackfruit waste into valuable products and materials with diverse applications can be highlighted as a major research priority.

CHALLENGES FOR THE AGRI-FOOD SECTOR TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

Author(s): Damyan Kirechev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The report examines changes in the dynamics of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agrifood production in Bulgaria, focusing on the production of cereals and food of animal origin. Emissions reductions are mostly due to production reductions, but modern practices are needed to transform production relations in the agrifood sector in order to reduce GHG emissions. The food sector must increase its responsibility in relation to climate change, but this requires the introduction of circular models, the development of the bioeconomy and carbon farming.

CROATIAN ECONOMY IN THE 19TH CENTURY

Author(s): Milan Vrbanus / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

During the 19th century, Croatia was an agrarian country with a predominantly agricultural population, which in Banal Croatia made up more than three quarters of the total number of inhabitants at the turn of the 20th century, with a gradual increase in craftsmen and other occupations. The situation was similar in Istria and Dalmatia. The preconditions for the development of agriculture in Banal Croatia were quite poor in the 19th century. Although arable land accounted for more than half of all land suitable for cultivation, it was unevenly distributed, so most of it was in Slavonia, and the least in Lika and Gorski Kotar. In all these areas, there were good preconditions for forest exploitation and development of wood industry. Agriculture was especially weak in Istria and Dalmatia, where there was a noticeable lack of arable land, which was also of poorer quality, affected by frequent and prolonged droughts.